考研小作文完全解決

1、私人和公務信函-概述書信是日常生活中常用的文體,是用以交涉事宜、傳達信息、交流思想、聯(lián)絡感情、增進了解的重要工具。書信一般可分為商務信件或公函(Business Letter or Official Correspondence和私人信件(Private Letter兩大類。值得注意的是,英語書信的寫法與漢語書信有一些明顯區(qū)別,應特別加以區(qū)分。英語書信通常包括下面幾個組成部分:信端、信內地址、稱呼、正文、結束語、簽名、附件、再啟等。下面我們將逐個進行介紹。關于發(fā)信日期的寫法,應注意以下幾點:年份應完全寫出,不能簡寫。月份要用英文名稱,不要用數(shù)字代替。月份名稱多用公認的縮寫式。但May, Jun

2、e, July, 因為較短,不可縮寫。寫日期時,可用基數(shù)詞1,2,3,4,5,28,29,30,31等,也可用序數(shù)詞lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31lst等。但最好用基數(shù)詞,簡單明了。日期可有下列幾種寫法:Oct. 20, 200410 May., 20043rd June, 2004Sept. 16th, 2004其中,最為通用。3.稱呼(Salutation給外國人寫英文信時,稱呼用語要注意以下幾點:對沒有頭銜的男性一般稱呼Mr. 。Mr. 用在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前,不可只用在名字之前,例如對的稱呼,應該是:Mr. 或Mr. W

3、hite, 不可是: Mr. Phil。若稱呼多個男性,則在姓名前用Mr. 的復數(shù)形式Messrs. 。對一般以人名為名稱的公司和企業(yè)常用這種稱呼,例如:Messrs. Black and Brothers 布萊克兄弟公司。對女性一般稱呼Mrs.,Madam 或Miss。Mrs.用在已婚女子的丈夫的姓氏之前,或姓氏和名字之前,一般不用在名字前Madame 此詞可以單獨使用或加在丈夫的姓名之前Mrs. 沒有復數(shù)形式。若稱呼多個女性,則在姓名前用Mme. 的復數(shù)形式Mmes. 而對以女子名字為名稱的公司、企業(yè)可用Mesdames 稱呼。Miss 多用于未婚女子,此詞可縮寫為Ms ,用于姓氏之前或姓

4、氏和名字之前,一般不用于名字之前。對收信人的稱呼,也可用頭銜或職位的名稱,不分性別。例如Professor (縮寫為Prof.,Doctor (縮寫為Dr.,General (縮寫為Gen. 。這些稱呼都放在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前,如Prof. (PhilWhite等。對外公函中對收信人的稱呼,可用Gentlemen (而不是Gentleman,Dear Sir (s和My dear Sir(s等。Gentlemen 之前不能加Dear,后面也不能帶姓名。用Sirs 時,前面常用Dear 一詞,但也可單獨用Sir。若收信人是婦女,則無論已婚或未婚,都可單獨使用Madam 或其復數(shù)Mesdam

5、es。對外國高級官員的稱呼,如國家元首、政府首腦、部長、大使、公使和特使等,可用(DearSir, (DearMr. Chairman,(DearMr. Premier,(My dearMr. Ambassador,Your Excellency (復數(shù)為Excellencies。對君主制國家的國王和皇帝等男性君主,可以Sir 稱呼,對女王、女皇和皇后等女性君主,可用Madam 稱呼。有時也用Your Majesty 稱呼以表示?？蜌夂妥鹁碮our Majesty 可兼指男性和女性,其復數(shù)為Your Majesties。對王室成員,如太子、王子、親王和公主等,一般可用(DearSir 或(De

6、arMadam 但在正式尊稱時,一般用Your Highness (復數(shù)為Highnesses。收信人稱呼先生(男人Mr./Esq.夫人(已婚Mrs. 小姐(未婚Miss夫人、小姐統(tǒng)稱Ms.夫婦倆人Mr.and Mrs.兩位或兩位以上男子Messrs兩位或兩位以上女子(已婚Mesdames 兩位或兩位以上小姐(未婚Misses常見的頭銜(漢英對照如下:教授Professor博士Doctor(Dr.,Ph.D.醫(yī)學博士Medical Doctor(M.D.總統(tǒng)或校長President主席或董事長Chairman副主席或副董事長Vice Chairman副總統(tǒng)或副校長Vice President首

7、相Prime Minister總理Premier省長或州長Governor市長Mayor參議員Senator大使Ambassador秘書長Secretary General一秘First Secretary二秘Second Secretary院長Director,Dean副院長Vice Director系主任Dean,Head,Chair館長Chief Librarian,Curator閣下Excellency神甫Father4.信的正文(Body of the Letter信的正文每段第一行應往右縮進約四五個字母。在寫事務性信件時,正文一般開門見山,內容簡單明了,條理清楚。在寫私人信件時,信

8、寫好之后若有什么遺漏,可用P. S.表示補敘。5.結束語(Complimentary Close結束語是寫信人表示自己對收信人的一種謙稱,只占一行,低于正文一二行,從信紙的中間或偏右的地方開始寫。第一個詞的開頭字母要大寫,末尾用逗號。結束語視寫信人與收信人的關系而定。私人和公務信函-常用句式常用的起首語有:1Thank you for your letter dated Dec.22,1969.2Many thanks for your letter of Sept.5,1997.3A thousand thanks for your kind letter of June 5,1997.4Y

9、our kind letter of November 22th arrived this morning.5Your letter which arrived this morning gave me great comfort.6In reply to your letter dated 4th July,I want to say7Thank you very much for your letter of August 2 and the gift you sent me on Christmas Eve.8What a treat to receive your kind lette

10、r of May5th!9It is always a thrill to see your nice handwriting.10First of all I must thank you for your kind assistance and high attention to me .11With great delight I learn from your letter of this Sunday that 14I am very much pleased to inform you that my visit to your country has been approved.

11、15I wish to apply for teaching position you are offering.16I am too excited and delighted at your good news.17I am very obliged to ;you for your warm congratulations.常用的結束語有:1Awaiting your good news,2Looking forward to your early reply,3Hoping to hear from you soon,4We await your good news.5I hope t

12、o hear from you very soon.6We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.7I look forward to our next meeting there in Los Angeles.8Your early reply will be highly appreciated.9Any other particulars wanted we shall be pleased to send you.10The help you give me is sincerely valued.11I hop

13、e everything will be well with you .12Please let us know if you want more information.13I hope you always enjoy yourself.14I wish you very success in the coming year.15Please remember me to your family.16With best regards to your family.17All the best.18With love and good wishes.私人和公務信函-分類舉例-私人介紹信例1

14、Directions: One of your classmates and friends Li Fang will go to a university in New York to study for several months. Please write a letter to an American friend in New York and introduce Li Fang to him/ her.You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.Dear Mrs Mark,I am g

15、iving Miss Fang Li, a classmate of mine, this note of introduction to you and Mr. Mark, when she goes to visit New York City. Miss Li is my good friend. She is invited by a university to study there for a few months. She is a kind young lady. I believe you will enjoy meeting and knowing each other a

16、nd become friends. It is my hope that you will kindly invite her to stay in your house for a few days.Kind regardsVery affectionately,×××*It is my hope that . 是一個強調句式,意同I hope that.stay in your house 表示在你家小住。例2Directions : Your friend Mary Brown will go to Washington D. C. next month.

17、 Write a letter to Tony who is there and introduce Mary to him. You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.Dear Tony,This letter will introduce my best friend Mary Brown of whom youve often heard me mention. She is going to be in Washington D. C. next month to lecture

18、. I want very much to have her meet you there.And this seems like an excellent chance for you to meet each other. I think both of you will have a lot in common. So far as I know, you both are interested in modern literature. Once you meet her, you will really enjoy her company. Any kindness to her w

19、ill be duly appreciated by me.Yours affectionately,×××* 這是一個向朋友介紹朋友的介紹信。Tony 和Mary都是寫信人的朋友,在他看來,他們志同道合,有共同愛好,所以希望他們相識,信中說“you both are interested in modern literature once you meet her, you will really enjoy her company”。私人和公務信函-分類舉例-應聘信(Accepting Request for an Interview例1Directions:

20、 You have just received a letter from a company, which replied your application for a job and asked you to go to the interview on August 30. Please write a reply which is about 100 words and you do not need to write the address.Dear Mr. Wang,Thank you for your reply of August 20 about my application

21、 for a position. It came to hand thismorning as a pleasant surprise. I am glad to tell you that I will attend the interview at the time you set for the morning of August 30. I will bring along full details of my testimonials as you suggested.I would like to introduce myself to the company and hope t

22、o be a member of it. I would certainly spare no effort to acquit myself to your satisfaction.Yours respectfully,×××*come to hand 表示收到。set 表示設定時間。spare no effort 不遺余力。私人和公務信函-分類舉例-推薦信(Letters of Recommendation例1Directions:You are preparing to introduce your student to sb. Write a lette

23、r about 100 words and express your opinion clearly.1 what the referee want to obtain2 the reason you want to introduce him or her.3 the opinion and suggestion of yourself.You do not need to write the address.Dear Professor Smith,It is my pleasure to recommend my student Mr. Wang Gang for admission t

24、o your department for pursuing a master degree in accounting.I am engaged in accounting teaching at a university in Beijing China, I enjoy my work and all of my Chinese students, who are so clever and friendly. However Mr. Wang Gang excels almost any others. He is not only outstanding in the field o

25、f accounting but also gifted for the English language, for he seems to understand almost every word I say inclass. As concern as his personality, I find himhonest, responsible, and cooperative. I bet youll like him too.I recommend him enthusiastically. If you need further information regarding Mr. W

26、ang Gnag, do not hesitate to contact me.Best regards,Sincerely yours,×××*be engaged in 表示從事(工作,as concern as關于、提及例2Directions:You are asked to write a recommendation of your student for a position of marketing clerk about 100 words please express your reason clearly.You do not need to

27、 write the address.Dear Mr. Manager,I am writing this letter to recommendate my student Wang Gang who is seeking the position of marketing clerk of your company.He says you are satisfied with his presentation at the interview and require recommendation to be attached to his exceptional academic perf

28、ormance in the college.As his political instructor, I think Mr.Wang is well qualified for the position he seeks. He always ranks among the top five in his grade, has passed CET-6 and obtains a certificate of intermediate computer skills. Mr. Wang is a studious, selfless, and aspiring young man, and

29、he is awarded the title of Three Good Activist by the college every year.I believe he is a good candidate worthy of your consideration.Your sincerely,×××*interview即面試,be well qualified表示完全具有資格、很合格例3Directions:You are going to write a recommendation for sb. as you will introduce him or

30、 her a job. Please express your idea clearly about 100 words.You do not need to write the address.Dear Sirs,I take delight in recommending Mr Wang Gang to the Education Department of your university.Mr Wang is a conscientious and strong-minded young man. He was first trained for two years in Beijing

31、 Normal University and assigned to work as a high school teacher. His desire, however, was to instruct English in a university. Then he entered the Beijing Institute of Education to study English for another two years . His academic record was exceptionally good, especially in American literature co

32、urse.Now, He has graduated from the institute and hopes to study further abroad, which will benefit his future employment prospect and may help fulfil his desire.I should appreciate it very much if you would consider him.Yours sincerely×××*take delight in表示很樂于(做某事。例4Directions: Your a

33、re asked to write a recommendation for a student. Please give your suggestions and express your opinions clearly about 100 words.You do not need to write the address.To Professor Zhang,I have the pleasure of writing this letter of recommendation for Mr. Li Ming, who is a student of mine. He wishes t

34、o be considered an applicant for the MS course of biology at your college.Mr. Wang is a gifted young man. He has devoted his heart to his study and research. Not only has he obtained As in all major subject areas, but he has also published several articles in the school journal, illustrating his ori

35、ginality and his deep understanding of science. For his competence, he is respected by everyone who knows him.I feel sure that, if he is accepted by your college, he will be able to develop his talent to its fullest potential. I sincerely hope you will give him favorable consideration.Yours cordiall

36、y,×××* 推薦信經常使用一些褒獎的形容詞來描述被推薦人。以下是一些常用的描述品行和能力的詞語,供大家參考:bright, clever, capable, gifted, talented, ingenious, outstanding, prominent, diligent, assiduous, industrious, conscientious, hardworking, humorous, good-humored, cooperative, compromising, competent, original, innovative, a

37、mbitious, creative, original, innovative, inventive, imaginative, firm, persistent, persevering, resourceful, kind-hearted, generous, honest, helpful, cheerful, considerate, devoted, dedicated, committed, promising, far beyond the average person等。以上各詞應根據(jù)語意選擇,但不要過于堆砌。私人和公務信函-分類舉例-祝賀信(Letters of Congr

38、atulation例1Directions: Please write a letter of about 100 words to congratulate your friend Li Ming, who did well in the passed college entrance exam and has been enrolled in Peking University.You do not needto write the address.Dear Ming,We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed t

39、he college entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University. Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion.You have all along been working hard at your professional studies, and you are excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only

40、 hard work can yield good results.We take this opportunity to express our best wishes to you. Wish you greater achievements in your college education.Yours cordially,×××*對朋友高考勝利的祝賀信應包括對其所付出努力的肯定,對其成績的祝賀和對未來的祝福。例2Directions:Your friend Steven and Jenny have just had a new baby boy. Ple

41、ase write a letter of about 100 words to congratulate them.You do not need to write the address.Dear Jenny:How happy you must be to have a beautiful new baby boy.The happiness in my heart is just the same with you. Now youve experienced the joy that only a new mother knows as her baby is put in

42、to her arms for the first time.I am sure that the little stranger must look like his father and some years later he will be a smart fellow.May the years ahead be filled with good health and good fortune for you and Steven and your little Whats-his-name.Best wishes to all of you!Very sincerely yours,

43、×××*慶賀孩子出生的信一般都寫給孩子的母親例3Directions:Your high school classmate Zhanghong has just graduated from Cambridge University. Please write a letter to congratulate her.You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.Dear Zhanghong:How time flies! Here you are graduating

44、from Cambridge University and planning to find a job in a computer cooperation in the United States.Congratulations on the job well done while at university and good luck to you during your new career. I wish you success in all your undertakings and hope youll find your career a source of great joy

45、and happiness.Any time when you come back home,I wish you would come to my place.Then,we may recall our high school life.Everything will be well with you I believe.Sincerely yours,×××*寫作時要充分挖掘導語中的有效信息,特別是high school classmate等細節(jié)信息。例4Directions:Bill got a Doctorate in literature for Ts

46、inghua University. Write a letter to congratulate him.You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.Dear Bill,I got the news from Mike that you have receiveda Doctorate in literature from Tsinghua University. I congratulate you for this. To have reached this milestone in your

47、 scholarship at a young age is really great. It means, I believe, years of assiduous study and hard work on your part. And it is an achievement you can be well proud of. As your best friend, I hope you can reach higher level in your study and do more contribution to the society. My best wishes to yo

48、u!Sincerely, ×××* 朋友年輕有為,獲得博士學位,應該祝賀。正如信中所說,這一成就是“多年來刻苦學習和努力工作的結果”(years of assiduous study and hard work。英文有一句成語:No sweet no sweat. 世界上不勞有獲的事情是沒有的。例5Directions: Write a letter of congratulation to a friend who win the scholarship in Tsinghua University. You should write about 100 wor

49、ds and do not need to write the address.Dear Jiang,I take great pleasure in sending congratulations to you on your winning the scholarship to the Tsinghua University of American literature.While Im not a little surprised, Im all happy to get the good news. I know you have got excellent marks for all

50、 the courses you took. It is great to know that you have achieved the goal you set for yourself. It is an award that you richly deserve. Im really proud of you.Warmest congratulations.Cordially yours,×××* 這是一封祝賀信。字詞之間流露出祝賀的誠意,如“great pleasure”,“not a little surprise”,“great”例6Directio

51、ns: You have just found an article about your friend Jims success in research on Jinghua newspaper. Write a letter to him to congratulate him. You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.Dear Jim,We are very happy to learn from todays Jinghua newspaper the great news of you

52、r success A paper on Teaching Theory. You cant image how pleased we are.It is a well-deserved recognition of your remarkable work. We are lucky in having you among our friends, and we are so proud of you and happy for you.Please accept our warmest congratulations.Yours cordially,×××*

53、寫作中應擅用破折號,以達到簡單明了的目的。It is a recognition of 表示這是對某人某事的認同和肯定。私人和公務信函-分類舉例-求助信(Letters of Asking for Help例1Directions: You want to study further for a Masters degree and you are preparing for the entrance exam. Since you have difficulty in English, you should write a letter around 100 words to ask for

54、 help from your good friend Fang.You do not need to write the address.Dear Fang,I am sorry that I have to ask a favour of you, with the hope that you will be kind to help me.I have been longing to apply for the entrance examination for MA candidates for a long time because I want to pursue advanceds

55、tudies.Unfortunately I find myself far from the required standard, especially my very poor English. At this moment, the personal friendship leads me to approach you with the request, whether you can manage to give me some constructive guidance. I promise to be a diligent student. If you agree, I wil

56、l come to your house once a week at a time most convenient to you.Thank you very much for your kind help on many occasions in the past.Your friend,& nbsp;×××*Thank you very much for your kind help on many occasions in the past.多次承你幫忙,不勝感激!例2Directions: Suppose you are a senior maj

57、ored in physics and plan to study further abroad. Please write a letter of about 100 words to professor Li and ask him to write a reference for you to a U. S. university.You do not need to write the address.Dear professor Li,I am a undergraduate from the Department of physics and I fortunately took

58、a major course on which you lectured. Your lessons impressed me deeply.As a senior, I face the choice between hunting for a job and continuing to study. I prefer to apply for a chance to pursue a Masters degree abroad.I have taken required English exams and got excellent scores. Whats more, I have finished my personal statement, which is attached to this letter. Im now writing to ask if you can write a reference for me, which will greatly facilitate my admission into aU.S. university.Best wishes for your health.Your Student,×××*在請求別人寫推薦信時應寫明自己的目的和打算,并為對方提供相關信息。例3Dir