語法系列之定語從句

1、 定語從句即指在主從復(fù)合句用作定語的從句。 定語從句通常修飾名詞 或代詞,對它進(jìn)行限制、描繪和說明。受定語從句修飾的詞語叫先行 詞, 引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞語叫關(guān)系詞。 關(guān)系詞按其性質(zhì)又分關(guān)系代詞和 關(guān)系副詞。 關(guān)系詞不僅引導(dǎo)定語從句, 同時(shí)還在定語從句充當(dāng)一定的 句子成分。如:The girl who spoke is my best friend. 講話的姑娘是我最好的朋友。 此句中, who spoke是由關(guān)系代詞 who 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,用以修飾先 行詞 the girl,同時(shí) who 在定語從句中用作主語。This is the town where I was born. 這就是我出生的

2、城市。此句中, where I was born是由關(guān)系副詞 where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句, 用以 修飾先行詞 the town,同時(shí) where 在定語從句中用作狀語。二、關(guān)系詞的用法與辨析1. 關(guān)系詞的用法關(guān)系詞分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞主要的有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等, 其中 who 和 whom 只用于指人, which 和 as 只 用于指事物, whose 和 that 既可于指人也可用于指物, 它們在定語從 句可用作主語、賓語、表語或定語;關(guān)系副詞主要有 when, where 和 why ,其中 when 表示時(shí)間, where

3、 表地點(diǎn), why 表原因,它們在定語 從句中均用作狀語:A plane is a machine that can fly. 飛機(jī)是一種能飛行的機(jī)器。 (that指 物,在從句中用作主語 I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我把學(xué)校學(xué)的所有東 西都給忘了。 (that指物,在從句中句作賓語 The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我 叔叔。 (who指人,在從句中作主語 The house whose windows are broken is empt

4、y. 破了窗戶的那座房子 是空的。 (whose指物,在從句中作定語 There are some students whose questions I cant answer. 有些學(xué)生提出 的問題我回答不了。 (whose指人,在從句中作定語 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起來那么傻。 (as指人, 在從句作表語 2. 關(guān)系詞的選擇選擇關(guān)系詞可考慮以下四點(diǎn):(1 一看先行詞的意義,即分清先行詞是指人、指物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)還 是原因 (如指物時(shí)不能用 who 或 whom ,指人時(shí)通常不用 which 等 。(2 二看關(guān)系詞的句功功能,即分清關(guān)

5、系是擔(dān)任什么句子成分,是作 主語還是賓語、 是作定語還是狀語等 (如作定語通常用 whose , 有時(shí)也 用 which ;作狀語要用 when, where, why。(3 三看定語從句的種類,即分清是限制性定語從句還是非限制性定 語從句 (如 that 和 why 通常不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句 。(4 四看文體,即分清是正式文體還是非正式文體,是書面語體還是 口語體。3. 關(guān)系詞的辨析(1 關(guān)于關(guān)系代詞 that 與 which 的區(qū)別、 that 與 who 的區(qū)別、 who 與 whom 的區(qū)別、 as 與 which 的區(qū)別等。(2 關(guān)系副詞 when, where與 why 的區(qū)別是

6、:when 用于指時(shí)間, where 用于指地點(diǎn), why 用于指原因:1980 was the year when he was born. 1980是他的出生年。This is the room where he lived. 這就是他曾住過的房間。These are the reasons why we do it. 這些就是我們這樣做的理由。 三、關(guān)系詞的省略關(guān)系詞有時(shí)可以省略, 但這只限于限制性定語從句中, 在非限制性定 語從句中,關(guān)系詞則不可省略。1. 關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)的省略當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, which和 that 在定語從句中用作動詞賓語或 介詞位于句末時(shí)的介詞賓

7、語時(shí),可以省略:Is there anything (which you wanted? 想要什么東西嗎 ?Who is the man (that / who / whom you were talking to? 剛才和你講話 的人是誰 ?2. 關(guān)系代詞作表語時(shí)的省略當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞 that 在定語從句中用作表語時(shí),可以省略:China is not the country (that it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。 (that作表語 3. 關(guān)系代詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)的省略當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞 that 在定語從句中用作賓語補(bǔ)足時(shí),可以省略: Im not the madman (that you

8、 thought me. 我并不是你所認(rèn)為的那個 瘋子。 (that作賓語補(bǔ)語 4. 關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí)的省略一般說來, 關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí)是不能省略的, 但是在以下兩種特殊情 況,也可省略:(1 當(dāng)定語從句為 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),作主語的 that 可以省略: Ive told you all (that there is to tell. 該告訴的我都告訴你了。(2 當(dāng)主句為 there be結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 在定語從句中作主語的 that, which, who有時(shí)可省略:Theres a gentleman (who wants to see you. 有一位先生要見您。 (3 當(dāng)主句為 i

9、t is結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),在定語從句中作主語的 that 也可省略: Heres a little book (that will tell you how to raise roses. 這是一本關(guān)于 玫瑰花栽培的小冊子。5. 關(guān)系副詞 when 的省略用作時(shí)間狀語的關(guān)系副詞 when 通常不能省略,但有一種特殊情況, 即用于 day, year, time等少數(shù)幾個詞后時(shí)可以省略 (也可換成 that : That was the year (that I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出國 了。Ill never forget the day (that we met.

10、我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我們見面的那 一天。6. 關(guān)系副詞 where 的省略用作地點(diǎn)狀語的關(guān)系副詞 where 通常不能省略,但有一種特殊情況, 即用于 place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少數(shù)幾個詞 后時(shí)可以省略 (也可換成 that :This is the place (where they met yesterday. 這就是他們昨天碰頭的地 方。Have you somewhere (that I can lie down for an hour? 你有沒有一個什 么地方可以讓我躺一個小時(shí)?7. 關(guān)系副詞 why 的省略關(guān)系副詞 wh

11、y 通常只用于 the reason后引導(dǎo)定語從句, 且通?？蓳Q成 that 或 for which,均可省略:Thats the reason (why, for which, that he reads on Qisu English APP. 這就是他在奇速英語 APP 上讀時(shí)文的原因。四、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1. 形式不同限定性定語從句主句和從句之間不用逗號隔開, 口語中使用時(shí)也不停 頓; 而非限定性定語從句與主句之間通常有逗號隔開, 口語中使用時(shí) 有停頓。2. 功能不同限定性定語從句用于對先行詞的意義進(jìn)行修飾、 限制和識別, 如果去 掉, 就會造成句意不完整或概念不清;

12、而非限定性定語從句用于對先 行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整:People who take physical exercise live longer. 進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的人活得 長些。 (若把從句去掉句子就失去意義 His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女兒 現(xiàn)在在波士頓,下星期回來。 (若把從句去句子意義仍然完整 3. 翻譯不同在翻譯定語從句時(shí), 一般把限定性定語從句翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞 之前,而把非限定性定語從句與主句分開:He is the man whose car was sto

13、len. 他就是汽車被竊的那個人。 Ive invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀請了吉姆,他就住在 隔壁。4. 含義不同 比較:I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一個醫(yī)生的姐姐。 (姐姐不止一個 I have a sister ,who is a doctor. 我有一個姐姐,她是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。 (只有 一個姐姐 5. 先行詞不同限定性定語從句的先行詞只能是名詞或代詞, 而非限定性定語從句的 先行詞則可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是短語或句子;另外,當(dāng)先行詞 為專有名詞或其他具有獨(dú)一無二性的普通名詞時(shí), 通常要用非限制

14、性 定語從句,而不用限制性定語從句:Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開車很快,這是很危險(xiǎn) 的。 (which指 drive too fastHe changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意,這使 我很生氣。 (which指整個主句 Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我們的老板 史密斯先生下周要去日本。 (先行詞為專有名詞,要用非限制性定語 從句修飾 Her father, who has a l

15、ot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父親 很有錢,希望她出國學(xué)習(xí)。 (先行詞為表獨(dú)一無二意義的普通名詞, 要用非限制性定語從句修飾 6. 關(guān)系詞不同關(guān)系詞 that 和 why 可用于限制性定語從句中,通常不用于非限制性 定語從句;另外,在限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系詞有時(shí)可以省略,而在 非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系詞一律不省略。五、緊縮的定語從句1. 關(guān)于 “ 介詞 +關(guān)系代詞 +不定式 ”該結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于正式文體中,相當(dāng)于一個被緊縮的定語從句: She must have time in which to grow calm. 她必須有冷靜下來時(shí)的時(shí) 間。

16、 Allow me one minute in which to change my clothes. 給我一點(diǎn)時(shí)間 換衣服。He was miserable unless he had neighbours with whom to quarrel. 他要 是沒有鄰居吵架就難受。注意,該結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞不能沒有,也不能位于不定式后面:在那兒孩子們有個玩耍的花園。正:There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式 正:There the children had a garden in which they could play. (較

17、正式 正:There the children had a garden to play in. (較口語化 誤:There the children had a garden which to play in.2. 將定語從句轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞短語有時(shí)為了簡潔起見可將定語從句轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞短語作定語:Whos the girl who is sitting beside Jim? / Whos the girl sitting beside Jim? 坐在吉姆旁邊的女孩是誰?Anyone who touches that wire will get a shock. / Anyone touching

18、that wire will get a shock.任何人觸到那根電線都會遭到電擊。注意, 并非所有的定語從句都能轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞短語, 比如那些不能后置 定語的分詞短語就不能與定語從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換:誤:This is the boy being from the country. (being引出的分詞短語通常 不用定語,除非它是構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)的助動詞 正:This is the boy who is from the country. 這是來自鄉(xiāng)下的那個男孩。 誤:We caught the thief having stolen the car. (現(xiàn)在分詞完成式不用作 定語, 即使換成一般式也不

19、對, 因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時(shí)它不能先 于謂語動作之前發(fā)生 正:We caught the thief having stolen the car. 我們抓住了偷汽車的小 偷。六、應(yīng)考定語從句的幾個易錯點(diǎn):1. 混淆定語從句與并列句 請看下面兩題:(1 He has two children, and both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who(2 He has two children, both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who第 (1題選 A , 第 (2題選 C

20、。 由于第 (1題中用了并列連詞 and , 從而使 整個句子為并列句, and 后應(yīng)是一個獨(dú)立的簡單句, 所以選 A 不選 C ; 第 (2題沒有并列連詞 and , both of whom are abroad為非限制性定語從 句。2. 混淆定語從句與表語(從句 請看下面的試題： (1 Your coat is still _ you left it. A. where B. there C. there where D. the place where 答案選 A， where 引導(dǎo)的是表語從句(=在的地方， 而不是定語從句。 (2 Is this school _ your fath

21、er worked in ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one 答案選 D， this school 為句子主語， the one 為表語， your father worked in為定語從句。不要誤認(rèn)為 this 是句子主語，否則 school 前應(yīng)加冠 詞 the。 比較： Is this the school _ your father worked in ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one (選 C Is this the school _ your fa

22、ther worked ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one (選 A 3. 混淆定語從句與狀語從句 請看下面的試題： (1 I went upstairs _I heard some crying. A. where B. when C. that D. which 答案是 B 而不是 A，when 的意思是“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”，引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀 語從句。(upstairs 為副詞，不宜用作先行詞 (2 He is _ a clever boy _ we all like. A. such, that B. such, as C. so,

23、 that D. so, as 答案應(yīng)選 B，而不是 A。such that (如此以致用于引導(dǎo)結(jié)果 狀語從句，其中的 that 不充當(dāng)句子成分，而 suchas中的 as 為關(guān) 系代詞，用以引導(dǎo)定語從句并在定語從句充當(dāng)句子成分。上句中第二 空之所以選 as，是因?yàn)樗米鲃釉~ like 賓語。 4. 誤加與關(guān)系代詞同義的人稱代詞 誤：He is a man everyone respects him. 正：He is a man everyone respects. 他是一個人人都敬重的人。 5. 混淆關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞 有的同學(xué)一看到先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的名詞，就認(rèn)為一定 要用關(guān)系副

24、詞，其實(shí)也一定。在此情況下，還要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句 中是用作什么成分，若是用作狀語，則用關(guān)系副詞，若不是用作狀語 (如用作主語、賓語等則不能用關(guān)系副詞，而用關(guān)系代詞。 比較： This is the factory where I want to work. 這就是我想工作的工廠。 (work 為不及物動詞 where 在從句中用作狀語 This is the factory that I want to visit. 這就是我想?yún)⒂^的工廠。(visit 為 及物動詞，that 用作 visit 的賓語 The reason why he cant come is that he is ill

25、. 他沒來的是因?yàn)樗×恕?(come 為不及物動詞，why 在定語從句中用作狀語 The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。 (put forth 為及物動詞，that 在定語從句中用作其賓語 6. 因逗號誤判 which 有的同學(xué)一看見逗號，就以為一定要選 which 而不選 that，但問題是 有時(shí)根本就不是定語從句： (1 If a book is in English, _ means slow progress for you. A. as B. which C. what D. that (2 When I

26、 say two hours, _ includes time for eating. A. as B. which C. what D. that 以上兩題均應(yīng)選 that，而不能選 which，因?yàn)樗鼈兏静皇嵌ㄕZ從句。 之所以選 that，是因?yàn)榫渲幸延?if 和 when 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，逗號后 為主句，that 為主句主語。 7. 混淆 which 與 whose 兩者在定語從句中都可用作定語，區(qū)別是：whose 的意思相當(dāng)于 ones，而 which 的意思則相當(dāng)于 that 或 this。 比較： (1 This is Mary, whose = and her father w

27、e met last week. (2 Call again at 11, by which time = and by that time the meeting should be over. 七、重點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)原創(chuàng)精練 1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages. A. it

28、B. them C. which D. that 3. He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 4. Mr Smith is _ a good teacher _ we all respect. A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as 5. She may have missed the train, in _ case she wont arrive for

29、 another hour. A. whose B. that C. which D. what 6. If hes only interested in your looks, _ just shows how shallow he is. A. as B. which C. what D. that 7. It was in the small house _ was built with stones by his father _ he spent his childhood. A. which, that B. that, which C. which, which D. that,

30、 where 8. I believe the time will soon come _ there will be no weapons in the world. A. since B. that C. where D. when 9. The meeting was put off, _, of course, was exactly what we wanted. A. who B. which C. this D. what 10. The train, _ takes only two hours to get there, is quicker than the bus, _ takes three. A. wh