高一英語語法歸納總結(jié)1

1、高一英語語法歸納總結(jié)-定語從句的歸納一幾個基本概念1.定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。2.先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。3.定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞（名詞或代詞）之后。4.引導詞：引導定語從句的詞（包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）。1關(guān)系代詞：that/who/whom/which/as 2關(guān)系副詞：when/where/why5.引導詞的位置：位于定語從句之前（先行詞之后）?！綼s除外】6.引導詞的功能（作用）：1連接先行詞和定語從句。2在定語從句中充當一定的成分（關(guān)系代詞充當主語或賓語，關(guān)系副詞充當狀語）。7.定語從句的類型：1限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間無逗號）。 直接

2、由引導詞引導定語從句The man who youre talking to is my friend. 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導The man to whom youre talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter. =I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.介詞的選用可根據(jù)從句中的相關(guān)詞組確定，該介詞通?？梢苑旁陉P(guān)系代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：The man (who/whom/that) I talked a

3、bout at the meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.2非限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔開）。 直接由引導詞引

4、導定語從句。 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導。I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.This is the man to whom I gave the book. 由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指人用whom,指物用which)引導。One, some, any,

5、 none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、數(shù)詞、分數(shù)或百分比與of whom或of which連用。He has five children, two of whom are abroad.(比較：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.(比較：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.

6、)除why和that不能引導非限定性定語從句外，其余引導詞都可以，用法同限定性定語從句一樣。但要注意以下區(qū)別。1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。2.非限定性定語從句的作用：它只是補充說明先行詞的情況，翻譯時可譯成兩個句子。The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.（那位工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院，其腿部受了重傷）The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital. （那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院）3.在

7、非限定性定語從句中，任何引導詞都不能省略（包括引導詞在此定語從句中充當賓語在內(nèi)）。指人做主語時只能用who, 做賓語時用whom; 指物做主語，賓語都用which; 關(guān)系副詞用when或where，也不能省略。The man, _ is sitting on the chair, is my father.The woman, _ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.The city, _ is far away, is very beautiful.He went to America, _ his parents live.He joined th

8、e Army yesterday, _ I left, too.二.定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的主語，不能省略。Do you know the gentleman _is sitting there?2.whom/who/that指人是賓格，在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的賓語（動賓或介賓）。 當作動賓（動詞后接賓語）時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。Do you know the gentleman (_) we met just now? 當作介賓（介詞后接賓語）時：介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不

9、可省，即介詞whom(指人時介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用whom)。The man (_) I spoke with is my teacher.The man with_ I spoke is my teacher. 注：固定的動詞短語（動詞+介詞）如look for, take care of等不能把動詞與介詞拆開，既介詞不能提至引導詞前。She is the right girl (_) we are looking for. 3.whose: 指人或物，是所有格“的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當主語、賓語（動賓或介賓）即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了，whose不能省略。Whose+n

10、. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.I didnt find the desk _leg was broken. （主語）He is the student _ pencil I broke yesterday. （動賓）The boss in _company I work is very kind. （介賓）4.which/that 指物，指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主語或賓語（動賓或介賓）。 當作動賓時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。 當作介賓時：介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞which(指物時介詞后的

11、關(guān)系代詞只能用which)。The house _ was destroyed in the earthquake is weak. The pen (_) you found yesterday is mine. The games (_) the young men competed in were difficult. The games in _ the young men competed were difficult. 注:介詞+關(guān)系代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用whom，指物用which)。5.as指人或物，在定語從句中可作主語，賓語，表語或狀語，不能省略。主要用

12、于 “the same as；such as；so as；as as；as follows”固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，形式固定此時的引導限定性定語從句。要用as代替who(m), which, 或that引導定語從句：He is not such a person as I expected. He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.Such people_ Hill knew thought he was honest.My hometown is no longer the same_it was. Here is so big a stone _no

13、 one can lift.The child knows as much_ grow-ups (know).注：which和as可引導非限定性定語從句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容，有時可以互換。因此，當as/which指代前面的整個句子，或前句中的部分內(nèi)容作定語從句的主語時，謂語用單數(shù)Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.He m

14、arried her, as/which was natural.區(qū)別： as引導的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中間或放在主句末尾；而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句后面。He married her, as/which was natural. =As was natural, he married her.Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all. =As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great writer.as引導的從句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which則

15、無此意。常用句型有：as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know等。如：As we all know, paper was first made in China.To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.主句和從句有因果關(guān)系時，用which.Our class has won the football match, which

16、 made us very happy. Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light. 從句含否定意義時常用which.She didnt pass the exam, which we couldnt expect.She didnt pass the exam, as we expected.6.when關(guān)系副詞：指時間。在定語從句中作時間狀語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介詞+which替換（此時先行詞一定是表時間的名詞）。I still remember the time _ I joined the League.I still

17、remember the time _I joined the League.I still remember the time (_) I joined the League on.7.where關(guān)系副詞：指地點。在定語從句中作地點狀語，不能省略。此時的where還可用介詞+which替換（此時先行詞一定是表地點的名詞）。I still remember the school _I joined the League.I still remember the school_I joined the League.I still remember the school (_) I joined

18、 the League in.注：對關(guān)系副詞when, where的認識。當句型為It/This/That is(was) the first(secondlast) time引起的句子時用that連接其后的句子。此時的time是次數(shù)，不是時間。It/This is the first time that we travel.It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.8. why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，先行詞通常為reason,不能省略。且why引導的定語從句只能是限定性定語從句。Why= for whichI do

19、nt know the reason _ he was late yesterday.The reason why(_) he was late is that he missed the bus.注：當先行詞為reason時，關(guān)系副詞并非都用why。This is the reason (_) he gave/ explained to us.【判斷用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞】從句缺少的是主語、賓語還是狀語是確定用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵。試比較：I will never forget the day (_) I spent in Hongkong. ( spent是及物動詞，后缺賓語，因此用

20、關(guān)系代詞或省略 )I will never forget the day _ Hongkong returned to its motherland. （ 從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整，缺狀語，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞 ）The reason （_）he gave for not coming to school yesterday isnt believable. ( gave是及物動詞，后缺賓語，因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略 )The reason _ he didnt come to school yesterday isnt believable.（ 從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整，缺狀語，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介

21、詞加關(guān)系代詞 ）三. 值得注意的幾個問題：第一. 當先行詞是物時，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用that的情況。1.當先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時。This is the best film_has been shown this year.This is the first book (_) I borrow from the library. He is the first student _ came to school today.2.當先行詞為兩個或兩個以上分別指人和物的名詞時。He talked about the teachers and the school (t

22、hat) he had visited. 3.當先行詞本身是all的，用that。(all that=what)All _ (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.=All (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.4.先行詞為something, anything, nothing, everything, thing時，用that. Ill tell you anything (_) I know.5.當先行詞前有all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, som

23、e, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the next等修飾語時。This is one of the books (_) Im very interesting in. This is one of the books in _ Im very interesting.This is the only book (_) I read.He is the only one of the boys _ likes playing the piano.All the glasses _were on the table fe

24、ll off onto the floor.6.（人，物），當先行詞在以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句中時，用that引導以避免混淆Who is the man _ is talking with the lady?Which of you_ know the answer can come to the front?7.當先行詞是在定語從句中作表語時，用thatHe likes the girl _ she used to be.第二. 當先行詞是物時，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用which的情況。1.作介賓且介詞置于引導詞之前時The room in _ he lives is

25、 very large.2.引導非限定性定語從句時（主，賓都用which,都不能省略）Football, _is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. The house, _ I visited yesterday, is very large.3.which指整個句子的內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容，引導非限定性定語從句He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.第三.其他特殊情況1.先行詞是these, those指人時，關(guān)系代詞只用who.Those_ are playing over t

26、here are my students.2.先行詞是人稱代詞(he, she)時，關(guān)系代詞只用who.He _ doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.3.不定代詞someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody作先行詞時，關(guān)系代詞用who.Anybody _ breaks the rules would be punished.4.先行詞是the only one of +可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語用單數(shù)形式（因為此時的先行詞是the

27、only one,而不是of 后的可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)）He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.This is the only one of the books that is borrowed.先行詞是one of +可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語用復數(shù)形式（因為此時的先行詞是of 后的可數(shù)名詞復數(shù),而不是one）This is one of the students who are late.5.當主句缺先行詞時，用the one 代替，但須注意：the one只能代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)如為不可數(shù)名詞

28、時，指什么用什么Is this school the one I visited yesterday? Is pop music the one he likes best?6. 當先行詞是the way,在定語從句中充當方式狀語時（the way表以方式方法），引導詞通常用that或省略，也可用in whichI dont like the way (that) you speak. =I dont like the way in which you speak.=I dont like the way (which/that) you speak in.高中英語被動語態(tài)總結(jié)一、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)

29、成形式1. 被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化被動語態(tài)通常為十種時態(tài)的被動形式, 被動語態(tài)由be過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：1) am/is/are +done (過去分詞) 一般現(xiàn)在時 2） has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時3） am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進行時 4） was/were done 一般過去時5） had been done 過去完成時 6） was/were being done 過去進行時7） shall/will be done 一般將來時 8） should/would be done 過去將來

30、時9） shall/will have been done 將來完成時（少用）10） should/would have been done 過去將來完成時（少用）2. 被動語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式1)帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞be過去分詞。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday.

31、 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 當“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，其余不動。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役動詞have, make, get以及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加to

32、。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相當于及物動詞的動詞詞組，如“動詞介詞”，“動詞副詞”等，也可以用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被動語態(tài)(一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)) 。例I dont like being laughed at in

33、the public.二、 如何使用被動語態(tài)學習被動語態(tài)時，不僅要知道被動語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動語態(tài)。1. 講話者不知道動作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者 (這時可省 by 短語)。2. 借助被動的動作突出動作的執(zhí)行者。3. 為了更好地安排句子。三、 It is said that+從句及其他類似句型一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe過去分詞that從句”或“主語be過去分詞to do sth.”。有：It is said that 據(jù)說

34、,It is reported that據(jù)報道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that眾所周知，It is thought that大家認為，It is suggested that據(jù)建議。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）四、謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義1.英語中有很多動詞如 break，catch，clean，driv

35、e，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，常用其主動形式 表達被動意義,主語通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主動語態(tài)表被動強調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：The door wont lock （指門本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不會有人來鎖門, 指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因）2. 表示“發(fā)生、進行”的不及物動詞和短語，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, co

36、me about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動形式表示被動意義。例 How do the newspapers come out? 這些報紙是如何引出來的呢？3. 系動詞沒有被動形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的連系動詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動形式表示被動意義。 例Your reason sounds reasonable.五、非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義在某些句型中可用動名詞和不定式的主動形式表被動意義 。1 在need，want，require, bear等詞的后面，動名詞用

37、主動形式(v-ing)表示被動意義，其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）這房子需要修理。2 形容詞worth后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義，但不能跟動詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動賓關(guān)系時，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系, 不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。例 I hav

38、e a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do與things是動賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動作的執(zhí)行者。)4. 在某些“形容詞不定式”做表語或賓語補足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語或賓語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時，這時常用不定式的主動形式表達被動意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasan

39、t，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5 在too to結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應(yīng)用主動形式表示被動意義。例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.1 高考對謂語動詞語態(tài)的考查例析1). In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. (NMET)A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 2). Thi

40、s is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET)A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing 3). - Have you moved into the new house?- Not yet, the rooms _. (NMET) A. are being painted B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting 4). When and wher

41、e to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春）A. are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been decided 5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _. A. was booked B. had been bookedC. were booked D. have been booked【強化訓

42、練】1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinnerA are not kept；will have to B are not kept；haveC do not keep；will have to D do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now.A. developed B. have developedC. are b

43、eing developed D. will have been developed3. - _ the sports meet might be put off- Yes，it all depends on the weatherA Ive been told B Ive told C Im told D I told4. I need one more stamp before my collection _.A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed5. Rainforests _ and bur

44、ned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month.A. has been designed B. had been designedC. was designed D. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has broken C. was broken D. had been broken8. Great changes _ in the city,