人教版高中英語必修五Unit1知識點詳解76359.doc

必修5 Unit1 Great scientistsPart 1. Warming up1. explain 及物動詞（vt.）解釋;說明;闡明(+to)+wh-+(that)He explained that he had been cheated. 他解釋說他是上當(dāng)受騙了。Can you explain how the machine operates?你能解釋一下這機器是如何運轉(zhuǎn)的嗎?Please explain this rule to me.請給我講解一下這條規(guī)則。不及物動詞（vi.）解釋;說明;辯解Ive got to explain about it. 我得解釋一下此事。2. characteristic n. 特征；特性 Kindness is one of his characteristics. adj. 獨特的 I heard my friends characteristic laugh. be characteristic of sb./sth. 是.的特性 Such bluntness is characteristic of hin. 如此遲鈍是他的特性。3. Who put forward a theory about black holes?put forward 提出（建議等）；提名;提前，把時鐘往前撥He put forward a new plan. 他提出一個新計劃。May I put your name forward as a possible chairman of the committee?我能否提名你當(dāng)委員會主席？歸納拓展put down 記下；鎮(zhèn)壓put out 關(guān)掉；熄滅put aside 放在一邊；儲存；保留put off 推遲；延期put up 建造；舉起；張貼put on 穿上put away 收好選詞填空（put off, put up, put forward, put aside, put out）The plan that you _ at the meeting is wonderful.Many tall buildings were _ along the road.Firefighters have been called to _ the fire in the city center.He has a little money to _ for a rainy day.Dont _ until tomorrow what can be done today.Part 2. Pre-reading, reading and comprehending 1. Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research how to prove a new idea 為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)可在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。 We havent decided where to go. 我們還沒有決定去哪里。 The question is when to leave. 問題是什么時候動身。2.draw a conclusion 得出結(jié)論1） conclusion作名詞，意為“結(jié)束，結(jié)論” come to/reach/arrive at a conclusion 得出結(jié)論 in conclusion 最后 I will in conclusion say a few words about my visit to Tokyo.最后，我對我的東京之行說幾句。2）conclude作動詞，“結(jié)束；斷定；決定”。to conclude（作插入語）最后,作為總結(jié)(= to sum up)To conclude, I think smoking does more harm than good to us.3.John Snow was a famous doctor in London so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. 約翰斯諾是倫敦一位著名的醫(yī)生他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛，以至于成了照料維多利亞女王的私人醫(yī)生。 expert n. 專家，能手 an expert in psychology（心理學(xué)） an agricultural expert adj.熟練的，有專門技術(shù)的 an expert job需專門知識的工作He is expert in / at cooking.attend vt. &vi 參加，注意，照料 be present at參加attend a ceremony / lecture / a meeting attend to (on): to look after, care for, serve伺候, 照顧，看護The queen had a good doctor attending （on ）her.Dr Smith attended her in hospital. Mother had to attend to her sick son. attend to處理，注意傾聽 Can you attend to the matter immediately? I may be late I have got one or two things to attend to.4. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. 但當(dāng)他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通人時，他就感到很振奮。(1) exposed to cholera 在句中是過去分詞作后置定語，表示被動。意為“患霍亂的”。如：The book written by Luxun is very popular. 魯迅寫的書是很受歡迎的。The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith. 昨天我們看見的那個人是史密斯教授。(2) expose 暴露 expose sb/sth to sth He exposes his skin to the sun. 他把皮膚暴露在陽光下。揭露He exposed their plot. 他揭穿了他們的陰謀。The crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any reserve. 對貪官污吏的罪行一定要毫無保留地予以揭發(fā)。exposed adj. 暴露的，暴露于風(fēng)雨中的，無掩蔽的 exposedness n. 暴露，顯露 expose sth. to the light of day 把某事暴露于光天化日之下expose a fraud 揭穿騙局 練習(xí)：The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recordingC. to be recordedD. having recorded 5.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 對于它的起因和治療方法人們都不清楚。 neither.nor.既不也不，連接句中兩個相同成分。I neither knew nor cared what had happened to him.我既不知道也不關(guān)心他出了什么事。Neither France nor Britain will attend the meeting next week.法國和英國都將不會參加下星期的會議。Neither Jim nor his parents have seen the film.Neither his parents nor Jim has seen the film.吉姆和她的父母都沒有看過這部電影。cure vt. 治療,治愈,改正 n. 治療,治愈,治療法cure sb（of sth）治好了某人（的.,.) The only way to cure backache is to rest. 治療背痛的唯一辦法是休息。 When I left the hospital I was completely cured. That nasty shock cured him of his inquisitiveness for ever. 那一沉重教訓(xùn)根除了他凡事愛打聽的毛病。 This illness cannot be cured easily. 這種病不好治. a cure for sth.治療的方法;解決問題，改善困境Is there a certain cure for cancer yet? 癌癥迄今有無有效的治療方法? The prices are going up every day, but there is no cure for rising prices.6.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.人們既不知道它的病因，也不懂如何治療。每次爆發(fā)霍亂時就有成千上萬驚恐的人病死。(1)本句為復(fù)合句，“So many thousands of terrified people died” 為主句，every time引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，意思是“每當(dāng)”。(2)有些名詞短語或副詞可以起連詞的作用，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。例如：every time，each time，the last time，next time，the moment，the minute，immediately，instantly等。Every time/Each time I express an opinion，she argues back.每當(dāng)我發(fā)表意見時，她總是反駁。I found myself in an entirely new world the moment/the minute/immediately I arrived here.我一到這里就感到耳目一新。The last time I saw him，he was quite well.我最后一次看到他時，他還相當(dāng)健康。Give your father my best regards next time you see him.下次你見到你父親時，請代我向他致以最好的問候。拓展延伸(1)for the first time是介詞短語，常用作時間狀語，而the first time是連詞，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。(2)It is the first time that.如果前面用is，從句動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時；如果前面用was，則從句動詞用過去完成時.(3)Its (high) time that.從句動詞用過去時或should動詞原形。Its high time we took immediate action to prevent pollution.該到我們立即采取措施阻止污染的時候了。7.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air, a cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.第一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖，像一股危險氣體在空中到處漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害人。suggest v. 建議；暗示；表明suggest+doing / sth. / that sb. (should) do sth. May suggested a picnic at the weekend. He suggested to us a visit to the Great Wall. He suggested us visiting the Great Wall. I suggested leaving early for the airport. He suggested that we (should) visit the Great Wall. She suggested that her father (should) give up smoking. *suggest (暗示，表明)+從句不用虛擬語氣。 The smile on her face suggested that she agreed with me. The look on his face suggested that he was happy.8.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二種看法是人們是在吃飯時把這種病毒引入體內(nèi)的。absorb vt.(1)專注，聚精會神be absorbed input ones heart into集中精力做某事I was absorbed in a book and didnt hear your call. 我正專心看書，沒聽到你的電話。Absorbed in his work，Tom simply forgot food and sleep.湯姆專心工作，幾乎忘記了吃飯和睡覺。（2）吸收，把吸收入（o.） Black cloth absorbs light.黑布吸收光線。 The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.這家大公司逐漸將這些小公司吞并了。The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.那個聰明的男孩把他老師所能教他的所有知識都理解了。9.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.約翰斯諾推測第二種說法是正確的，但需要有證據(jù)。suspect vt. 認為，懷疑 常用短語：suspect sth to be; suspect sb of doing sth.They suspect him to be the murderer.(他們懷疑他是兇手) She suspected him of taking her money. n. 嫌疑犯;可疑分子C10 .,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. severe adj. 嚴厲地；苛刻的；嚴格的 be severe with/on 對.嚴格/嚴厲 You are too severe on the boy. 劇痛的；劇烈的；嚴重的 a severe attack of toothache 牙痛的劇烈發(fā)作 adv. severely11.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. 接下來，約翰斯諾調(diào)查了這兩條街上的水源。look into調(diào)查，了解，研究；朝里面看與ones face/eyes等連用，表示“注視” He looks into her face with great interest.他饒有興趣地注視著她的臉。和look組成的其他短語look around/about環(huán)顧四周look after照顧；照料look back回頭看 look back on 回顧；回想look down upon 輕視，瞧不起 look for 尋求；尋找look forward to (doing) 盼望look on旁觀look on/upon.as把看作look out往外看；注意；當(dāng)心look through瀏覽 look up抬頭看；查看look up to sb. 尊敬/仰慕某人12. It seemed that the water was to blame.看來要歸罪于飲用水了。blame v. 責(zé)備；譴責(zé)；把歸咎于 n. 過失；責(zé)備;(過失、過錯等)責(zé)任 blame sb. for sth. / doing sth.為某事責(zé)備某人 / 責(zé)備某人做了某事They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan. blame sth. on sb. / sth. 把某事歸咎于某人;因某事而指責(zé)某人 The police blamed the traffic accident on jacks careless driving. be to blame for(doing)sth 因(做)某事某人應(yīng)該受到譴責(zé)；注意:be to blame應(yīng)受責(zé)備（主動表被動）；應(yīng)負責(zé)任The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident. accept / bear / take the blame for sth. 對某事負責(zé)任He is ready to take the blame for what had happened. put / lay the blame for sth. on sb. 將某事歸咎于某人13.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.在倫敦的另一地區(qū)，他從另外兩例與布洛德街疾病爆發(fā)有關(guān)的死亡病例中得到了有力的證據(jù)。link vt. 連接；聯(lián)系n. 環(huán)；連接；聯(lián)系；紐帶14.A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.一個婦女，從布洛德街搬走了，但她非常喜歡水泵的水，她讓人每天從水泵給她家送水。 15. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.利用這個額外證據(jù)，約翰斯諾就可以很有把握地宣布污染水?dāng)y帶病菌。announce vt.(1)宣布，宣告(決定、計劃等) announce sth.(to sb.)(向某人)宣布、通告某事announce that.宣布；通知 It is announced that.據(jù)宣布 Please announce to your class that there will be no school tomorrow.請通知你們班明天不上學(xué)。It has been officially announced that he will pay a second visit to China soon.據(jù)官方消息稱，他不久將再次來中國訪問。 (2)(事情)顯示；預(yù)告The bright flowers announced that spring was here.鮮艷的花朵顯示春天已經(jīng)來到。拓展延伸announcement n宣布；口頭通知 announcer n.播音員make an announcement下通知 16.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. 為防止這種情況再度發(fā)生，約翰斯諾建議，所有水源都要經(jīng)過檢測。prevent/stop.(from) doing sth. 或keep.from doing sth.意為“阻止做某事”What can we do to prevent the disease spreading.我們能做什么來防止這種疾病蔓延呢？We should take measures to prevent the river from being polluted further.我們應(yīng)該采取措施阻止這條河受到進一步的污染。examine v. 檢查；細查；診察; 審問；盤問The doctor examined the boy and found there was nothing the matter with him. The lawyer examined the witness. examination n. 考試； 檢查；細查take an examination 參加考試medical examination 體檢under examination 在檢查中；在審查中17. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.“霍亂王”終于被擊敗了。辨析win, beat與defeatwin “贏得”賽事、戰(zhàn)事、某物；beat “戰(zhàn)勝”“擊敗”比賽中的對手，可與defeat互換We beat / defeated their team by 10 scores.They won the battle but lost many men.The local ball team won the state championship by beating / defeating all the other teams.Part 3. Learning about Language1. take in 收留；包括take相關(guān)短語：take after 相似 take apart把(小型機器、鐘表等)拆開;拆散take away 拿走 take back承認說錯了(話),收回(諾言,話語)；使回憶起；送回,還回去;退(貨)take off 脫下,脫去(尤指衣服); 解(拿)掉 -put on (反義詞)；(飛機等)升空,起飛take on雇用；開始具有/ 呈現(xiàn)(某種品質(zhì)、面貌等); 露出；接受(工作等);承擔(dān)(責(zé)任等)take out帶(某人)去(某處參加社交活動等)；正式取得,領(lǐng)得,獲得；洗去(污跡),使褪色take over 接手,接任;接管take up開始花時間從事(某項活動);對產(chǎn)生興趣; 開始學(xué)習(xí)(某課程),選修；(事物或事件)占用了(時間或空間)；接受的建議；繼續(xù) take for granted 想當(dāng)然認為(會是某種情況),認為是理所當(dāng)然的;認為沒有問題 take for instance / example 以為例 take into account / consideration 考慮到,把考慮進去 take pride in / be proud of 為感到自豪/ 驕傲 take revenge on 向.報復(fù) take ones place 代替某人 take the opportunity 利用這個機會 take turns 輪流(做某事) 2. construction n.建設(shè)；建筑業(yè)；建造 He works in construction industry. 他在建筑行業(yè)工作。 There are two new hotels under construction. 有兩家新飯店正在興建。 詞組擴展：construction workers 建筑工人 under construction 正在建設(shè)中3.apart from有兩種含義：1）相當(dāng)于besides.意為“除以外（還包括）”Apart from my mother tongue, I speak several foreign languages as well. 除了母語外，我還會講好幾種外語。2）相當(dāng)于except.意為“除以外（不包括）”I like all the subjects apart from English.除了英語外，我喜歡所有學(xué)科。 過去分詞作定語1)語法功能過去分詞或過去分詞短語作定語時，其功能相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。被修飾的詞是分詞所表示的行為的承受者；在邏輯上，它們是動賓關(guān)系。The stolen bike belongs to Jack. The bike which was stolen belongs to Jack. The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection. The lecture which was given by Professor Zhang is about the environment protection. a.單個的過去分詞作定語時，位于它所修飾的名詞或代詞前面the affected people受感染的人 a broken heart一顆破碎的心 a lost dog喪家之犬 a broken glass被打破的玻璃杯 Attention：過去分詞修飾 something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody，those 等不定代詞時，要放在這些詞后面。Isthereanythingunsolved? ThereisnotingchangedheresinceIleftthistown.b. 過去分詞短語作定語：通常后置，其作用相當(dāng)于定語從句。people exposed to cholera= people who was exposed to cholerathe book recommended by Jack= the book which was recommended by Jackthe machines produced last year= the machines which were produced last yearc. 不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語時不表被動，只表完成。 a risen sun已升起的太陽 the gone days 逝去的時光 fallen leaves 落葉2） 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別： 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表示正在進行的動作；過去分詞作定語，所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，(或者沒有一定的時間性)。The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him. Have you read the book recommended by your teacher?這是你老師推薦的書嗎？對比：the changing world（正在變化的）the changed world（變化了的） boiling water（正在沸騰的）boiled water（已經(jīng)沸騰過的）fading flowers(正在凋謝的) faded flowers（已經(jīng)凋謝的）a developing country(發(fā)展中的) a developed country（發(fā)達的）a drowning man快要淹死的人 a drowned man已經(jīng)淹死的人falling leaves正在飄落的樹葉 fallen leaves落葉a retired worker退休工人 an escaped prisoner逃犯3）及物動詞的過去分詞(done)與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式(being done)都可以表示“被動”，但前者多表示一個完成了的動作，而后者則表示一個正在進行的動作.the problem discussed yesterdaythe problem being discussed 過去分詞做表語1 過去分詞（短語）作表語時，其作用相當(dāng)于adj.,說明的是主語的狀態(tài)All the windows are broken.All hope is gone.He looked worried after reading the letter.常見作表語的過去分詞有： disappointed, drunk, amused, frightened, married, excited, experienced, interested, confused, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried,gone, dressed, lost等。 注意 過去分詞作表語時和動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似，但兩者表達的意思明顯不同，前者說明主語的特點及所處的狀態(tài)，而后者強調(diào)被動的動作。My glasses are broken.我的眼鏡碎了。(狀態(tài)）My glasses were broken by my son.我的眼鏡被我兒子摔碎了。（動作）1. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded2. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known3. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited4. As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers _ by her mother. A.buying B. being bought C. were bought D. bought5. Dont use words, expressions or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. A.being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known6. The computer center,_ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened7. Cleaning women in big cities get _ by the hour.A.pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay8. As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends.A.separated B. spared C. lost D. missed9. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _ as the plane was making a landing. A.seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating10. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party. A.get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to changePart 4. Using Language1. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion.雖然他曾經(jīng)試著不去理睬那些數(shù)據(jù)，然而他所有的數(shù)字計算都得出了一個相同的結(jié)論lead to 導(dǎo)致，通向His carelessness led to the accident.他的粗心導(dǎo)致了這場事故。All roads lead to Rome.條條大路通羅馬。該短語中to為介詞。類似的短語還有：be used to stick to look forward to devote onesele to pay attentio to 2.Only if you put the sun there did the movementof the other plants in the sky make sense.只有當(dāng)你把太陽放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的運動才能說得清楚。1）句中only 修飾if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，放在句首時，后面的主句要用倒裝。only位于句首，其后接副詞或介詞短語時，句子的主謂也要部分倒裝。Only then did I realize my mistake.只有到那時我才意識到我的錯誤。Only in this way can you solve the problem.2）make sense 講得通；有道理；有意義Here, read the sentence. It doesnt seem to make sense.在這里，讀這個句子，好像一點也講不通。Your story doesnt make sense to me.你的故事對我沒有意義。3. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. 然而他的這個理論不能告訴任何人， 因為即使他只暗示有這種想法，他都會受到強大的基督教會勢力的懲罰。 would have done表示與過去事實相反的假設(shè) If I had seen the advertisement, I would have applied for the job.我要是看見那個廣告，我就申請那份工作了。 虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法: if條件句的謂語形式主句的謂語形式與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞過去式/werewould/should/could/might+動詞原形與過去事實相反had+過去分詞would/should/could/might+had+過去分詞與將來事實相反動詞過去式或should+動詞原形were to+動詞原形would/should/could/might+動詞原形If I were you, I would go and try.If I had enough money, I would buy a car.She would have come if we had invited her.If it should rain/rained tomorrow, I should stay at home.4. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish the ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.他的朋友都熱情地鼓勵他把他的想法公之于眾，而他卻小心謹慎。 1) enthusiastic 熱心的，滿腔熱情地 v. enthuse 熱心 n. enthusiasm 狂熱，熱心，