動詞的時態(tài)及語態(tài)+主謂一致

1、三、動詞的時態(tài)及語態(tài)I時態(tài)時態(tài)考查項目1過去完成時2現(xiàn)在完成進行時3將來完成時4 一般現(xiàn)在時（用于表示客觀事實/科學真理）答題依據(jù)：句中時間狀語主從句謂語動詞的先后關系語境時態(tài)的呼應 （the sequence of tenses）時態(tài)呼應是指從句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)因受主句中謂語動詞時態(tài)的影響而須采用一定的時態(tài)，從而達到兩者在邏輯關系上的一致。（一）主句謂語動詞的時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，從句謂語動詞根據(jù)實際情況可用各種時態(tài)She says she is a college student.she was a college student.she will be a college student

2、.Has he told you when he is to leave for Beijing?Will you tell me when you finished the work?（二）主句謂語動詞用過去時態(tài)1若從句謂語動詞的動作與主句謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，從句用一般過去時或過去進行時She told me she was a teacher.He said he was studying English.2若從句謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前，從句用過去完成時或過去完成進行時She explained to me that she had made the mistake

3、 chieflyout of carelessness.Betty said that she had been waiting for my call.3若從句謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞的動作之后，從句用過去將來時、過去將來進行時或過去將來完成時。He said that he would come back the next day.She said that she would be setting off on the 10 o'lock train.He told them that he would have finished by six o 'clock.

4、4若從句謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前，但從句中有表示某一具體時間 的狀語，從句用一般過去時。He told me that he was born in 佃 59.My mother told me that my grandfather went to Germany in 1917.5若從句說明的是客觀事實或科學真理，現(xiàn)在依然成立，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。Our teacher said that the earth is round and it goes round the sun.（三）主、從句動作都是將來時，但在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，從句謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來

5、時，主句仍用一般將來時。I will be a teacher when I grow up.What shall we do if it snows?II語態(tài)語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)（一）被動語態(tài)考查項目：（1）被動語態(tài)進行式（2）被動語態(tài)完成式（3）不定式被動式需要注意：主動變被動后加to（二）具有被動意義的主動結構（即不該用被動語態(tài)的情況）1在 主語+謂語+賓語+過去分詞（作賓補）”結構中謂語動詞為使役動詞或感官動詞Eg. I had the machine repaired.I didn ' t hear my namelled.2在主系表”結構中Eg. The flowers

6、 smell sweet.The food tastes nice.3在 主語+vi. + (adj./adv.)結構中vi.有:open, shut, sell, wear, blow, work, move, lock, cook, wash, clean, read, write, draw, make, burn, eat, blame, photograph, etc.Eg. The goods sells well.The door blew open.The door can 'htut/lock.This material has worn thin.The food

7、is ready to eat.This kind of rice cooks quickly.She doesn 'photograph well.Danish bacon and egg makes a good meal.The mother didn ' t know whobfame for the broken glass.4 sth. want/need to be donesb. want (sb.) to dosth. want/need doingsth. require doingsth. be worth doing / be worthy to be

8、donebe worthy of sth.be worthy of doingEg. The house needs/wants repairing.The book is worth reading.四、主謂一致主謂一致：謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上與主語一致(一) 主謂一致三原則1語法一致原則：單主t單謂復主t復謂2意義一致原則(1)單形主t復謂Eg. The volleyball team are playing magnificently.The old are respected in China.(2)復形主t單謂Eg. This works was built in 佃 82.Econo

9、mics was taught by Prof. Li.Is the United States a big country?(3)同一詞作主語時單 v.時復v.Eg. All possible means have been adopted.Every means has been tried.3吸引原則 鄰近原則:NeithernorEither or orNot only but also There be 句型Here引導的句子Eg. Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.Here are some pieces of paper

10、 and a pen for you. 與第一主語一致主語后跟：(together) with along with as well as like/unlike but/except rather than as much as no less than besides including in addition to not等引導的短語時，其謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)按主語的單、復數(shù)定，即與第一主語一致。Eg. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, is to be built here.An expert, togethe

11、r with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The room with its furniture was rented.The teacher as well as the students was excited.I as well as you am a football fan.He no less than you js my friend.I rather than him am to blame.I, not you, am wrong.You, not I, are. wrong.No one except my

12、parents knows anything about it.（二）用單數(shù)謂語動詞的情況1 each/either/neither/復合不定代詞做主語Eg. Is there anything in the box?Neither is good.2整體看待的數(shù)目，時間，價值，重量等復數(shù)n.做主語Eg. Twenty minutes is not enough.Three feet is a yard.Fifteen dollars is the price.999 is a large number.3不可數(shù)名詞，動名詞，不定式，從句做主語 （what從句根據(jù)句義定）What he sai

13、d is correct.What he left me are.but a few old books.4單數(shù)名詞+ and +單數(shù)名詞"結構表示一種概念或事物如何確定此結構表示一種概念或事物 ：第二個名詞前無冠詞，第一個名詞前可有可沒有冠詞Eg. The hammer and sickle was flying over the roof.A knife and fork was placed before every guest.The poet and writer is_ one of my friends.Butter and bread is_ usually eate

14、n with smoked salmon.Truth and honesty is the best policy.The girl ' teacher and friend is a young doctor.To love and to be loved js the greatest happiness.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.5形復單義詞做主語headquarters, works, news, 以-ics 結尾的學科名詞，國名，運動項目politics / mathematics / ph

15、ysicsthe United Nations / the United StatesEg. The news was very exciting.Their headquarters is at the foot of the mountain.6 each/every修飾名詞做主語“ each/every單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 +each/every+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞"結構做主語Eg. Every hour and every minute isimportant.Each boy and each girl wishes to serve the people in the future.E

16、very man, woman and child is an important being.7 “ more than one單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞"結構及“many a+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞"結構做主語。但 more +復數(shù)名詞+than one "結構和“ many +復數(shù)名詞"結構中，謂語動詞多用復數(shù)形式。Eg. More than one question was asked.More members than one are against your plan.Many a student likes popular songs.=Many students

17、 like popular songs.8名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略，這種情況一般只指商店、工廠、或個人的住宅，做主語時動詞一般用單數(shù)。女口the baker', the barbar', the carpenter's, the Zhang's Eg. The doctor ' js on the side of the street.My uncle ' _is not far from here.注：表示店鋪的名詞，一般作集體名詞看待，但用作主語時，謂語動詞往往用復數(shù)。Eg. Richardson ' have a lot of i

18、mported goods to sells.9 a series of / a species of + n”結構作主語時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。注意：series, species的單、復數(shù)形式相同，女口果 series, species之前不是 “a”而是 “two"一類的表示復數(shù)的詞，其謂語動詞用復數(shù)。Eg. A series of actions is repeated over and over again.There are two series of experiments: chemical and physical.（三）用復數(shù)謂語動詞的情況1 and連接兩個名詞做主

19、語（不表示同一概念或事物時，即兩個名詞前都有冠詞或限定詞）;bothand短語做主語Eg. The professor and the scientist give us lectures every week.2集合名詞做主語 一些集合名詞做主語，謂語動詞要求復數(shù)cattle, police, people, mankind, poultry, militia, verminEg. The police have caught the burglar.Cattle are selling at reasonable price. 一些集合名詞做主語，謂語要求單數(shù)machinery, equi

20、pment, merchandise, jewelryEg. How much machinery has been installed?一些集合名詞做主語看成整體時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；強調(diào)個個成員時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)；family, team, committee, crew, staff, audience, club, class, company, crowd, enemy, government, group, public, population Eg. His family is going to have a long juourney.The whole family are w

21、atching TV .The population in China is_very large, and eighty percent of the population in Chinaare farmers.3 the + adj.表示一類人做主語Eg. The old are respected in China.4 all, none, some, any, more, most 等不定代詞及 the rest, the majority 做主語,修飾或指代可數(shù)名詞時，要求復數(shù)謂語；修飾或指代不可數(shù)名詞時，要求單數(shù)謂語.None but短語視其后 名詞定Eg. Most of hi

22、s friends are rich.Most of his time is spent playing.All are agreed.All goes well.None but the brave man deserves a reward.None but the fools are prepared to believe that.5分數(shù)，百分數(shù),half修飾可數(shù)名詞做主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)；修飾不可數(shù)名詞做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；Eg. More than 70% of the surface of the earth is工overed with/by water.Three-fo

23、urths of the students in our class are League Members.one and a half + 復數(shù)名詞=one + 單數(shù)名詞 +and a half如果表示時間，距離，重量，謂語動詞用單數(shù)如果表示數(shù)量，謂語動詞用復數(shù)Eg. One and a half miles has been covered.One and a half apples were left in the plate.6名詞性物主代詞做主語時，視其義定.Eg. His _js. a new bike. / His (books) are new.Ours are old bik

24、es.7 such，the same起指示代詞作用時，應根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來決定單、復數(shù)。Eg. Such is our plan.Such are his words.8關系代詞 who, that，which等在定語從句中做主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應與句中先行詞的Eg. Those who want to go please sign your names here.Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.在 “one of +復數(shù)名詞+who/which/that "引導的從句結構中，關系代詞 who/which/that的先行詞是靠近它的復數(shù)名詞而不是one,因此從句中的動詞應該是復數(shù)形式。但是當one之前有the only等修