過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別

過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別(1)過去分詞在構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)，不定式完成式以及被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，通常不能用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式代替。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)除外)eg：The door was closed an hour ago這門在一小時(shí)前就關(guān)閉了。They have finished their homework。他們已經(jīng)做完了家庭作業(yè)(2)過去分詞作前置定語時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式代替。eg： That was an inspired suggestion那是一條由某人提出的建議。同樣現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式作為定語表示動(dòng)作時(shí)，也不能用過去分詞來代替。eg：The house being built is a big project.正在施工的那幢樓是一項(xiàng)大的工程。(3)過去分詞作條件、時(shí)間等狀語時(shí)，不可用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式代替。eg：Given more time，I can do it better(表?xiàng)l件)多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我會(huì)做得更好些。Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.(MET 90)(表示條件)如果多關(guān)心一些，這些樹會(huì)長得更好。Heated ,the metal expands(表示時(shí)間)加熱后，這種金屬會(huì)膨脹。Asked why he did it，he said it was his duty (表示時(shí)間)問及為何要做此事時(shí)，他說這是他的職責(zé)。(4)過去分詞作表語時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式代替。eg：The top of the mountain is covered with snow .山頂滿是雪。(5)過去分詞在構(gòu)成have，get,want等動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式。eg：Why dont you have the radio fixed?你為什么不把收音機(jī)拿去修一修?尤其是一些感官動(dòng)詞，如：see，hear，find等后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語時(shí)，過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式意思完全不同。eg:I heard this song being sung by my students in the next room.我聽到隔壁房間的學(xué)生正在吟唱這首歌。(注：現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作)I have never heard this song sung in English我從來沒有聽到過用英語唱這首歌。(注：過去分詞表示己完成的動(dòng)作)(6)在下面一些比較固定的分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常多用過去分詞。eg: all told總計(jì)all things considered考慮了一切因素之后this accomplished完成這項(xiàng)工程之后this explantion given這樣解釋之后all said and done畢竟二過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別：及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞沒有完成式，但它有“完成”的含義，所以它可以代替現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。eg:The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longer safe .=Weakened by successive storms,the bridge was no longer safe.=Having been weakened by successive storms,the bridge was no longer safe.=這座橋接二連三地遭到暴風(fēng)雨的襲擊后，己經(jīng)不安全了。但若強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞表示的行為發(fā)生在后一個(gè)動(dòng)詞表示的行為之前時(shí)，可用現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。eg:Having been warned about the bandits,he left his valuables at home。當(dāng)警告有強(qiáng)盜出沒時(shí)，他就把貴重物品留在家里。通常過去分詞可作定語使用，而現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式卻不能用作定語。eg:The computer centre,opened last year,is very popular among the students in this school.(MET 93)去年開辦的計(jì)算機(jī)中心很受學(xué)生的歡迎。(過去分詞既能表示被動(dòng)又有完成的含義)The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.(NMET94)作為外語的英語教科書早在十六世紀(jì)就已經(jīng)出版了。Most of the artists invited to the party were from south America(MET 90)應(yīng)邀參加舞會(huì)的大多數(shù)藝術(shù)家都來自南美。過去分詞可以用“連詞過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，其實(shí)質(zhì)就是狀語從句的省略，而現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式卻不能這樣用。eg:Once seen,it can never be forgetten.目睹一眼，終生難忘。If bitten by a snake,you should send for help and dont walk要是你被蛇咬了，你應(yīng)當(dāng)向別人求助而不要走。When shot in the leg,he continued to fire back with his gun.雖腿部己遭槍擊，他人仍然繼續(xù)開槍還擊。The room,although supposed to be kept locked,was often left open.通常以為是鎖著的那個(gè)房間，其實(shí)經(jīng)常敞開著。綜上所述，過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式無論其形式和內(nèi)涵，都有一定的差異。正確地區(qū)別它們的異同，準(zhǔn)確地運(yùn)用它們的表達(dá)形式，對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)者來說，尤為重要，只要多加比較，反復(fù)體會(huì)，就能掌握這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)。 過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的用法比較 由于過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（包括being 過去分詞和having been過去分詞）都含有被動(dòng)的意思，許多同學(xué)在學(xué)習(xí)和應(yīng)用的過程中對(duì)這兩種語法形式理解得不透徹，在應(yīng)用中感到模棱兩可，很容易出錯(cuò)。比如： aThe job done，we left the office bThe job being done，we left the office 同樣是作狀語，a句用的是過去分詞，b句用的是現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。有些同學(xué)會(huì)問：到底哪一句正確呢？其實(shí)a、b兩句話都正確。 具體地講，過去分詞常表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，一般有被動(dòng)的含義；現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（being 過去分詞）一般表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行或與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，若強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，可用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（having been 過去分詞）。過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可以通用，有時(shí)又有區(qū)別。在下列兩種情況下兩者可以通用： 1作時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，過去分詞與having been 過去分詞（其意義相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語）可以通用。例如： Having been discussed many times， the problem was settled at last Discussed many times，the problem was settled at last （經(jīng)過多次討論，這個(gè)問題最后終于得到解決。） Having been cooked to a light brown color，the cake smells good Cooked to a light brown color，the cake smells good （當(dāng)?shù)案夂婵境蓽\棕色的時(shí)候，聞起來很香。） 2作原因狀語時(shí)，過去分詞與being 過去分詞可以通用。例如： Being confined to bed，she needs to be waited on everything Confined to bed，she needs to be waited on everything （由于她臥病在床，什么事都需要人伺候。） Being done in a hurry，his paper was full of mistakes Done in a hurry，his paper was full of mistakes （由于是匆忙完成的，他的試卷滿是錯(cuò)誤。） 過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主要區(qū)別在于： 1過去分詞可以作前置定語，但現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)不能作前置定語。 如：可以說：a broken glass（碎玻璃）； an uninvited guest（不速之客）；a movedaudience（被感動(dòng)的觀眾）；但不可以說：a being broken glass；a being uninvited guest；a being moved audience。 2作后置定語時(shí)過去分詞常表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，或者只表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系，而being 過去分詞表示該被動(dòng)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，或與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作差不多同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：aThe problem，discussed at yesterdaysmeeting，was settled at last （昨天會(huì)上討論的那個(gè)問題最后終于得到解決。） bThe problem being discussed now is difficult to settle （正在討論的這個(gè)問題很難解決。） 如果誤用這兩種形式，在造句或閱讀中就會(huì)發(fā)生邏輯錯(cuò)誤或是文理不通。 3在構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語時(shí)，過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作已完成，現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。如： Ive never heard the word used in spoken English （我從未聽過這個(gè)詞用在口語中。） Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere （你會(huì)聽到到處都在討論這個(gè)問題。）2 在表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作時(shí)，如果這個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，或是與謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，我們可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式。 【例如】 1. The bridge being built now will be completed in three months.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory. 2. Being surrounded by the students, the teacher was answering questions one by one.如果現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語是現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，則要用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式，包括其一般形式“（not）being+過去分詞”和其完成形式“（not）having been+過去分詞”。例如：Upon being questioned,he denied having robbed the bank.The new method,having been widely used abroad,can increase the working efficiency.過去分詞在非謂語動(dòng)詞中的語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)特征有關(guān)動(dòng)詞過去分詞的用法是英語學(xué)習(xí)中不可忽視的重要一環(huán)。謂語中，be動(dòng)詞的相應(yīng)形式過去分詞多表示被動(dòng)，have的相應(yīng)形式過去分詞只表示完成，正因?yàn)檫^去分詞借助某種形式可以表示被動(dòng)或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，因此，過去分詞在非謂語動(dòng)詞中亦自然具有相應(yīng)的語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)特征。單獨(dú)過去分詞在某些特定結(jié)構(gòu)中可以表示該動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)或完成意義。一、單獨(dú)過去分詞可以表示被動(dòng)1賓語補(bǔ)足語中的過去分詞表被動(dòng)感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞（如see, feel, find, make, need等）后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語，大多直接采用過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義。如：1) He often hears the song sung in the next room.他經(jīng)常聽見這首歌在隔壁房間唱起。(比較：He often hears someone sing the song in the next room.他經(jīng)常聽見有人在隔壁房間唱歌。)2) Would you like to have/get the bike repaired?你想要自行車給修一下嗎？(比較：Would you like to have someone repair the bike?或Would you like to get someone to repair the bike? 你想要請(qǐng)人修一下自行車嗎？)3) I wont have anything said against him.我不容許背著他說他的壞話。4）Will you speak a little louder so that you can make yourself heard?你講大聲點(diǎn)以便讓別人聽見你說的好嗎？5）Do you need the letter typed at once?你需要這信馬上給打一下嗎？但并非所有動(dòng)詞后面的賓補(bǔ)都可單獨(dú)使用過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，因此，相關(guān)被動(dòng)意義的得體表達(dá)還需因詞制宜。如：1） They will not allow such things to be done.他們將不準(zhǔn)做這種事。2） I wont let them be treated in that way.我不能讓他們受到這樣的對(duì)待。3） We suggested them being sent to hospital at once.我們建議他們給立即送往醫(yī)院。2 狀語中的過去分詞表被動(dòng)正如現(xiàn)在分詞可以用來代替主語主動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞一樣，過去分詞也可以代替主語被動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。也就是說，單獨(dú)過去分詞作狀語，相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的狀語從句。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞短語之前大多不必添加being來表示進(jìn)行等意義。1）Led by the old man, we had no difficulty in finding his house.=As we were led by the old man, we had no difficulty.由于老人帶路，我們不費(fèi)勁便找到他的家。2）Satisfied with the boys answer, the teacher had a sweet smile.=Because the teacher was satisfied with, he had 由于對(duì)男生的答案感到滿意，老師甜甜地笑。4） Given more time, they will probably agree.=If they are given more time, they will.如果多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間，他們很可能會(huì)同意的。3 with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞表被動(dòng)with后的賓語所帶的動(dòng)詞，如果與賓語之間屬被動(dòng)關(guān)系，只用過去分詞表達(dá)。如：1）With the gold cup held in his hand, he felt very excited.手里握著金杯，他很是興奮。2）The young guy lay on the grass with his hands crossed under his head.年輕人躺在草地上，雙手叉著枕在頭下。4 連詞后的過去分詞表被動(dòng)引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞（如when, while, though, once, as if等），大都單獨(dú)采用過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)省略的狀語從句。如：1）Dont keep silent when （youre）asked a question.當(dāng)（別人）在問你的時(shí)候別不做聲。2）Once/ If (its) whipped, the horse will run faster.一旦（如果）抽鞭子，馬就跑得快些。3）Though (he was) taken there in his childhood, he still didnt know the place well.雖然小時(shí)候給帶到那兒去過，但他對(duì)這地方還是不熟。但要注意：由before, after引導(dǎo)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)動(dòng)詞短語代替從句，必須在過去分詞前加上being。如：After being shown around the factory, we had a rest.當(dāng)領(lǐng)著參觀工廠之后，我們休息了一會(huì)兒。（試比較：When shown around the factory, we had a rest./ Having been shown around the factory, we had a rest.）5. 謂語中的過去分詞表被動(dòng)在廣告、通知、標(biāo)題等文體中，為了行文簡潔明了，謂語中也常常單獨(dú)采用過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義。如：Turners wanted!（招聘車工?。?ALL GOODS GREATLY REDUCED!(各種貨物大減價(jià)！) Trade agreements broken(貿(mào)易協(xié)定遭破壞)等等。二、單獨(dú)過去分詞可以表示完成由于過去分詞作定語不用完成式，表示完成意義的定語自然采用單獨(dú)過去分詞來表達(dá)。如：sweep the fallen leavessweep the leaves that have fallen掃落葉a developed country=a country that has developed發(fā)達(dá)國家三、單獨(dú)過去分詞可以表示被動(dòng)完成所謂單獨(dú)過去分詞表示被動(dòng)完成，即過去分詞可以獨(dú)立表示完成意義的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。通常出現(xiàn)在以下方面：1過去分詞在定語中表示被動(dòng)完成1) He told us of the great wrong done to him.=He told us of the great wrong which had been done to him.他給我們講了他所遭受的巨大冤屈。2）Did you accept the invitation (that had been) given by the tour guide? 你接受導(dǎo)游所給的邀請(qǐng)了嗎？2過去分詞在with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中表示被動(dòng)完成With the homework finished, I went out for a walk.=When the homework was/had been finished, I went out.作業(yè)做完之后，我出去散了會(huì)兒步。3. 過去分詞在狀語中表示被動(dòng)完成Weakened by the successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. As the bridge had been weakened by successive storms, it was no longer safe.由于遭到接二連三暴風(fēng)雨的破壞，這橋已經(jīng)不安全了。值得一提的是，分詞作狀語，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，還是需要采用相應(yīng)語態(tài)的完成式形式；過去分詞作定語，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)該動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，則用being過去分詞。分別舉例如下：1）Having corrected the students homework, he handed it out.他將學(xué)生的作業(yè)改完之后就發(fā)下去了。2）Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.由于被狗咬過兩次，郵遞員要我們把狗拴起來，要不就不給我們送信。3）Have you noticed the bridge being built there?= Have you noticed the bridge which is being built there?你注意到了那兒正在修的那座橋嗎？附練習(xí)：1. In Shishou of Hubei, the soldiers saved many important deer _ milu deer.A. call B. called C. is called D. which calls2. The sun was shining brightly, _ everything there _ more beautiful.A. making ; look B. to make ; looked C. and made ; looking D. and making ; be looked 3. Greatly _ as a leading teacher, he was invited to attend the conference.A. respect B. respected C. respecting D. being respected4. On the grass lay an old man, with his hands _ under his head and his eyes _ at the blue sky.A. crossing; staring B. crossed; stared C. crossed; staring D. crossing; stared5. The students _ to the office got their _ papers, and most of them did well in the test.A. invited; correct B. had been invited; correctedC. invited; corrected D. having been invited; corrected6. _ nice, the food has a good sale.A. Having been tasted B. Tasted C. Tasting D. Being tasted7. Get the car thoroughly _; I want to be free from worry on the trip.A. check B. checked C. checking D. to be checked8. At six oclock in the evening, when a cat ran through a truck it narrowly escaped _ over.A. running B. to be run C. from running D. being run9. The room, although _ to be kept locked, was often left open.A. ought B. supposed C. had D. should10. He was found _ at the desk, _ something important.A. seating; writing B. seated; wrote C. seated; writing D. seating; wrote11. Youre requested to be present at the English evening _ in our school.A. hold B. held C. holding D. to be held12. The man got the letter _ with the car _ at the gate.A. typed; waiting B. typing; waited C. typed; waited D. typing; waiting13. _ in the war was very common at that time.A. Killed B. Killing C. Be killed D. Being killed14. _ the bad news, they wore a _ look on their faces.A. Heard; worried B. Hearing; worried C. Hearing; worrying D. Heard; worrying15. The books _ next month are very well _, and theyre really well worth reading.A. published; written B. publishing; writing; C. to be published; writing; D. to be published; written16. After _ to hospital, the _ were operated on in no time.A. sending; injured B. sent; injured C. being sent; injured D. sending; injuring17. When the woman saw the good result, she let out an _ cry of joy, _ like a lovely girl.A. excited; jumping B. exciting; jumping C. excited; jumped D. exciting; jumped18. _ on top of the tower, the city looks extremely splendid.A. See B. To see C. Seeing D. Seen19. When he entered the room, he found the windows open and something _.A. missed B. robbed C. stolen D. disappeared20. The speaker stood there talking, _ by the journalists _ the event.A. surrounded; covered B. surrounded; covering C. surrounding; covered D. surrounding; covering (Key: BABCC CBDBC DADBD CADCB)分詞1.分詞作定語分詞前置We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人分詞后置 (i分詞詞組；ii 個(gè)別分詞如given, left； iii 修飾不定代詞 something等)There was a girl sitting there.有個(gè)女孩坐在那里This is the question given. 這是所給的問題There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西過去分詞作定語 與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. 典型例題 1) The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written答案D. 書與寫作是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過去分詞做定語表被動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于定語從句 which is written 2）Whats the language _ in Germany?A. speakingB. spoken C. be spokenD. to speak答案B. 主語language與謂語動(dòng)詞之間有被動(dòng)的含義。 spoken是動(dòng)詞speak的過去分詞形式，在句中作定語，修飾主語language, spoken 與 language有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。該句可以理解為：Whats the language (which is) spoken in German?2.分詞作狀語As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.- Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于沒有收到他的信，我給他打了電話。 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.- Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 假如多給些照顧，那些樹會(huì)長得更好。典型例題1）_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed答案B. Napoleon 與follow 之間有被動(dòng)的含義。being followed除表達(dá)被動(dòng)之外，還有動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行之意。 followed by（被跟隨）。本題可改為： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.2）There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed答案B. 由于聲音在閃電后，因此為聲跟隨著光，聲音為跟隨的發(fā)出者，為主動(dòng)。用現(xiàn)在分詞。3）_, liquids can be changed into gases.A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat答案C. 本題要選一分詞作為狀語?，F(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行的；過去分詞表被動(dòng)的，已經(jīng)完成的。對(duì)于液體來說是加熱的受動(dòng)者，是被動(dòng)的，因而選C。它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句 When it is heated， 注意： 選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動(dòng)作是主句的主語發(fā)出，分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很長時(shí)間，這本書看上去很舊。Using the book, I find it useful.3 連詞+分詞(短語)有時(shí)為使分詞短語與主句關(guān)系更清楚，可在分詞前加連詞。 連詞有： when，while，if though，after, before, as.但分詞的主語和主句的主語必須為同一個(gè)，如：While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.waiting 和saw 的主語相同。4.分詞作補(bǔ)語通常在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞之后，如： I found my car missing.我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車不見了。 Ill have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。5.分詞作表語現(xiàn)在分詞： 表示主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行過去分詞： 表示被動(dòng)，已經(jīng)完成 She looked tired with cooking.她由于忙著做飯，看上去有些疲倦。 He remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。6.分詞作插入語其結(jié)構(gòu)是固