語法講課提綱

1、 語法講課提綱第一部分：詞法 （十大類詞）名詞代詞、冠詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞；動(dòng)詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。第二部分：句法 （三種句型）簡單句；并列句；主從復(fù)合句（含特殊句型）。第一部分：詞法 （十大類詞）1名詞：單復(fù)數(shù)變化； 所有格； 名詞在句中做:主語、賓 語、表語，同位語；2代詞：英語中代詞分人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞，反身代詞。(1).人稱代詞:有主格（做主語）與賓格（做賓語）之分：有單復(fù)數(shù)的區(qū)別（他們）like _(我)。（我）like_(他們)(2.)物主代詞:分兩類； 形容詞物主代詞：不能單獨(dú)使用，放在名詞前修飾名詞名詞性物主代詞：單獨(dú)使用，相當(dāng)于形容詞物主代詞名詞 例：

2、（我們的）classroom is bigger than _(他們的)(3.)指示代詞：放在名詞前，修飾限定名詞，主要有： this (that):放在單數(shù)名詞前 these(those)放在復(fù)數(shù)名詞前例: _（這些）books are in their rooms. _ （那個(gè)）man is my father.(4).不定代詞：放在名詞前，修飾限定名詞，表示“一些”、“許多”、“所以的”、“每一個(gè)”等概念。有修飾可數(shù)名詞，如：many, (a) few,Some, any, every, each a lot of, all等；有修飾不可數(shù)名詞，如：much, a little, , e

3、ither, neither_ animals have diseases. A rocket has _ parts._ information is now transmitted through E-mail.（5）反身代詞：表示動(dòng)作發(fā)出者本身，有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。例：翻譯：他們自己學(xué)英語。 他經(jīng)常自學(xué)。3冠詞4形容詞用法：單個(gè)形容詞放在名詞前修飾名詞，或放在系動(dòng)詞之后做表語。形容詞有三個(gè)級(jí)別：原形，比較級(jí)，最高級(jí)。原形：沒有進(jìn)行比較或程度相同比較級(jí)：兩個(gè)人或事物進(jìn)行比較最高級(jí)：三個(gè)及三個(gè)以上事物進(jìn)行比較。注意形容詞最高級(jí)前要加the翻譯：我的英語口語比他好。北京的天氣比上海糟糕些。上海是中國

4、的大城市之一。他和我一樣高。5副詞用法：修飾動(dòng)詞（放在動(dòng)詞前后均可）或者形容詞（放在形容詞之前）。副詞也有三個(gè)級(jí)別：原形，比較級(jí)，最高級(jí)。原形：沒有進(jìn)行比較或程度相同比較級(jí)：兩個(gè)人或事物進(jìn)行比較最高級(jí)：三個(gè)及三個(gè)以上事物進(jìn)行比較翻譯：我的英語學(xué)得比他好。他是我們班英語學(xué)得最差的。他和我一樣努力學(xué)英語練習(xí)題1 （comfort）It was pleasant and _ to sit here.2（explain）Is there any _ for his strange way of doing things?3（require）The new pills met all the _ set

5、 by the government.4（commit）What is needed is a total _ to the best interests of the people.5 （able）The childs reading _ was advanced for his age lever.6(mean) She gave her husband a _ look.7(effect) His efforts to improve the school have been very _.8(person) I would like to see her _. It would be

6、better. 9The son has almost been driven mad by his parents (end) _ complaints.10 You can consult the (law) _ when you have some trouble in the divorce.11The young boy had no friends there. His (lonely) _ made him unhappy.12I doubt the (true) _ of the story but many people believe it.13 The company c

7、hiefs have protested (angry) _ that the others stealing their staffs. 6介詞 ：不能單獨(dú)使用，后接名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞。7數(shù)詞 ：分基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞8感嘆詞：9連詞： （1）并列連詞： （2）從屬連詞：10動(dòng)詞（一）分類按在句中的語法作用：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，系動(dòng)詞按是否做謂語：謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞。（1）助動(dòng)詞(a)英語中基本助動(dòng)詞有三個(gè)：be do have 本身沒有詞匯意義，只在動(dòng)詞詞組中起語法作用。例如：I am listening to a Beethoven symphony.My wi

8、fe doesnt know Russian. Joan has seen that movie.(b)半助動(dòng)詞半助動(dòng)詞指某些兼有主動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞特征的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，比如have to , seem to之類的結(jié)構(gòu)既可以與主動(dòng)詞搭配構(gòu)成復(fù)雜動(dòng)詞詞組，又能與其他助動(dòng)詞搭配。例：I have to buy a new car. I dont have to buy a new car.(2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞共13個(gè)：can/could , may/might , will/would ,shall/should , must , ought to , dare ,need , used to . 情態(tài)動(dòng)

9、詞不能單獨(dú)使用，其后無一例外的跟動(dòng)詞原形，即 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞原形 。must：表示推測1 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的情況的推測；例：You must be wrong.2 表示對(duì)過去情況的推測；例：Mary has got a full mark in the test. She_ very hard all these days.(01-06-21)A) Will work C) Must have worked B) may work D) could have worked（3）系動(dòng)詞（二）時(shí)態(tài)與與語態(tài)不同的時(shí)態(tài)（動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間）和語態(tài)（主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)）有不同謂語動(dòng)詞形式： 分類時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng)謂語動(dòng)詞形式被動(dòng)謂語

10、動(dòng)詞形式一般時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞原形或第三人稱單數(shù)形式be (am ,is, are)+過去分詞一般過去時(shí)動(dòng)詞過去式was/were+過去分詞進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)be (am ,is, are)+現(xiàn)在分詞am /is/are+ being+過去分詞過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞was/were+ being+過去分詞將來時(shí)現(xiàn)在將來時(shí)shall/Will+動(dòng)詞原形shall/Will+ be +過去分詞過去將來時(shí)should/would+動(dòng)詞原形should/would +be+過去分詞完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has+過去分詞have/has+ been+過去分詞過去完成時(shí)had+過去分詞had

11、+ been+過去分詞（三）非謂語動(dòng)詞（1）圖表：不定式：表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或具體的動(dòng)作。具有名詞性、形容詞性、副詞性。在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等。分詞：分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。動(dòng)名詞：具有名詞的性質(zhì)。名稱性質(zhì)含義在句中可做成分不定式名詞性、形容詞性、副詞性將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或具體的動(dòng)作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語分詞形容詞性、副詞性現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)進(jìn)行；過去分詞表被動(dòng)完成表語、定語、狀語動(dòng)名詞名詞性表抽象概念主語、賓語、表語、定語賓語補(bǔ)足語（2）非謂語動(dòng)詞用法比較(a)做主語不定式It will be a great advantage to be abl

12、e to speak a foreign language , especially if you are in business.動(dòng)名詞Doing a second job to earn more money also means you have to pay additional income tax.It is no use crying for the splitting milk.(b)做賓語不定式：offer , learn , plan 提出學(xué)會(huì)的打算 demand , promise , help要求答應(yīng)來幫助prepare ,decide , refuse準(zhǔn)備決定遭拒絕

13、fail , pretend .未能做到莫假裝例：I decide to leave the company next month , where I will have worked for exactly three years.動(dòng)名詞suggest / advise , finish , practise建議完成多練習(xí)avoid , miss , delay 避免錯(cuò)過少延期appreciate , image , cant help doing喜歡想象禁不住bear , keep , mind 忍受保持不在意Admit , deny , envy 承認(rèn)否定與妒忌例：The teacher

14、 didnt mind helping the students in her spare time.(c)做表語To see is to believe.The visit is to promote the relationship between the two countries.It is interesting.The cup is broken.Seeing is believing.(d)做定語I have something important to do.This is a sleeping boy.This is a sleeping car. (e)分詞短語做賓語補(bǔ)足語

15、When I caught him cheating me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with (f)做狀語In order to learn a foreign language well , you must study hard.We left the meeting , there obviously _ no point in staying.A) were B) to be C) being D) havingThese surveys indicate that many crimes go by the

16、police , mainly because not all victims _ report them.A) unrecorded B) to be unrecorded C) Unrecording D) to have been unrecorded非謂語動(dòng)詞做狀語與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：非謂語動(dòng)詞做狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語是句子主語，作獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)其邏輯主語是其前面的名詞。例：All flights having been cancelled,we had to go there by train .( TF ) On entering the classroom,the students

17、stood up and said，“Good morning ?。?TF ） Stuck in the mud ,they had to push the car. （ TF ） To look at a map ,the importance of this new railway will be seen . （ TF ）練習(xí) 1(frighten)_ by the explosion , we all rushed out of the hall.2The cost of meals in big cities varies greatly , (depend)_ on choices

18、.3I dont regret (tell) _ her what I thought , even if it upset her.4When (heat)_ ,water can be changed into vapour.5We appreciate your (invite)_ us to your party.6The doctor ordered the nurses (watch) _ the patient carefully.7(hold)_ the note in his hand , the fellow stood there dumbfounded.8He got

19、(kill)_ by the bus.9Living without an aim is like (sail)_ without a compass.10The night (be) _ dark , she was afraid to go there.11The workers (build)_ the bridge are from Guangzhou.(四)虛擬語氣（1）if條件句中的虛擬語氣例：Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt

20、 be able to see her friends very often. A) has to get B) were not get C) had got D) could have got 例_ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. Had they arrived Would they arrivedWere they to arrive Were they arriving例He must have had an accident, or he _ then

21、.would have been here Should be hereHad to be here Would be there（2）特殊詞的虛擬語氣(a)表示愿望、建議、命令等意思的動(dòng)詞desire, recommend, suggest(主語必須是人)、名詞desire, recommendation, suggestion或一些形容詞essential, important, vital等這些詞在虛擬語氣中應(yīng)用時(shí)，其后從句（一般為同位語從句）動(dòng)詞或賓語補(bǔ)足語用should加原形動(dòng)詞形式，其中should可省略。例1. It is recommended that the project

22、 _ until all the preparation have been made.A) not be started B) will not be started C) is not started D) is not to be started 2. The suggestion that the mayor _ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present(b)Lest, if, only, wish后的虛擬語氣1. The mad man

23、 was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. A) injure B) had injured C) injured D) would injure2. Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university.A) Studied B) study C) had been studying D) had studied(五)主謂一致：指謂語要和主語在人稱，單復(fù)數(shù)方面保持一致。 例：The jury was asked to return to

24、 their seats .( )(六)倒裝：英語中根據(jù)實(shí)際需要（有特殊的詞在句首），把謂語全部或謂語的一部分放在主語之前 。（七）強(qiáng)調(diào)：英語中在謂語動(dòng)詞前加助動(dòng)詞do,does ,did表示強(qiáng)調(diào) 第二部分 句法（一）英語句子類型英語句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可分為：1.簡單句2.并列句3.主從復(fù)合句1.簡單句簡單句（一個(gè)謂語或并列謂語）有兩種：主謂賓例：I study English in the college. She works hard but fails in the exam.2.并列句用連詞把兩個(gè)或以上簡單句連接而成。例：She is tall but he is short.3.復(fù)合句英語

25、中復(fù)合句有三類：(1)名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句）(2)定語從句（限制性和非限制性）(3)狀語從句（8種：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、結(jié)果、讓步、目的、比較）(1)名詞性從句That 在名詞性從句中不做成分，What做主語或賓語，關(guān)鍵:分析屬于哪類從句要看其所在的位置。What I said is not true.This is what I said.（2）定語從句在名詞或代詞之后，引導(dǎo)詞做一個(gè)成分。關(guān)鍵是分析從句句子結(jié)構(gòu)，看從句缺少那一個(gè)成分。That 與 Which的用法As的用法（3）狀語從句注意When/While的用法not until強(qiáng)調(diào)句型練習(xí)I felt some what disappointed and was about to leave _ something occurred which attracted my at