直接引語和間接引語

1、引述別人的話時，一般采用兩種方式：一是引用別人的原話，把它放在引號內(nèi)，稱為直接引語；二是用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的話不放在引號內(nèi)，稱為間接引語。間接引語在大多數(shù)情況下是一個賓語從語。直接引語變成間接引語時，要注意以下幾點：人稱變化、時態(tài)變化、賓語從句要用陳述句語序。1.直接引語是陳述句，變成間接引語時，由連詞that 引導(dǎo)。例如：She said, I am very happy to help you.She said that she was very happy to help you.2. 直接引語是一般(選擇/反意)疑問句，變成間接引語時，由連詞whether或if 引導(dǎo)。例如：H

2、e asked me, Do you like playing football?He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.注意：大多數(shù)情況下，if和whether 可以互換，但后有or not,或在動詞不定式前，或放在介詞后作連接詞時，一般只用whether。例如：She asked me whether he could do it or not.He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.3. 直接引語是特殊疑問句，變成間接引語時，由相應(yīng)的疑問詞who, whom, wh

3、ose, how, when, why, where 等引導(dǎo)。例如：My sister asked me, How do you like the film?My sister asked me how I liked the film.4. 直接引語是祈使句，變成間接引語時，把動詞原形變成動詞不定式，并在動詞不定前加tell, ask, order 等的賓語。例如：The captain ordered, Be quiet.The captain ordered us to be quiet.注意：此種情況的否定句，在動詞不定式前加not。My teacher asked me, Dont

4、laugh.My teacher asked me not to laugh.5. 一些注意事項(1)直接引語是客觀事實、普遍真理等，變成間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。例如：They told their son,The earth goes round the sun.They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.(2)直接引語變間接引語時， 指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等要作相應(yīng)的變化。如：this/that these/those, nowthen, todaythat day, yesterdaythe day before, la

5、st yearthe year before, agobefore, herethere等。例如：He said, I havent seen her today.He said that he hadnt seen her that day.注意：如果轉(zhuǎn)述時就在原來的地方，就在說話的當(dāng)天，就不必改變指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等。(3)間接引語一般要用陳述句的語序，即主、謂、賓的順序。例如： He asked Lucy, Where did you go?He asked Lucy where she went.Tom said, What do you want, Ann?Tom aske

6、d Ann what she wanted.直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，若主句為過去時態(tài)，變?yōu)殚g接引語的賓語從句通常要將時態(tài)往后推一個，即。如：一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時，一般將來時變?yōu)檫^去將來時，現(xiàn)在進行時變?yōu)檫^去進行時，現(xiàn)在完成時變?yōu)檫^去完成時，一般過去時也變?yōu)檫^去完成時，等等(若直接引語為過去完成時，變?yōu)殚g接引語可以不變)。另外，若直接引語中有情態(tài)動詞can, may等，也應(yīng)變成過去式could, might等(情態(tài)動詞must可以變?yōu)閔ad to，也可不變，should, ought to, had better 等可以不變)。如： “I want to stay here.” he sai

7、d. 他說。如：“我想留在這兒?！?He said that he wanted to stay there. 他說他想留在那兒。 She said, “Its raining very hard.” 他說。如：“雨下得很大?！?He said that it was raining very hard. 他說雨下得很大。 Jim said, “I can speak Chinese.” 吉姆說。如：“我會講漢語?！?Jim said that he could speak Chinese. 吉姆說他會講漢語 注意: (1) 若直接引語為客觀真理，則變?yōu)殚g接引語時時態(tài)不變。如： He said

8、, “The sun rises in the east.” 他說。如：“太陽從東方升起。” He said that the sun rises in the east. 他說太陽從東方升起。 (2) 有時由于直接引語有特定的過去時間狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時時態(tài)也可不變。如： He said, “ was born in 1988.” 說。如：“我是1988年生的?！?He said that he was born in 1988. 他說他是1988年生的。一祈使句方法是：使用ask tell, order sb to do sth這一結(jié)構(gòu)進行轉(zhuǎn)換，若祈使句為否定式，則用ask tell, o

9、rder sb not to do sth，其中ask, tell, order的選擇視句子的語氣而定。如：“Come early tomorrow, Jim.” he said. 他說。如：“吉姆，明天早點來?！盚e told Jim to come early the next day. 他叫吉姆第二天早點來?！癉ont be late again, Mary.” he said. 他說。如：“瑪麗，不要再遲到了?！盚e told Mary not to be late again. 他叫瑪麗不要再遲到了。注意：(1)除動詞ask, tell, order外，有時也可能用其他動詞。如：“D

10、ont go out at night, Jim.” he said. 他說。如：“吉姆，晚上別出去?！盚e warned Jim not to go out at night. 他警告吉姆晚上不要出去。(2)若祈使句中沒有呼語，應(yīng)根據(jù)句意給動詞ask, tell, order等補上適當(dāng)?shù)馁e語。如：“Watch carefully.” he said. 他說。如：“仔細看著。”He told us to watch carefully. 他叫我們仔細看著。二 陳述句將直接引語變?yōu)橛蓆hat引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后(that也可省略)。如：“I dont love her.” he say

11、s. 他說。如：“我不愛她?！盚e says that he doesnt love her. 他說他不愛她。注意：(1)若引述動詞用的是say to sb，則通常改為tell sb。如：“Its a secret.” he said to me. 他對我說。如：“這是秘密?！盚e told me that it was a secret. 他對我說那是秘密。(2)若直接引語是兩個并列的陳述句，要注重在第二個賓語從句前加連詞that。如：He says, “I like singing and I want to be a singer.” 他說。如：“我喜歡唱歌，我想當(dāng)歌手?！盚e says

12、 that he likes singing and that he wanted to be a singer. 他說他喜歡唱歌，想當(dāng)歌手。在此種情況下，引導(dǎo)第一個賓語從句的that有時可以省略，但引導(dǎo)第二個賓語從句的that通常不省略，以免誤解。三 疑問句一、一般疑問句由直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語方法是：將直接引語變?yōu)橛蒳f或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后。如：“Are you ill?” he asked. 他問。如：“你病了嗎？”He asked if whether I was ill. 他問我是否病了。注意：(1)改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。(2)若直接引語引述動詞為say，改成間接引語應(yīng)將其改為ask等。二、非凡疑問句