中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院地質(zhì)專業(yè)外文翻譯

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯系 別： 地球科學(xué)與資源系 專 業(yè)： 資源勘查工程 姓 名： 學(xué) 號(hào)： 2014年04月15日專心-專注-專業(yè)外文資料翻譯譯文風(fēng)化礦床    摘 要：地殼表層或經(jīng)而形成的。風(fēng)化作用大多發(fā)生在潛水面附近或其上，因此，風(fēng)化礦床的深度一般距地面不超過數(shù)十米，特殊情況下達(dá) 100200米,個(gè)別可達(dá)15002000米。風(fēng)化礦床規(guī)模以中小型為主，個(gè)別大型或超大型礦床面積達(dá)數(shù)千平方公里，儲(chǔ)量幾億噸甚至超過 100億噸。礦石疏松，便于開采加工。風(fēng)化礦床中最多的是鐵礦和鋁土礦，其次是鎳、錳、鈾、銅、稀土元素、粘土、磷灰石、

2、菱錳礦。其中鎳礦床和鋁土礦床在世界鎳和鋁的生產(chǎn)中占有重要地位，其他礦種也對(duì)產(chǎn)地經(jīng)濟(jì)有重要影響。關(guān)鍵詞：風(fēng)化；礦床；殘余；淋積 1 影響風(fēng)化成礦作用的因素 主要有以下幾方面：原巖成分。風(fēng)化的原巖是成礦物質(zhì)來源。基性和超基性巖中鐵、鎳的含量既高,又易于風(fēng)化,有利于形成鐵、鎳的風(fēng)化礦床。又如長(zhǎng)石質(zhì)巖石風(fēng)化后可形成各種粘土或鋁土礦床。氣候條件。它對(duì)風(fēng)化成礦作用有決定性影響。高溫有利于原巖的分解和其中堿和堿土金屬的帶出，氣候潮濕雨量充沛也有利于風(fēng)化作用，因此在熱帶亞熱帶地區(qū)最有利于風(fēng)化礦床的形成。地形因素。山區(qū)地形高差大，風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物不易保留；強(qiáng)烈夷平地形，也不利于風(fēng)化成礦作用持續(xù)進(jìn)行；介于二者之

3、間的中低山脈和丘陵地帶最有利于風(fēng)化礦床的發(fā)育。潛水面。在潛水面以上，強(qiáng)烈的化學(xué)中和淋濾作用使殘留物質(zhì)富集成礦，而其下則可能產(chǎn)生淋濾物質(zhì)的富集。因此潛水面的深度適中，巖石的分解和淋失相適應(yīng)，有利于風(fēng)化礦床的形成。地質(zhì)構(gòu)造。規(guī)模大的裂隙帶和破碎帶，決定了風(fēng)化礦床的位置和延伸方向，同時(shí)也控制了風(fēng)化礦床的深度。構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)還影響風(fēng)化礦床的保存條件，在構(gòu)造上隆地區(qū)風(fēng)化礦床易受剝蝕破壞，在沉降地區(qū)風(fēng)化礦床則被掩埋，只有在微弱沉降的情況下，風(fēng)化礦床才能被覆蓋而保存起來。時(shí)間因素。形成規(guī)模和質(zhì)量都好的風(fēng)化礦床，需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。已知的風(fēng)化礦床，多數(shù)是在第三紀(jì)、或形成的。由于世界各地地殼發(fā)育歷史不完全一致,它們的風(fēng)化

4、礦床形成時(shí)間也不相同,但它們都是在歷次地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)后期，在穩(wěn)定的上形成的。 2礦床類型 風(fēng)化礦床按礦床的形態(tài)可以分為沿地表發(fā)育的面型礦床，沿巖石破碎帶發(fā)育的線型礦床和沿兩種巖石的接觸面發(fā)育的接觸型礦床。按風(fēng)化剖面的分帶性及其形成機(jī)理可以分為風(fēng)化殼頂部的殘積砂礦床、潛水面上的殘余礦床及潛水面以下的淋積礦床。因?yàn)闅埛e砂礦是物理風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物，其成礦規(guī)律和礦床特點(diǎn)與其他成因的砂礦床（見）類似，因而也可歸為砂礦床。 3殘余礦床 地表巖石經(jīng)化學(xué)風(fēng)化和生物風(fēng)化作用后，一部分物質(zhì)被淋濾，而另一部分殘留在風(fēng)化殼中富集而成的礦床，也稱殘留礦床。風(fēng)化殘余物質(zhì)都是在地表?xiàng)l件下穩(wěn)定的物質(zhì)，其中鐵和鋁是最穩(wěn)定

5、的，風(fēng)化后成為鐵礦和鋁土礦而富集在風(fēng)化殼上部成礦。二氧化硅、磷、錳、鈷、鎳、銅、鈾、釩穩(wěn)定性稍差，在其他條件有利時(shí)，可以形成氧化物、磷酸鹽及其他穩(wěn)定的含氧鹽類而成為殘余礦床。重要的殘余礦床有下列幾種： 紅土型鐵礦床。在炎熱潮濕地區(qū)經(jīng)過強(qiáng)烈風(fēng)化淋濾作用，巖石中的鎂和硅被地下水帶走，低價(jià)鐵大部分變?yōu)楦邇r(jià)鐵，形成難溶的含水高鐵氧化物，然后脫水成赤鐵礦。其結(jié)果形成了紅土型風(fēng)化殼，其上部含鐵高達(dá)50以上成為富鐵礦。內(nèi)常有原巖中殘留的富含鉻、鈦、釩礦物或風(fēng)化后殘留的鈷、鎳、錳礦物，可以直接冶煉成優(yōu)質(zhì)合金鋼。著名的西澳哈默斯利富鐵礦,礦石達(dá)244.8億噸，古巴卡臘賈斯鐵礦的天然合金鋼富礦石也達(dá)到178億噸，

6、此外,在印尼、菲律賓、前蘇聯(lián)、美國(guó)也都有分布。這類礦床在中國(guó)不甚發(fā)育，但華北的山西式鐵礦，至少有一部分是含鐵碳酸鹽巖石風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物。 紅土型鋁土礦礦床。發(fā)育在熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū)的堿性巖和基性巖風(fēng)化殼中。這里經(jīng)強(qiáng)烈風(fēng)化作用分離出來的堿和堿土金屬離子，使水呈堿性，能溶解并帶出二氧化硅，而在風(fēng)化殼中殘留的鋁形成了三水鋁石和一水鋁石，與鐵的氧化物和粘土共生，成為易采易煉的優(yōu)質(zhì)鋁礦石，是鋁的重要來源。美國(guó)阿肯色及印度中央高原和巴西、幾內(nèi)亞等地都有這類礦床。另一種鋁土礦床則主要是石灰?guī)r風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物，稱為鈣紅土型鋁土礦，是含鋁石灰?guī)r風(fēng)化后形成了鐵的氧化物和粘土，被帶到巖溶洼地中經(jīng)改造而成鋁土礦；有的可能是附近的紅土風(fēng)

7、化產(chǎn)物，被流水搬運(yùn)到石灰?guī)r溶洞中的，所以也稱為喀斯特型鋁土礦床。這種礦床多分布在地中海沿岸國(guó)家和印度、前蘇聯(lián)等地。中國(guó)廣西平果鋁土礦是二疊系中的原生鋁土礦經(jīng)風(fēng)化崩塌堆積而成。 紅土型鎳礦床。又稱硅酸鹽鎳礦床，由超基性巖風(fēng)化而成。產(chǎn)在第三紀(jì)、第四紀(jì)或中生帶的熱帶、亞熱帶蛇紋巖風(fēng)化殼中。當(dāng)超基性巖風(fēng)化時(shí)，以類質(zhì)同象混入和中的鎳轉(zhuǎn)入中，以后蛇紋石又經(jīng)分解,鎳即析出來,進(jìn)入溶液,從風(fēng)化殼上部遷到下部,以次生鎳礦物和含鎳礦物再沉淀下來而形成工業(yè)富集。著名的南太平洋新喀里多尼亞（法屬）硅酸鎳礦床，規(guī)模很大。中國(guó)的云南、臺(tái)灣等地也有這類礦床。 殘余粘土礦床。巖石中富鋁硅酸鹽礦物在潮濕溫暖氣候條件下風(fēng)化,而形

8、成為主的堆積,根據(jù)原巖成分和風(fēng)化程度而形成高嶺土礦床或膨潤(rùn)土礦床。高嶺土以為主要成分，是酸性和堿性硅酸鹽巖石風(fēng)化過程中，尚未達(dá)到游離氧化鋁階段，形成了硅酸鹽礦物，而酸性介質(zhì)淋濾了鐵而形成的。中國(guó)開采高嶺土礦床的歷史悠久，以在長(zhǎng)江下游幾省為主，高嶺土礦是云母花崗巖和花崗偉晶巖的風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物。膨潤(rùn)土以微晶高嶺石為主,是中酸性火山巖風(fēng)化形成的。中國(guó)東部侏羅-白堊紀(jì)火山巖中膨潤(rùn)土分布較廣，其中一部分是風(fēng)化形成的。如吉林九臺(tái)膨潤(rùn)土礦床中主要產(chǎn)出的鈣質(zhì)膨潤(rùn)土是風(fēng)化殘余礦床，而鈉質(zhì)膨潤(rùn)土則是火山噴發(fā)間歇期，在湖水中沉積的。 殘余稀土元素礦床。酸性巖漿巖中分散存在的稀土礦物當(dāng)巖石風(fēng)化時(shí)被釋放出來，以離子狀態(tài)被粘土

9、礦物吸附，而在風(fēng)化殼中富集成礦，也稱離子吸附型稀土元素礦床。中國(guó)南嶺地區(qū)有花崗巖風(fēng)化殘余的重稀土元素礦床（釔族為主）。華東的流紋斑巖中含輕稀土元素（鈰族）較多，在巖石風(fēng)化時(shí)可富集成礦。 4淋積礦床 指原巖中活動(dòng)性較大的物質(zhì)，經(jīng)過風(fēng)化淋濾被地下水帶至鄰近的巖石中富集形成的礦床。這種礦床的形成除由成礦元素的地球化學(xué)性質(zhì)決定外，還需要有明顯的地球化學(xué)屏障，主要是潛水運(yùn)動(dòng)的阻滯和物理化學(xué)環(huán)境的急劇改變。淋積鈾礦、銅礦是常見的淋積礦床。 淋積鈾礦床。原巖風(fēng)化時(shí)，其中分散存在的鈾化合物被帶出到有利地段沉積富集成礦。鈾是變價(jià)元素，當(dāng)含鈾礦物中4價(jià)鈾氧化成為6價(jià)鈾,就易于淋濾帶去,在運(yùn)移途中遇到鈾的

10、沉淀劑，它就轉(zhuǎn)入沉積物中富集起來。這種鈾礦床的時(shí)空分布很廣，又可分為砂礫巖中的鈾礦床和煤或?yàn)r青質(zhì)巖石中的鈾礦床兩類。前者以美國(guó)科羅拉多高原的鈾釩礦床最著名，后者則是由于煤和瀝青是還原劑，促進(jìn)了潛水中的鈾化合物沉淀富集而成礦的。 淋積銅礦。經(jīng)常位于紅層中，分布較廣泛，銅常與鈾共生，也有單獨(dú)成礦的。該種礦床成因復(fù)雜，有同生沉積說和淋濾再沉積說。淋積成的銅礦石由銅的氧化物和含氧鹽（碳酸鹽等）組成，是分散存在的原生硫化物經(jīng)氧化、遷移，在潛水面附近堆積成的。 外文原文Weathering mineral depositABSTRACTRock or mineral surface weathering

11、crust and formation of ore deposits.Weathering occurs mostly near the phreatic surface or on it, therefore, the depth of the weathering deposits generally no more than dozens of meters from ground, special cases from 100 to 200 meters, the individual can reach 1500 2000 meters.Weathered ore deposit

12、scale is given priority to with small and medium, large or superlarge individual area of thousands of square kilometers, reserves of hundreds of millions of tons of even more than 10 billion tons.Ore loose, facilitate mining processing.Weathered ore deposit is the most in iron ore and bauxite, follo

13、wed by nickel, manganese, uranium, copper and rare earth elements, clay, apatite, rhodochrosite.The nickel deposit and bauxite deposit in the world occupies an important position, in the production of nickel and aluminum, the other minerals also have important effects on producing area economy.Key w

14、ords：Weathering; Deposit; Residual; Illuviation1 Factors affecting weathering mineralizationBasically has the following several aspects(1) The original rock composition. Weathering of original rock is the source of ore-forming materials. Basic and ultrabasic rock with high content of Fe, Ni, and eas

15、y to weathering, and beneficial to form the weathering of iron, nickel deposit. And like a feldspathic rock weathering can form various kinds of clay or bauxite deposit.(2) The weather conditions. It has a decisive effect on weathering mineralization. High temperature is beneficial to the decomposit

16、ion of the original rock and brought out one of the alkali and alkaline earth metal, damp climate rainfall amount and conducive to weathering, therefore the most favorable for the formation of weathering deposits in tropical and subtropical region.(3) The terrain factors. Mountainous terrain elevati

17、on difference is big, weathering products is not easy to keep; Strongly flattened terrain, also go against weathering mineralization continuous; Between the low mountains and hills area the most beneficial to the growth of weathered ore deposit.(4) The phreatic surface. Above the phreatic surface, s

18、trong chemical and leaching effect made residual material enrichment, and below it may produce leaching material enrichment. So the diving depth is moderate, the decomposition of the rock and leaching, favorable for the formation of weathered ore deposit.(5) Geological structure. Big fissure zone an

19、d fracture zone, and determine the position of weathering deposits and extending direction, but also control the depth of weathering deposits. Tectonic movement also affect the preservation conditions of weathering deposits, weathering deposits on the structural lung area vulnerable to erosion, weat

20、hering deposits are buried in subsidence area, only in the case of small settlement, weathering deposits can be covered and preserved.(6) Time factor.Good weathering deposits both scale and quality, take a long time.Known weathering deposits, mostly in the tertiary, quaternary or Mesozoic formation.

21、History of the earth's crust development around the world are not completely consistent, their weathering deposits forming time is different, but they are late in all previous crustal movement, formed in a stable platform.2 Types of ore depositsWeathering deposits according to the morphology of

22、ore deposit can be divided into deposit along the surface of the earth's surface development type, linear deposits along the rock broken zone and along the contact surfaces of the two kinds of rock contact type deposit.Zoning by weathering profile and its forming mechanism can be divided into th

23、e top of the crust of weathering eluvial placer deposit, diving residual ore deposit and dive below the surface on the surface of the deposit.Because the eluvial placer is physical weathering products, and its characteristics and other metallogenic regularity and causes of the placer deposit (see se

24、dimentary deposit), and therefore can be classified as placer deposit.3 The residual depositSurface after chemical weathering and biological weathering rock, part of the material was leached, and the other part of the residual accumulation in the weathering crust of deposits, also known as residual

25、ore deposit.Weathering residual substance is stable under the condition of the surface of the earth, including iron and aluminum is the most stable, after weathering as iron ore and bauxite in the upper crust of weathering mineralization and enrichment.Silica, phosphorus, manganese and cobalt, nicke

26、l, copper, uranium, vanadium is a bit poor stability, in other conditions favorable, can form oxides, phosphate and other stable oxygen salts as residual ore deposit.Has the following several important residual ore deposit(1) Red clay type iron ore deposit.Ultrabasic rock in hot, humid area after a

27、strong weathering leaching effect, magnesium and silicon are groundwater away from the rock, most low iron into high iron, high water cut of formation of refractory iron oxide, and then dehydration into hematite.The results form the laterite weathering crust, the upper iron up to more than 50% to be

28、come rich iron ore.Within the ore body is the original rock residue rich in chromium, titanium, vanadium mineral or after weathering residues of cobalt, nickel, manganese ore, can direct smelting into high quality alloy steel.Famous western Australia hammer, rich iron ore, ore 24.48 billion tons, Cu

29、ba card la just natural alloy rich ore of iron ore 17.8 billion tons, in addition, in Indonesia, the Philippines, the former Soviet union, the United States also have distribution.Less development of this type of ore deposits in China, but in north China's shanxi type iron ore, at least in part,

30、 is a product of iron carbonate rock weathering.(2) The red clay type bauxite deposits.Growth in tropical and subtropical regions of alkaline rock and rock weathering crust.Here by separate strong weathering of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, make alkaline water, can dissolve and out of the si

31、licon dioxide, and residual aluminum in the weathering crust formed sanshui LvShi and LvShi monohydrate, symbiosis with iron oxide and clay, be easy in refining of high quality aluminum ore, is an important source of aluminum.And Arkansas in the United States and Brazil, guinea, India's central

32、plateau has this type of ore deposits.Another type of bauxite deposit is mainly limestone weathering products, known as terra rossa type bauxite, are formed after LvShi limestone weathering iron oxide and clay, measures were taken to karst depressions with a bauxite;Some may be near laterite weather

33、ing products, handling by running water in to the limestone cave, so also known as karst type bauxite deposits.This ore deposit distribution in Mediterranean countries and India, the former Soviet union and other places.China's guangxi pingguo bauxite is primary bauxite by the weathering of the

34、Permian collapsing.(3) Type laterite nickel ore deposit.Also called silicate mineral deposit, composed of ultrabasic rock weathering.Production in the tertiary, quaternary or living with tropical and subtropical serpentinite weathering crust.When the ultrabasic rock weathering, with such quality as

35、mixed with nickel in olivine and pyroxene into the serpentine, serpentine again after the decomposition, nickel analysis, namely into the solution, from top to bottom weathering crust, with secondary nickel minerals and enrichment of nickel minerals to settle and form industrial.Famous new caledonia

36、 in the south Pacific (French) silicate nickel deposit, big.China's yunnan and Taiwan also have this type of ore deposits.(4) Residual clay deposits.Rock zhongfu aluminum silicate minerals in warm humid climate conditions of weathering, and form the accumulation of clay mineral is given priority

37、 to, according to the original rock composition and weathering degree and formation kaolin ore deposit or bentonite deposit.Kaolin with montmorillonite as the main ingredient, it is in the process of acidic and alkaline silicate rock weathering, has yet to reach the free alumina phase, formed the si

38、licate minerals, and medium acidic leaching the iron.China mining kaolin ore deposit has a long history, mainly in the Yangtze river downstream of a few provinces, kaolin ore is mica granite and granite pegmatite weathering products.Bentonite is given priority to with montmorillonite, is formed by i

39、ntermediate-acid volcanic rock weathering.Jurassic and cretaceous volcanic rocks in eastern China has a wide distribution of bentonite, part is formed by weathering.Such as jilin 9 bentonite deposits in the main output of calcium bentonite is weathering residual ore deposit, and the sodium bentonite

40、 is volcanic eruption intermittent period, deposited in the lake. (5) Residual rare earth elements deposits.Acidic magmatic rocks in the dispersion of rare earth minerals are released when the rock weathering, in ionic form by clay mineral adsorption, and the enrichment of mineralization in the weat

41、hering crust, also known as the ion adsorption type rare earths mineral deposits.China nanling region have granite weathering residual heavy rare earth elements deposits (yttrium).East China's rhyolitic porphyry contains light rare earth element is more, when rock weathering enrichment.4 Deposit

42、 formed by superficial leachingRefers to the original rock of active substances, after weathering leaching was taken to a nearby groundwater enrichment of the rock formation of the deposit.The formation of this deposit not only decided by the geochemical nature of ore-forming elements, also need to have clear