外研版八年級下冊語法講解—完成時

1、星火教育一對一輔導(dǎo)教案學(xué)生姓名王蘇皖性別女年級八年級學(xué)科英語授課教師李玉玲上課時間2016 年4月23日第（2 ）次課共（15 ）次課課時： 3 課時教學(xué)課題一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時辨析教學(xué)目標(biāo)1. 掌握現(xiàn)在完成時的定義、出現(xiàn)的情況、標(biāo)志以及考點；2. 區(qū)分瞬間動作與延續(xù)性動作，學(xué)會把瞬間動作轉(zhuǎn)換成延續(xù)性動作；3.一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別。教學(xué)重點與難點現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別。教學(xué)過程Step 1 時態(tài)的基本構(gòu)成和肯定句、否定句、一般疑問句和特殊疑問句形式現(xiàn)在完成時的肯定句構(gòu)成： 主語 + have (has) + P.P. (過去分詞）+ 主語（第一、二人稱單

2、、復(fù)數(shù)）+ have+ 過去分詞 （第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)） + have + 過去分詞 主語（第三人稱單數(shù)) + has + 過去分詞 例句： I have lived in Beijing for a long time. We have known each other. They have passed the exam. He has won the first prize. 現(xiàn)在完成時的否定句構(gòu)成： 主語 + have (has) + not + P.P. (過去分詞）+ 主語（第一、二人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)）+ have + not + 過去分詞 （第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)） + have + not +過去分

3、詞 主語（第三人稱單數(shù)) + has + not +過去分詞 例句： I havent been to Shanghai. We havent seen this movie yet. He hasnt been to Beijing since then. 現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句 構(gòu)成： Have (Has) + 主語 + P.P. (過去分詞）+ ? 例句： - Have you finished your homework? - Yes, I have. - No, I havent.現(xiàn)在完成時的特殊疑問句構(gòu)成： 特殊疑問詞 + have (has) + 主語 + P.P. (過去分詞）

4、+ ? 例句： How many times have you been to the Great Wall?Step2 基本含義和用法一、用法1. 表示開始于過去的動作最近剛結(jié)束 現(xiàn)在完成時表示開始于過去的動作剛剛結(jié)束時，常和以下時 間狀語連用：just剛剛, already已經(jīng), ever曾經(jīng), recently最近, never從未, yet還，仍然（否定句）；已經(jīng)（疑問句）.例句： Have you ever worked on a farm? I have already finished my homework. He has just come.2. 繼續(xù)表示過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在

5、，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)。 常和表示一段時間的狀語連用。 since + 時間點：從開始 for +一段時間：在期間 例句：I have studied English for three years.He has studied English since he was five years old.-How long have you been here?-I came here an hour ago. Ive been here for about an hour. 3. 經(jīng)驗表示從過去到現(xiàn)在之間曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過的事情常和以下的詞連用：often經(jīng)常, never從不, ever曾經(jīng)

6、, once一次 twice兩次,since自從, before之前. 例句：Jim has been late for class five times.He has never been ill in his life.We have visited your school before. Step 3 常見句型二、能與現(xiàn)在完成時連用詞語很多，如副詞just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等，但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子：(1) since(自從)：不管用作介詞、連詞還是副詞, 句子(主句)謂語通常都用現(xiàn)在完成時：自上周以來我一直未見過她。_

7、自我上次見到你之后你到哪里去了。_(2) so far(到目前為止)：到現(xiàn)在為止還沒有什么壞消息。_ 到目前為止，我們還沒有遇到任何麻煩。_  (3) in/during the past years(在過去年中)：過去兩年我很少見到他。_最近一個月里我都在這兒。_(4) up to now(到現(xiàn)在為止)： 到現(xiàn)在為止這工作還算容易。_ 到現(xiàn)在為止我還沒有聽到他一點音信。_(5) Its the first time that(第一次)： 這是我第一次來這兒。_ 別忘了，這是我第一次在公共場合發(fā)言。_Step 4 使用現(xiàn)在完成時需注意事項：1. 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別

8、 I have washed the car. (It is clean.) I washed the car yesterday. 現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)的是在時間上與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系，因此它不能和表示確定的過去時間狀語連用，如ago（以前）、yesterday（昨日）、last week（上周）、 three years ago（三年前）、in 2001（2001年）、以及以when為首的疑問句等。在完成時句子中，終止性動詞（也叫點動詞）一般不能與表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用。 2. when不能和現(xiàn)在完成時連用 1. A: Have you ever met Sally? B: Yes, I have. A

9、: When did you meet her? B: Last week. A: Oh. She has been here already.2. A: I think the book is worth reading. B: Have you borrowed it from our library? A: Yea, I have. B: When did you borrow it? A: Two days ago.3. 非延續(xù)性動詞在現(xiàn)在完成時里的使用 非延續(xù)性動詞（點動詞）表示不能延續(xù),只是一瞬間就結(jié)束的動作。因此在現(xiàn)在完成時中，這種動詞不能與表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用。 常用的非延續(xù)

10、性動詞有： arrive 到達 begin開始 borrow借 buy買 come來 die去世 go去 join參加 leave離開 lose失去 marry結(jié)婚 stop停止 非延續(xù)性動詞在現(xiàn)在完成時里不能和表示一段時間的for或者since連用 。I bought a bike three years ago. I have had the bike for about 3 years.-I borrowed a book from the library.-How long have you kept the book?-When did his grandpa die?-Ten ye

11、ars ago. He has been dead for ten years.He has left. He has been away for a long time.常見的相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換形式如下:三、練習(xí)環(huán)節(jié)（1）He came to our village two years ago. He our village since two years ago. （2）He left home three days ago. He home for 3 days. （3）I bought the watch 2 weeks ago. I the watch since 2 weeks ago. （

12、4）It is 5 days since I borrowed the book. I the book for 5 days. （5）The film has begun. The film for half an hour. （6）I got to know him 10 years ago. I him for 10 years. （7）There is a factory. There a factory for 20 years. （8）Our school opened in 1960. Our school since 1960. 4.have/has been to 與 hav

13、e/has gone to 1) .have been to 強調(diào)“去過”，現(xiàn)已不在那里，如： He has been to the USA three times. 2.have gone to主要強調(diào)的是“去了”，現(xiàn)在人不在說話的現(xiàn)場，如：-Where's your mother? -She has gone to the hospital. Step 5 動詞的過去分詞變化規(guī)則規(guī)則動詞過去分詞構(gòu)成：不規(guī)則動詞分類速記1. A-A-A型（現(xiàn)在式、過去式和過去分詞同形） 2. A-A-B型（現(xiàn)在式和過去式同形）beat beaten 打 A-B-A型（現(xiàn)在式和過去分詞同形）

14、come come 來 become become 變 run run 跑 4A -B -B型（1）動詞原形后加一個輔音字母d或t構(gòu)成過去式或過去分詞。Burn burnt /burned burnt/burned 燃燒learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 學(xué)習(xí)mean meant meant 意思hear heard heard 聽見 把動詞原形的最后一個輔音字母“d”改為“t”構(gòu)成過去式或過去分詞。build built 建筑lend lent 借給send sent 送spend spent 花費 lose lost 失去其他pay paid 付lay

15、laid 下蛋say said 說bring brought 帶來buy bought 買think thought 想 fight fought 戰(zhàn)斗 catch caught 抓住teach taught 教sleep slept 睡keep kept 保持sweep swept 掃stand stood 站understand understood 明白win won 得勝feel felt 覺得find found 發(fā)現(xiàn)get got 得到have had 有hold held 持有，握leave left 離開make made 制造meet met 遇見sell sold 賣sho

16、ot shot 射擊tell told 告訴sit sat 坐dig dug 挖 5. A-B-C型（現(xiàn)在式、過去式和過去分詞都不相同）（1）動詞原形后加-n或-en構(gòu)成過去分詞。eat eaten 吃fall fallen 落下 steal stolen 偷give given 給freeze frozen 凍結(jié)take taken 拿see seen 看見write written 寫ride ridden 騎drive driven 駕駛throw thrown 拋，扔blow blown 吹grow grown 生長know known 知道fly flown 飛 draw drawn

17、 拉，繪畫show shown 展示 過去式加-n或-en構(gòu)成過去分詞。speak spoken 說話break broken 破碎，折斷wake waked/ waken 醒choose chosen 選擇forget forgotten 忘記 變單詞在重讀音節(jié)中的元音字母“i”分別為“a”（過去式）和“u”（過去分詞）。begin begun 開始ring rung 按鈴sing sung 唱sink sunk 沉swim swum 游泳drink drunk 飲 其他不規(guī)則動詞的變化。be(am, is) been 是be(are) been 是do done 做go gone 去lie

18、 lain 躺wear worn 穿  Step 6 課后小結(jié) 現(xiàn)在完成時是八年級下冊的一個重點語法內(nèi)容，所以肯定是期中考試的重點，之前的五個模塊都有講過，在這里再做個綜合復(fù)習(xí)，是很有必要的。課后作業(yè)一 用括號內(nèi)動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. Daniel and Tony_ (be) in Class Two now. 2. Jack_ (put) on his thick coat because it was snowing. 3. He_ (sit) down and began to read his newspaper. 4. We_ (see) several members

19、of the family since we_ (arrive). 5. He_ (go) swimming in the river every day in summer. 6. I_ never_ (eat) such delicious noodles before. 7. Light_ (travel) much faster than sound. 2、 完形填空 先通讀下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后從A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。 For many people, going on holidays has become part of their lif

20、e. But some people are 16 about the travel price. Can we still pay for traveling 17 spending too much money? We talk to some people to get some useful 18 . They all agree that making a good plan is very 19 . They say if you want to travel by yourself, 20 you go traveling, you may want to spend less

21、money. And then you should think about the following things.Cheap does not always mean 21 quality(質(zhì)量). Spend some time studying about a hotel or the place you want to go.Driving a car may not be the 22 choice because sometimes you should pay more money for that. Walk the further mile. You get to kno

22、w a town or a city 23 on foot as you can stop anywhere and anytime. And the locals(居民) may be your best 24 . Sometimes they tell better stories than tour guides. You can always 25 the bus if you are interested in something when you travel. So if you dont want to walk, just take the bus. You can see

23、peoples life in the city. 16A. excited B. happy C. worried D. glad 17A. with B. not C. and D. without 18A. advice B. idea C. plans D. piece 19A. helpless B. important C. easy D. bad 20A. before B. after C. if D. as soon as 21A. high B. good C. low D. nice 22A. good B. bad C. best D. nice 23A. worse

24、B. better C. little D. less 24A. workers B. teachers C. doctors D. guides 25A. get on B. get off C. get in D. get out of3、 閱讀理解 （A） Once upon a time in Greece (希臘) there lived a clever man. His name was Aesop. One day, when Aesop was taking a walk in the country, a man on the road stopped him. He sa

25、id, "Kind sir, can you tell me how soon I can get to town?" "Go," Aesop answered. "Of course I know I must go," said the man," But I want to know how soon I can get to town." "Go," Aesop shouted to him again. The man got angry. "He must be mad," he thought. And he walked away. Suddenly he heard Aesop shouting to him, "You will get to town in two hours.”The man was in great surprise. He turned back and asked, "Why didnt you tell me that before?" "How could