商貿(mào)專業(yè)英語

1、p1-3 unit1 text1text 1 an introduction to logisticspre-text practice.Discussion:”logistics means having the right thing,at the right place,at the right time.”do you think so?討論:物流意味著在正確的時間和地點，交付正確的物品，你是這樣認為的嗎？What is logistics?什么物流？para1the word logistics comes from the French ”logistque” ,which is

2、derived from ”loger” meaning quarters(as in quartering troops).it is related to the word ”lodge”(which is a much older word in English ,but from the same latin root).it entered English in the 19th century.物流這個詞來自法語“l(fā)ogistque”,它來源于“l(fā)oger”意思是營房 (如在仔細的意義,是軍隊)。與這個詞有關(guān)是“住宿”(那是一個很老的英文單詞,但是來自相同的拉丁語根),它在19世紀

3、進入英文單詞中。 para2logistics became a topic for discussion in the business world in the 1960s and 1970s and began its rise to prominence in the 1980s.it was truly in the 1990s,however,that logistics began to garner the appreciation it deserved .in the year 2000 and beyond ,the creation of flexible and ef

4、fective supply and value chains will no less than define the success or failure of organizations and perhaps even entire business types.20世紀60年代和70年代，物流開始成為工商界討論的話題，到20世紀80年代，物流的地位顯著提高。然而，它真正突出是在1990年代 ，物流才開始獲得它應(yīng)有的欣賞。在2000年以及以后的時間里,靈活的創(chuàng)造性、有效供給和價值鏈將足以定義組織的成功或失敗,也許甚至是整個經(jīng)營類型。para3there are various defi

5、nitions of logistics .the terms are defined as follows:有多種不同的物流的定義,定義有如下幾個方面： logistics(business definition) is defined as a business planning framework for the management of material , sevice ,information and capital flows .it includes the increasingly complex information ,communication and control

6、 systems required in todays business environment.物流（商業(yè)定義）是解釋作為為管理原材料，服務(wù)，信息和資金流的一種商業(yè)計劃架構(gòu)。它包括被現(xiàn)代商業(yè)環(huán)境所需要的不斷增加的復(fù)雜的信息，交流和控制系統(tǒng)。the council of logistics management (1992) defined the logistics as the process of planning ,implementing and controlling the efficient ,cost-effective flow and storage of raw mat

7、erials ,work in process inventory ,finished goods and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to the customer needs.物流管理委員會(1992)定義了物流過程的計劃、實施和控制管理效率,有效成本流動和儲存的原材料、半成品、成品及相關(guān)的庫存信息,從原產(chǎn)地到消費地以滿足客戶的需求為目的。Activities involved in logistics涉及物流的活動para4fr

8、om the above we can see ,definition of logistics includes customer service ,transportation ,warehousing and storage ,plant and warehouse site selection ,inventory management ,procurement,material handling,packaging,demand forecasting,waste disposal,return goods handling.從上述對物流的定義我們可以看出，物流包括客戶服務(wù)、運輸、倉

9、儲、工廠和倉庫的選址、庫存管理、采購、物料搬運、包裝、需求預(yù)測、廢棄物處理和退貨處理。para5customer service is a very important part of any organizations logistics effort .it is the output of the entire logistics system ,that is, customer service and some resulting level of satisfaction are what the logistics system ultimately provides the b

10、uyer .a pioneering study that examined the state-of-the-art of customer service in major corporations defined customer service as ”a customer-oriented philosophy that integrates and manages all of the elements of the customer interface within a predetermined optimum cost-service mix.”each element of

11、 a firms can affect whether a customer receives the right product at the right place in the right condition for the right cost at the right time .thus customer service means providing the necessary level of customer satisfaction at the lowest possible total cost.客戶服務(wù)是,是物流組織的努力的的方向中一個非常重要的部分。它是整個物流系統(tǒng)

12、的輸出環(huán)節(jié)，也就是說，客戶服務(wù)和一些會產(chǎn)生客戶滿意水平的事物是物流系統(tǒng)最終提供買方的，開創(chuàng)性研究。一項對主要大公司的先進的客戶服務(wù)進行調(diào)查的前沿研究將客戶服務(wù)定義為“以客戶至上為宗旨，處理好與客戶服務(wù)有關(guān)的一切事項，達到預(yù)定的最優(yōu)化的成本-服務(wù)組合?！惫镜拿恳粋€組成因素都可影響一個客戶是否收到正確的產(chǎn)品在正確的地方在正確的條件在正確的時間以正確的成本。因此顧客服務(wù)就是提供必要的水平的顧客滿意度是以最低的總成本。para6transportation refers to the physical movement of goods from point of origin to point o

13、f consumption and can involve raw materials being brought into the production process and finished goods being shipped out to the customer .transportation includes activities such as selecting the mode of transportation (air,rail,water,pipeline,road);choosing the specific path ;complying with wariou

14、s local transportation regulations ;and being aware of both domestic and international shipping requirements .transportation is often the single largest cost in the logistics process .therefore ,it is an important component that must be managed effectively.運輸是指產(chǎn)品從原產(chǎn)地到消費地的物理性移動，包括原材料進入生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域和產(chǎn)成品送至客戶手中。

15、運輸包括諸如選擇運輸方式(航空、鐵路、水、管道、公路);選擇特定的路徑;符合當?shù)氐慕煌ǚㄒ?guī),并且要注意國內(nèi)、國際運輸要求。運輸通常在物流過程中單項成本最大的一部分。因此,這是非常重要的一部分,必須有效管理。para7warehousing and storage .warehousing is an integral part of every logistics system .it plays an important role in providing a desired level of customer service at the lowest possible total cos

16、t .products must be stored at the plant or in the field for later sale and consumption unless consumers need them the instant they are produced .generally ,the greater the time lags between production and consumption ,the lager the level of inventory required .specific storage activities include :de

17、cisions as to whether the warehousing facilities should be owned ,leased ,or rented;warehouse layout and design;product mix considerations;safety and maintenance;security systems;personal training;and productivity measurement.倉儲.倉庫是每一個物流系統(tǒng)中不可分割的一部分, ,它在以盡可能低的總成本提供了一個理想的客戶服務(wù)水平中起著重要的作用。產(chǎn)品必須被儲存在工廠或其他地方

18、，等待日后的銷售和消費，除非產(chǎn)品一生產(chǎn)出來就有客戶需要它們。通常，從生產(chǎn)到消費的時間間隔越長，所需的庫存量越大。 懼意的庫存活動包括:決定是否應(yīng)該擁有倉儲設(shè)施、出租，或租入;倉庫布局和設(shè)計;產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)安全性和維修;考慮,安全系統(tǒng);個人培訓(xùn);和生產(chǎn)率的測量。para8facility location.whether facilities are owned or rented,the location of plants andor warehouse is extremely important.the strategic placement of plants and warehouses

19、near the companys major markets can improve the firms customer service per facility location can also allow lower volume-related transportation rates in moving product from plant to warehouse,plant to plant,or warehouse to customer.the first consideration in selecting a site is the locatio

20、n of the firms various markets.the needs of the customer and the location of raw materials,component parts and subassemblies are also major considerations,for the company must be concerned with inbound movement and storage of materials in addition to outbound flows.設(shè)備擺放位置。無論設(shè)施是自有的，還是租賃的，工廠或倉庫的位置是非常重

21、要的。將工廠和倉庫戰(zhàn)略性地布置在公司主要的市場附近，就可極大地提高公司的客戶服務(wù)水平。適當?shù)脑O(shè)施選址也可以允許降低運輸產(chǎn)品從工廠到倉庫，工廠到工廠，或者倉庫到消費者的運輸率。優(yōu)先考慮的要選擇的地點是公司的多個賣場?？蛻粜枨蠛驮牧系臄[放位置、零部件和組件也要主要考量,因為公司必須關(guān)心的是運動和儲存材料入除了出庫流量。 needs and manufacturing requirement.maintaining raw materials,component part,and finished goods inventory is not available for use elsewhere

22、.it is sufficient to note that inventory carrying costs can range from 14 to over 50 percent,depending on the product.successful inventory control involves determining the level of inventory necessary to achieve the desired level of customer service while considering the cost of performing other log

23、istics activities.庫存管理平衡庫存成本和銷售損失成本（如當客戶需要貨物時卻沒有庫存的損失）。,是金融必要性至關(guān)重要,因為維護的充分供應(yīng)產(chǎn)品滿足顧客需求和生產(chǎn)requirement.maintaining原料、組成部分和成品庫存不是可供利用elsewhere.it足以注意庫存成本的范圍,可以攜帶從14歲到超過50%,這取決于product.successful庫存控制包括確定存貨水平必須達到預(yù)期的水平的顧客服務(wù)的目的,在考慮成本的執(zhí)行其他的物流活動。para10procurement deals with the buying of goods and services tha

24、t keep the organization functioning.it includes the selection of supply source location,determination of the form in which the material is to be acquired,timing of purchases,price determination,quality control and many other facets.the changing economic environment of recent years,marked by wide var

25、iations in availability and cost of materials,has made procurement even more important in the logistics process.采購協(xié)議與購買商品和服務(wù),保持組織的選擇functioning.it包括供應(yīng)水源的位置,確定材料的形式獲取、定時的采購,價格的決心,質(zhì)量控制和許多其他facets.近年來經(jīng)濟環(huán)境的變化，材料的種類和價格可選擇的余地較大，使得采購在物流過程中的地位越來越重要。para11material handling is concerned with every aspect of t

26、he movement or flow of raw material,work in process inventory,and finished goods withen a plant or warehouse.a firm incurscosts every time an item is handled.since handling generally adds no value to a product,these operations should be kept to a minimum.poor material handling can lead directly to l

27、oss of or damage to the goods,thus customer dissatisfaction.material handling can act well reducing inventory,lowering costs,and increasing producticity.物料搬運涉及原材料、在制品和產(chǎn)成品在工廠或倉庫中的移動或流動的各個方面。a公司incurscosts每次一個項目handled.since處理一般增加任何價值的產(chǎn)品,這些操作應(yīng)該被維持在一個minimum.poor可以直接通向物料搬運貨物滅失或者損壞,因此客戶dissatisfaction.m

28、aterial處理可能起作用,減少庫存降低成本、增加producticity。para12packaging focuses on protecting the product while it is being transported and stored.pakaging can make it easier to store and move products by reducing handling and thereby material handling costs.in a marketing sense,the package acts as a form of promoti

29、on or advertising.its size,weight,color,and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge about the product.包裝通過減少裝卸進而降低物料的搬運成本，包裝可使產(chǎn)品儲存和流動更容易。從銷售角度來看，包裝可以作為促銷和廣告的一種形式。.its尺寸、重量、顏色和印制的信息吸引顧客和傳達的知識產(chǎn)品。para13demand forecasting address the need for precise amount of product and service that

30、 customers will require in the future.knowledge of future demand levels enables logistics managers to distribute their resources to activities that will serve that demand .sophisticated computer models,trend analysis,sales force estimates,or other methods can help such forecast.需求預(yù)測的地址需要具體數(shù)量的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),客

31、戶將需要在future。通過對將來需求水平的預(yù)測，物流管理著可以將資源分配至可以服務(wù)于需求的活動中去。sophisticated電腦模式,趨勢分析、銷售隊伍的估計,或其他方法可以幫助這些預(yù)測。para14other activities such as waste disposal,return goods handling,etc.are also important.since every bit of packaging is ultimately discarded,logistics managers must also consider the societal costs ass

32、ociated with waste disposal.the handling of returned goods,often reffered to as reverse distribution,is an important part of the logistics process .buyers may return items to the seller due to product defect,overages,incorrect items received,or other reasons.often the returned goods cannot be transp

33、orted,stored,andor handled as easily,resulting in higher logistics cost.其他的活動,如廢物處理處置、退貨處理等,也important.因為每一樣產(chǎn)品的包裝最終都要被丟棄，物流的管理者也必須考慮與處理廢棄物相關(guān)的社會成本。 the處理退貨,經(jīng)常reffered為反向配送,是一個重要的組成部分,.buyers物流過程可以將產(chǎn)品退回賣方產(chǎn)品缺陷,由于流量、不正確的物品或其他reasons.often收到的退貨不能運輸、儲存、或處理容易,導(dǎo)致了更高的物流成本。p14-15 unit1 text3what is supply cha

34、in management?什么是供應(yīng)鏈管理para1supply chain management is managing the flow of materials across the supply chain,i.e.,from preparing the raw materials to supplying the finished product to the comsumer,as well as the related counterflow of information,regarding controlling and recording of materials move

35、ment.供應(yīng)鏈管理是管理材料在供應(yīng)鏈中的流動，即從準備原材料到將產(chǎn)成品送至消費者手中，也包括控制和記錄材料運動信息的逆向流動。 Some of the activities in this system include: 有些活動,包括在這個系統(tǒng)souring;Purchasing;M Distribution planning and management of warehouses; 布局規(guī)劃和管理倉庫Inventory management;存貨管理Inbound and outbound transportation; 、進出境運輸Linking all these with the

36、 customer services and marketing activities. 將所有這些與客戶服務(wù)和營銷活動.Reasons for developing supply chains發(fā)展原因的供應(yīng)鏈para2these reasons give rise to the notion that in future,we will see supply chains competing with supply chains rather than competition between organizations.這些原因引起的概念,在未來的日子里,我們將看到供應(yīng)鏈與供應(yīng)鏈的競爭,而不

37、是組織之間的競爭。greater competitive advantage; 更大的競爭優(yōu)勢greater value to consumers; 更高的價值,消費者reducing the lead time gap; 縮短交貨提前期的差距faster and smaller deliveries to intermediate customers; 更快和更小的傳送到中級的顧客Benefits of supply chain cooperation供應(yīng)鏈合作的好處para3all parties working together in a formal supply chain rece

38、ive a number of benefits from joint working,these are:在正規(guī)的供應(yīng)鏈中一起工作的所有各方都從共同的合作中受益，這些都是聯(lián)合工作establishing valuable contacts across the supply chain; 在建立有價值的聯(lián)系供應(yīng)鏈gaining insights into how other organizations conduct their business,enabling them to improve their own; 如何獲得洞見其他組織開展業(yè)務(wù),讓他們來提高自身identifying op

39、portunities for joint research to improve the outputs of the supply chain. 識別機會來改善輸出的聯(lián)合研究的專業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈服務(wù)解決方案。para4however supply chains do not just happen,it requires a great deal of management effort and cooperation to achieve a successful supply chain.a number of principles need to be followed in order t

40、o achieve success and we will discuss them in more detail in the notes.these seven principles are listed below:然而供應(yīng)鏈不只是發(fā)生,它需要大量的管理的努力和合作,實現(xiàn)一個成功的供應(yīng)chain.要成功就要遵守一些原則，下面我們將詳細地進行討論。 these七個原則列出begin with the customer by understanding the customers values and requirements. 從客戶入手，了解客戶的價值和需求。manage logisti

41、cs assets across the supply chain,not just withen the enterprise管理整個供應(yīng)鏈物流資產(chǎn),而不只是每企業(yè)。.organize customer management so that it provides one”face”to the customer for information and customer service. 組織客戶管理,它提供了一個面向用戶信息和客戶服務(wù)。integrate sales and operation planning as the basis for a more responsive supp

42、ly chain.for example,both functions shound have a single forecast number.this requires sharing realtime demand and forecast information both within the enterprise and across the supply chain. 整合規(guī)劃為銷售和使用的基礎(chǔ)更能供應(yīng)chain.for例子中,兩個功能shound有一個單一的預(yù)測數(shù)字實時需求和預(yù)測需要共享信息的方式既有企業(yè)內(nèi)部和整個供應(yīng)鏈。leverage manufacturing and so

43、urcing for flexible and efficient operations. 利用生產(chǎn)、采購和靈活有效地運營。focus on strategic alliance and relationship management across channel partner.although it is challenging to develop true partnership relationship,the fact is that without strategic partnership,it is impossible to manage the supply chain as a single entity.在渠道伙伴之間注重戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟和關(guān)系管理。雖然建立一種真正的伙伴關(guān)系是一種挑戰(zhàn)，但是沒有這種戰(zhàn)略性的合作，就不可能將供應(yīng)鏈作為一個單獨的實體來進行操控。develop customer-driv