北外口譯翻譯技巧資料(英譯漢).doc

英譯漢Chapter One 詞義的選擇、引申和褒貶一 詞義的選擇（一） 根據(jù)詞性He likes physics.They are shining like gold.Like knows like.(二) 根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系He is the last man to do it.He should be the last to blame.He is the last man to e.He is the last person for such a job.二 詞義的引申（一） 將詞義做抽象化的引申1 將表示具體形象的詞譯成該形象代表的屬性Every life has its roses and thorns.每個人的生活有甜有苦。There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of them.他們的性格既殘暴，又狡猾。2 將帶有特征性形象的詞譯成該形象所代表的詞see-sawing between partly good and faintly bad時好時壞這兩種情況不斷地交替出現(xiàn)Their troops goosestepped into power.他們的軍隊耀武揚威地奪取了政權。（二） 將詞義做具體化的引申The car in front of me stopped and I missed the green.我前面的車停下來了，我錯過了綠燈。三 詞義的褒貶（一） 英語中有些詞本身具有褒貶意義He was a man of high renown.他是位有名望的人。His notoriety didnt e until his death.他的惡名是他死后才傳開的。（二） 中立意義的詞在上下文中譯出褒貶The politician talked about his hopes and ambitions.我們要求他談了他的希望和抱負He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺騙了我，使我成了他進行罪惡勾當?shù)墓ぞ?。練?Information technology will be at the heart of global economic petition in the 21st century.真的不掉線嗎？、？信息技術將成為21世紀全球經(jīng)濟競爭的中心。The largest American cities are a diverse group, but they share certain problems.美國的大城市形形色色，卻有許多共同的問題。The expansion of educational opportunities promoted the American ideal of equal opportunity for all.由于教育不斷普及，推動了機遇面前人人平等的美國理想的實現(xiàn)。Race relations in the US continue to be a thorny problem.美國的種族關系一直是棘手的問題。The diverse population presents great challenges to the society, racism and discrimination remain problems.多民族的人口結構也給社會帶來一定的問題，種族歧視和偏見依然存在。Both newspapers and magazines are heavily dependent on advertising for financial support.報紙和雜志的經(jīng)費來源主要是依靠廣告收入。Geography has given the US extensive and accessible resources, fertile land, and a beneficial climate.地理位置為美國提供了豐富的可利用資源，肥沃的土地和有利的氣候。The percentage of US children living without their father present has ballooned.美國沒有父親的單親孩子比例激增。The American greeting card and decoration industries encourage the celebration of both religious and secular holidays.美國的節(jié)日賀卡和裝飾業(yè)增添了宗教節(jié)日和習俗節(jié)日的歡樂氣氛。Between 1689 and 1763, Great Britain and France fought a series of wars which involved the North American colonies.1689年至1763年間英法兩國連年戰(zhàn)爭，使北美的歐洲殖民地也卷入其中。The modern American economy has never been pletely free from government involvement?，F(xiàn)代美國經(jīng)濟從來沒有完全脫離過政府的干預。The increase in DINK families has shattered the traditional idea of Chinese family。丁克家庭的增長沖擊了傳統(tǒng)的中國家庭觀念。Chapter Two 詞類轉譯一 轉譯為動詞1 名詞轉譯為動詞Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已用來探索宇宙。2 含有動詞意味的名詞轉譯為動詞The sight and sound of our plane filled me with special longing.看到我們的飛機，聽到飛機的聲音，令我特別神往。3 英語中以er結尾的名詞在句中不指身份和職業(yè)，而含有動詞意味，譯為動詞I think my sister is a better singer than I.我認為我姐姐比我唱的好。真的不掉線嗎？、？二 轉譯為名詞1 名詞派生的動詞Formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關系有一個特點就是以禮相待。2 名詞轉化的動詞This machine is designed to burn up if overused.這個機器，按其設計，如果過度使用就會燒毀。練習：For millions of immigrants, the Statue of Liberty was their first sight of the promising land.數(shù)百萬移民踏上這片充滿希望的土地，第一眼看到的是自由女神像。One thing that often leads people to move is the desire for better climate, more attractive scenery, more agreeable living.導致人們遷居的原因往往是向往宜人的氣候，迷人的景色和愜意的生活。The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.過去的20年中，美國的航空運輸業(yè)迅速發(fā)展。The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.財富逐漸集中在少數(shù)人手中，引發(fā)了許多社會問題和政治問題。Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.人口的增長是自然增長和不斷移民的結果。The American economy is organized in single-owner businesses, partnerships and corporations.美國經(jīng)濟的組織方式是個人所有制，合伙制和公司制。Chapter Three 分句 合句法一 分句法（一） 把原句中一個單詞譯成句子1 副詞They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他們根本沒有答復，這是不足為奇。2 形容詞He talked with understandable pride about his daughter.他在談到他女兒的時候很自豪，這是可以理解的。3 名詞The inside of each house depended on the personality of its owner.每個房間內(nèi)怎樣的布置，這要看各個使用者的性格了。(二) 把短語翻譯成句子1 名詞短語Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被創(chuàng)造也不能被消滅，這是一條普遍公認的規(guī)律。2 介詞短語真的不掉線嗎？、？Their power increased with their number.他們?nèi)藬?shù)增加了，力量也隨之增加。(三) 把原文中的一個句子拆開, 變成兩個句子Another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.如果該地區(qū)再次發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭, 顯然會使國際關系處于緊張狀態(tài)。His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因為他沒有遵守安全規(guī)則，機器出了故障。二 合句法（一） 把原文中兩個或以上的簡單句譯成一個句子There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the north.從全國各地來的人中有許多是北方人。（二） 把原文中的主從復合句譯成一句When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.我們對中國領導人和中國人民的贊揚不僅僅是處于禮貌。練習:Americans pride themselves on their independence and their right to make up their own minds.美國人有獨立的精神，有自主的權利，并為此感到自豪。The popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.電視普及，盜版問題嚴重，導致了電影業(yè)的衰落。Hawaii enjoys a mild climate year-round because of the season winds, the temperature varies little from day to night and from summer to winter.由于受季風影響，夏威夷一年四季如春，春夏秋冬，白天黑夜，溫差很小。Americans take shorter and fewer vacations than people in most other industrialized countries.與大部分工業(yè)化國家相比，美國人休假時間短，休假次數(shù)少。The importance of strengthening ties between the US and China will grow even greater with the beginning of a new century.隨著新世紀的開始，加強美中關系變得越來越重要。Growing labor shortage in some field will give workers more rights to demand higher wages.某些產(chǎn)業(yè)勞動力日益短缺，將使工人更有權利要求較高的工資。New York has bee one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world with a population of more than 8 million.紐約已經(jīng)成為西方世界最具影響力的大城市之一，目前人口已達800萬。Despite its national wealth, poverty and serious ine difference exist throughout the US.雖然美國是個富裕的國家，但全國仍然存在著貧窮和嚴重的收入差別問題。真的不掉線嗎？、？The researchers want to perfect cloning in cows because of the large market for expensive high-quality beef.科研人員希望完善克隆牛技術，因為昂貴的高質(zhì)牛肉市場龐大。Chapter Four 定語從句一 限制性定從（一） 前置法There will e a day when people of the world live a happy life under the sun of socialism.全世界人民在社會主義陽光下過幸福生活的一天是會到來的。（二） 后置法1 譯成并列分句，重復英語先行詞They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他們正在為實現(xiàn)一個理想而努力，這個理想是每個中國人所珍惜的，在過去，許多中國人曾為此犧牲了自己的生命。He unselfishly contributed his unmon talents and spirit to this career which today helps him reach his goal.他把自己非凡的才智和精力無私地獻給了這項事業(yè)，而這項事業(yè)今天已使他實現(xiàn)了目標。2 譯成并列分句，省略英語先行詞It is he who received the letter that announced the death of his uncle.是他接到那封信，說他的叔叔去世了。（三） 融合法There are many people who want to see the film.許多人要看這部電影。二 非限制性定語從句（一） 前置法Her laughter, which was very infectious, broke the silence.她的富有感染力的笑聲打破了沉默。（二） 后置法1 譯成并列分句（1） 從句后置，重復關系詞代表的含義They toured the Forbidden city, where the Chinese emperors had once lived in lofty splendor.他們參觀了紫禁城，從前的中國皇帝曾在那里過著奢華顯赫的生活。（2） 從句后置，省略關系詞代表的含義After dinner, they resumed their talk, which continued well into the night.飯后，他們繼續(xù)會談，直到深夜。（3） 從句前置，重復關系詞代表的含義This war, however, more plex than the last one, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.上一次戰(zhàn)爭是帝國主義列強之間爭奪市場，資源和領土的沖突，而這次戰(zhàn)爭卻比上一次復雜。2 譯成獨立句He had talked to the president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和總統(tǒng)談過話，總統(tǒng)向他保證，凡是能作到的都將去做。 真的不掉線嗎？、？1在人際交往中，語言是一種交流方式，大量的卻是非語言，即體語。2在交際活動中，懇切、坦然、友好、堅定、寬容的眼神，會給人親近、信任、受尊敬的感覺，而輕佻、游離、茫然、陰沉、輕蔑的眼神會使人感到失望，有不受重視的感覺。3在交際中善于運用空間距離。人們所在空間分為4個層次：親密空間15-46cm，這是最親的人，如父母、戀人、愛人；個人空間460cm-1.2m，一般親朋好友之間，促膝談心，拉家常；社交空間1.2m-3.6m，社交場合與人接觸，上下級之間保持距離，保持距離，會產(chǎn)生威嚴感，莊重感；公眾空間3.6m，社交場合與人接觸，上下級之間保持距離。4交際中自我表現(xiàn)與分寸把握 5交談中不善于打開話題，怎么辦 找話題的方法是： 中心開花法。 即興引入法。 投石問路法。 循趣入題法。6交際中不善于提問怎么辦 怎樣做到“善問”呢？ 由此及彼地問。 因人而異地問。 胸有成竹地問。 適可而止的問。 彬彬有禮的問。四、介紹的禮儀1.當主人向自己介紹別人2. 自我介紹態(tài)度3. 為他人作介紹4.一連介紹幾個朋友在相識5.自己很想認識某一個人，可又不便直接作自我介紹6. 介紹姓名時五、稱呼禮儀六、握手禮儀七、通信禮儀1書寫規(guī)范、整潔2態(tài)度要誠怒熱情3文字要簡煉、得體4內(nèi)容要真實、確切八、電話禮儀1、電話預約基本要領。 力求談話簡潔，抓住要點；真的不掉線嗎？、？ 考慮到交談對方的立場； 使對方感到有被尊重的感覺； 沒有強迫對方的意思。2打電話、接電話的基本禮儀。 打電話接電話 掛電話九、赴宴禮儀（一）接到對方請柬1嚴守時間2致祝酒辭，一般是主人和主賓先碰杯。3進餐，4喝酒5喝茶或咖啡6散席（2）招待宴請的禮儀。1準備招待客人時較正式的宴請要提前一周左右發(fā)請柬，已經(jīng)口頭約好的活動，仍應外送請柬。2作為主人在客人到達之前，要安排好座位以便客人來了入座。 按國際習慣 我國習慣 外國習慣a. 英國式的坐位順序：主人坐在桌子兩端，原則上是男女交叉坐。b. 法國式的坐位順序：法國式的坐法是，主人相對坐在桌子中央。（3）招待客人進餐,要注意儀表 穿正式的服裝，整潔大方； 要做適當化妝，顯得隆重、重視、有氣氛； 頭發(fā)要梳理整齊； 夏天穿涼鞋時要穿襪子； 宴會開始之前，主人應在門口迎接來賓。（4）菜一上來，主人應注意招呼客人進餐十、名片使用禮儀（1）初次見到顧客，首先要以親切態(tài)度打招呼，并報上自己的公司名稱，然后將名片遞給對方，名片夾應放在西裝的內(nèi)袋里，不應從褲子口袋里掏出。 遞接名片時最好用左手，名片的正方應對著對方、名字向著顧客，最好拿名片的下端，讓顧客易于接受。如果是事先約好才去的，顧客已對你有一定了解，或有人介紹，就可以在打招呼后直接面談，在面談過程中或臨別時，再拿出名處遞給對方。以加深印象，并表示保持聯(lián)絡的誠意。異地推銷，名片上留下所住旅館名稱、電話，對方遞給名片時，應該用左手接。但是右手立刻伸出來，兩手一起拿著名片。 接過后要點頭致謝，不要立即收起來，也不應隨意玩弄和擺放，而是認真讀一遍，要注意對方的姓名、職務、職稱，并輕讀不出聲，以示敬重。對沒有把握念對的姓名，可以請教真的不掉線嗎？、？一下對方，然后將名片放入自己口袋或手提包、名片夾中。(2)名片除在面談時使用外，還有其它一些妙用。 去拜訪顧客時，對方不在，可將名片留下，顧客來后看到名片，就知道你來過了； 把注有時間、地點的名片裝入信封發(fā)出，可以代表正規(guī)請柬，又比口頭或電話邀請顯得正式； 向顧客贈送小禮物，如讓人轉交，則隨帶名片一張，附幾句恭賀之詞，無形中關系又深了一層； 熟悉的顧客家中發(fā)生了大事，不便當面致意，寄出名片一張，省時省事，又不失禮。 真的不掉線嗎？、？出國留學之“有條件錄取”很多成績處于中上游或中游的高三學生處于迷茫之中，不知道是該繼續(xù)拼搏高考，還是將精力放在準備留學上去?有些學生想魚和熊掌兼?zhèn)洌怯謸臏蕚淞魧W的過程，尤其是語言考試的過程會占去大部分的時間和精力最終會影響高考。在這種情況下，高中生可選擇申請“有條件錄取”，不僅省去不少的時間和精力，還能助你快速搭上留學末班車。那么什么是“有條件錄取”? “有條件錄取”適合那些人申請?完美留學資深留學專家為您解讀。Q1.什么是“有條件錄取”?有條件錄取是指學生暫時有條件地被錄取，校方已經(jīng)評估過申請人高中成績并接受，只要學生達到指定的要求(通常對于國際學生來講是英語能力的要求)就會被正式錄取，入讀其申請的專業(yè)。Q2.“有條件錄取”適合哪些學生申請?“有條件錄取”大致可以分為兩種，一種是在讀生申請時獲得有條件錄取(通常指高三或大四的在讀學生)。要被學校正式錄取，申請者通常被要求提供高中三年或大學四年的成績并提供學位證或畢業(yè)證，但是在讀學生由于還沒有畢業(yè)無法提供相應申請材料，這時可以申請有條件錄取，先向所申請學校提供高中兩年或大學三年的成績及其它資料，學校申請合格后會向這些學生發(fā)放有條件錄取通知書。等畢業(yè)后拿到了學位證、畢業(yè)證和最終成績單，申請者再向所申請學校將有條件錄取通知書換成無條件錄取通知書。第二種是無語言成績獲得有條件錄取，即學生在申請時還沒有參加過語言測試或者語言成績未能達到入學標準，但是學校認可學生的學術能力后可以給予有條件錄取通知書，要求其在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)提供相應的語言成績或者要求學生在入讀專業(yè)課之前參加學校的語言課程。語言課程時間長短根據(jù)學校的英語入學要求和學生的英語水平不等。學生完成語言課程后不需參加雅思、托福等考試，只需通過學校內(nèi)部測試即可升入專業(yè)課程。但不是所有學校都可以在無語言申請的情況下給予有條件的錄取通知書。部分學校還要求學生提供英語成績，并達到一定標準。Q3.“有條件錄取”的優(yōu)勢有哪些?提供有條件錄取的學校通常申請截止日期會比較晚，對于一些申請晚了、來真的不掉線嗎？、？不及考托福或是考雅思的學生來說，有條件錄取是一個不錯的選擇。對于英語成績一般又想出國留學的學生來說更是如此。Q4.“有條件錄取”主要在哪些國家適用?目前來說，無語言成績獲得的有條件錄取在美國和加拿大更為適用一些，學生沒有語言成績但是有學校的雙錄取通知書也一樣可以申請簽證。但是如果要去澳大利亞留學，簽證時候必須提供雅思成績。Q5.“有條件錄取”有需要哪些注意的地方?如果是第一種情況的有條件錄取，那么學生一定不要忘了在拿到畢業(yè)證、學位證及所有的成績之后，盡快向所申請的學校提出將有條件錄取通知書換成無條件錄取通知書，然后再去申請簽證，以免造成被拒簽。如果是第二種情況的有條件錄取，學生需要注意有些學校的語言中心都是可以獨立發(fā)放語言錄取但不含之后的專業(yè)課程。僅憑語言中心的錄取而不帶專業(yè)課程的錄取通知書去簽證，拒簽幾率很大。被拒簽后，會為之后的簽證增加難度，因此，提醒大家要分清語言錄取和語言加專業(yè)雙錄取的區(qū)別。Q6.對于現(xiàn)在才開始考慮留學的學生和家長有哪些建議?對于現(xiàn)在才開始著手準備留學并且想在今年秋季入學的學生來說，時間有些緊迫。當務之急就是盡早確定目標國和目標學校，并且確定目標學校是否還有錄取名額。通常越是名校，名額越緊張，截止申請的日期也就越早。因為申請的時間比較緊，并且學校之間申請要求各不相同，有些學校還要申請費，所以建議學生和家長在選擇的學校的時候不要貪多而是要選擇適合自己的，盡早的按照每個學校的要求把準備的申請資料投遞出去。對于在校生和還沒有英語成績的學生可以盡早申請學校，先拿到學校的有條件錄取以獲取一個入學名額，等考出語言成績和學業(yè)完成獲得畢業(yè)證書和學位證書后盡快去學校換取一個無條件錄取通知書。編輯：啟德教育真的不掉線嗎？、？GMAT邏輯總綱費允杰第一部分：邏輯總綱第一章：做題步驟一 先讀問題（通過英文標志詞讀出題型）。二 再讀文章（隨題型不同而發(fā)生變化）。三 再看選項。1 根據(jù)題型特點。2 排除法（通用排除法和無關詞排除法）。3 白癡型思維。第二章：五大題型1 歸納2 演繹（假設，加強，削弱，評價）3 解釋4 填空5 句子作用第一節(jié)：歸納英文標志詞：conclusion; inferred; implied; supported; if above true, then it is also true.讀文章方式：不要關心文章的推導過程，盡量減少思維，承認文章正確，只抓信息一 公共元素直推法。If A, then B. ABOnly if A, then B. BAMust by A, in order to B. BAIf only A, then B. ABNot A, unless B. ABA, unless B. A,BA require B. ABA is necessary to B. BAA depend/draw/base on B. AB例1.所有的人都去了。我是人。公共信息：人直接推結論：我去了。例2.真的不掉線嗎？、？To be mentally healthy, people must have self-respect. People can maintain self-respect only by continually earning the respect of others they esteem. They can earn this respect only by treating these others morally.Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements above?(A) People who are mentally healthy will be treated morally by others.(B) People who are mentally healthy will have treated morally those they esteem.(C) People who are mentally healthy must have self-respect in other to be treated morally by others.(D) People can expect to be treated morally by others only if they esteem these others.(E) People who have self-respect seldom treat morally those esteem.例3. Most television viewers estimate how frequently a particular type of accident or crime occurs by how extensively it is discussed on television news shows. Television news shows report more on stories that include dramatic pictures such as fires and motor vehicle accidents than they do on more mon stories that have little visual drama such as bookkeeping fraud. If the statements above are true, it can be properly concluded that which of the following is also true?(A) The time television news reporters spend researching news stories is directly related to the number of viewers who will be affected by events like those in the news stories.(B) It is easier for crimes such as bookkeeping fraud to go unprosecuted than it is crimes such as arson.(C) The number of fires and motor vehicle accidents greatly increases after each television news show that includes dramatic pictures of a fire or motor vehicle accident.(D) Viewers of television news show tend to overestimate the number of fires and motor vehicle accidents that occur relative to the number of crimes of bookkeeping fraud.(E) The usual selection of news stories for television news show is determined by the number of news reporters available for assignment.二 無關詞排除法。例1. 馬克思說：“這本書只從資產(chǎn)階級的角度去考慮問題，是不正確的。”問題：從文中能推出馬克思認為這本書應從什么角度考慮問題？(A)奴隸主階級 (B)地主階級 (C)工人階級 (D)無產(chǎn)階級 (E)資產(chǎn)階級以外的階級例2. Experienced pilots often have more trouble than novice pilots in learning to fly the newly developed ultralight airplanes. Being accustomed to heavier aircraft, experienced pilots, when flying ultralight craft, seem not to respect the wind as much as they should.The passage implies that the heavier aircraft mentioned above are(A) harder to land than ultralight aircraft(B) not as popular with pilots as ultralight aircraft(C) not as safe as ultralight aircraft(D) more fuel-efficient than ultralight aircraft(E) easier to handle in wind than ultralight aircraft第二真的不掉線嗎？、？節(jié)：演繹讀文章方式：讀懂文章的推導過程。一. 第一種文章（前提結論結構）： 標志詞： since A,B; A,therefore B; A,conclude B; A,clear B; A,obviously B; A,indicate/show B if A,then B; by A,in order to B; plan A,to B.1. 假設。英文標志詞：assume, assumption, presuppose, additional premise, not true unless, depend on, rely on.橋梁型。AB例1New Jersey has one of the lowest motor vehicle fatality rates in the country, and it is one of the few states that require extensive annual automobile safety inspections. Therefore, all states should adopt similar safety inspection procedures.The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?(A) Most states tend to impose few rules and regulations on the automobile drivers operating within those states.(B) Most states are skeptical that annual automobile safety inspections can reduce fatality rates.(C) Annual automobile safety inspections contribute significantly to holding down New Jerseys fatality rate.(D) Drivers in New Jersey are more safety conscious than are drivers in other parts of the country.(E) A smaller number of people die on the roads in New Jersey than in most other states.例2. The federal government expects hospitals to perform 10,000 organ transplants next year. But it is doubtful that this many donor organs will be available, since the number of fatalities resulting from car and motorcycle accidents has been dropping steadily over the past decade. The argument above makes which of the following assumptions?(A) A significant number of the organs used in transplants e from people who die in car and motorcycle accidents.(B) The number of car and motorcycle accidents will increase significantly during the next year.(C) No more than 10,000 people will be in need of organ transplants during the next year.(D) In the past the federal governments estimates of the number of organ transplants needed during a given year have been very unreliable.(E) For any given fatality resulting from a car or motorcycle accident, there is a hospital in the vicinity in need of an organ for a transplant.例3. 因為別人的老婆都有別墅， 所以我也應該有別墅。假設：我應該是別人的老婆。例4. “On the whole,” Ms. Dennis remarked, “engineering students are lazier now that they used to be. I know真的不掉線嗎？、？ because fewer and fewer of my students regularly do the work they are assigned.” The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions?(A) Engineering students are working less because, in a booming market they are spending more and more time investigating different job opportunities.(B) Whether or not students do the work they are assigned is a good indication of how lazy they are.(C) Engineering students should work harder than students in less demanding fields.(D) Ms. Dennis students are doing less work because Ms. Dennis is not as effective a teacher as she once was.(E) Laziness is something most people do not outgrow.例5. A test of the National Weather Services stormdetecting radar systems found that the 1957 system is ten times more reliable than the new puterized system. Therefore the technology used in the new radar system must be less sophisticated than the radar technology used in the 1957 system. The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following questionable assumptions?(A) The reliability of storm-detecting radar systems is determined by the frequency of breakdowns.(B) The level of sophistication of the technology used in storm-detecting radar system can be determined from the reliability of the system.(C) T