英國文學簡史期末考試復習要點

1、 精選文檔 5 世紀 1485)? 貝奧武甫( Beowulf )? 高文爵士和綠衣騎士( Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗禾U 喬叟(Geoffrey Chaucer)“英國詩歌之父”。( FatherofEnglish Poetry)坎特伯雷故事( The Canterbury Tales )15 世紀后期17 世紀初)?托馬斯莫爾 (Thomas More )烏托邦( Utopia )?埃德蒙斯賓塞(Edmund Spenser )仙后 ( The Faerie Queene)?弗蘭西斯培根(Francis Bacon )論說文集( Essays)克

2、里斯托弗馬洛 Christopher Marlowe?帖木兒大帝( Tamburlaine )?浮士德博士的悲劇( The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus )?馬耳他島的猶太人( The Jew of Malta )威廉莎士比亞William Shakespeare )哈姆萊特( Hamlet ) SONNET1817 世紀文學約翰彌爾頓John Milton失樂園( Paradise Lost )?約翰班揚(John Bunyan )天路歷程( The Pilgrim s Progress )17 世紀后期18 世紀

3、中期)18 世紀初，新古典主義成為時尚。新古典主義推崇理性，強調明晰、對稱、節(jié)制、優(yōu)雅，追求藝術形式的完美與和諧。亞歷山大蒲柏(Alexander Pope )是新古典主義詩歌的代表。?喬納森斯威夫特Jonathan Swift格列佛?丹尼爾笛福Daniel Defoe英國小說之父魯濱孫漂流記( Robinson Crusoe )?亨利菲爾丁 Henry Fielding湯姆瓊斯(Tom Jones )?喬納森斯威夫特Jonathan Swift格列佛游記Gulliver s Travels?亨利菲爾丁 Henry Fielding( Tom Jones ) 托馬斯格雷Thomas Gray墓

4、園哀歌( Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard )五、浪漫主義時期文學(1798-1832 )?羅伯特彭斯 Robert Burns?威廉布萊克 William Blake?威廉華茲華斯 William Wordsworth?塞繆爾泰勒柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge抒情歌謠集( Lyrical Ballads )一 . Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages中世紀文學（約5 世紀 1485）<Beowulf> 貝奧武夫:the national epic o

5、f the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some wor

6、ds in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound （頭韻） Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical wayfor Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里喬叟 1340（?）1400（首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”，英國文學史

7、上首先用倫敦方言寫作。約翰德萊頓（ John Dryden ）稱其為“英國詩歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。）The father of English poetry.It is alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive （綜合的，廣泛的）realistic pictureof the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks o

8、f life. （ A ）A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gower writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. <The Canterbury T ales> 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet （雙韻體） by middle EnglishMedieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance（ 傳奇故事）Famous three ： King ArthurSir Ga

9、wain and the Green KnightBeowulfII TheRenaissance Period文藝復興時期文學（ 15 世紀后期17 世紀初）A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the EnglishRenaissance.Renaissance : the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning i

10、n the14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Two features可編輯精選文檔1. a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature2. the keen interest in the activities of humanity.The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the mod

11、ern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:(1) to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,(2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,(3) to recover the purity of the early

12、 church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.Three historical events of the Renaissance- rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christop

13、her MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.English Renaissance:the early 16th century to the early 17th century.1. Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯賓塞 15521599(后人稱之為 “詩人的詩人”。) The poets ' poet. The first to be buried in the Poet' Westomeinefer Abbey12. Which of the following statements is not the reason fo

14、r that Edmund Spenser is famous for“the poet ' s poet ” ? ( B )A. Spenser ' s idealismB. his struggle for criteriaC. his love of beautyD. his exquisite melody <The Faerie Queen> 仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not“Arms and the man ” , but something more romantic“Fierce wars and fai

15、thfull loves ".Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian StanzaDefinition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. <The Shepherds Calendar> 牧人日歷The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.2. Thomas More 托馬

16、斯莫爾 14781535One of the greatest English humanists<Utopia> 烏托邦3. Francis Bacon 弗蘭西斯培根 15611626(哲學家、散文家；在論述探究知識的著作中提出了知識就是力量這一著名論斷；近代唯物主義哲學的奠基人和近代實驗科學的先驅。)Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.Writing style: brevity, compactness&powerfulnes

17、s, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man ' s reason.< The Advancement of Learning> 學術的推進< Essays> 隨筆(famous quotas: <Of studies>)The theme of Of Studies : uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to

18、pursue studies.5. Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗馬洛 15641595a University Wits ” , the pioneer of English drama(完善了無韻體詩。)Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.14. Marlowe gave new vigor to with his“mighty lines " （ D ）A. the Petrarchan sonnetB. sestinaC. terza rimaD. blank verse<The Tra

19、gical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲劇（根據德國民間故事書寫成）< Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝< The Jew of Malta> 馬耳他的猶太人6. William Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亞 15641616 Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大歡喜；<Twelfth Night>第十二夜；<A Midsummer Night ' S Dream 仲夏夜之夢；<Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人 Four

20、Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆萊特；<Othello> 奧賽羅；<King Lear> 李爾王；<Macbeth> 麥克白 Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.III Th

21、e 17th Century17 世紀文學1. John Milton 約翰彌爾頓 16081674（詩人、政論家；失明后寫失樂園、復樂園、力士參孫。） Epics: <Paradise Lost> 失樂園<Paradise Regained> 復樂園 Dramatic poem:< Samson Agonistes>力士參孫2. John Bunyan 約翰班揚 16281688（代表作天路歷程，宗教寓言，被譽為“具有永恒意義的百科全書”，是英國文學史上里程碑式著作。與但丁的神曲、奧古斯丁的懺悔錄并列為世界三大宗教題材文學杰作。）Puritan poet（

22、 清教徒派詩人）Religionary Allegory: < The Pilgrim ' s Progres天路歷程3. John Donnethe Metaphysical poet（玄學派詩人）.Metaphysical Poetry（ 玄學詩）：（用語）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,（形式）the form is frequentlyan argument with the poet ' s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主題：love, rel

23、igious, thought ）Artistic features:1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻The Flea 虱子 Valediction:<Forbidding Mourning>IV The 18th Century 啟蒙時期文學（17世紀后期一18世紀中期）:Enlightenment同時為美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭與法國大革命提供了框架，并且導致了資本主義和社會主義的興起，與音樂史上的巴洛克時期以及藝術史上的新古典主義時期是同一時期。A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic,

24、 restrained emotion（抑制情感）and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16 th centries, aprogressive intellectual movement, reason（rationality）, equality&science（the 18th century）小說崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, mod

25、ern English novel rised（realistic novel現實主義小說 ）1. Alexander Pope亞歷山大蒲柏 16881744（18世紀英國最偉大的詩人，其詩多用"英雄雙韻體"/ " heroic couplets "。詞句工整、精練、富有哲理性。）As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.Eg. Among the representatives of th

26、e Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? （ C ）可編輯 精選文檔 A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift < An Essay on Criticism 批評論Artistic features:I.Using “heroic couplets ”< The Rape of the Lock卷發(fā)遇劫記< Moral Essays道德論<Essay on Man

27、> 人論<The Dunciad 愚人記3. Jonathan Swift 喬納森斯威夫特16671745（十八世紀杰出的政論家和諷刺小說家a master satirist 。） < Gulliver ' s Travel格列佛游記（fictional work）Four parts:Lilliput 小人國Flying Island 飛島<A Modest Proposal> < The Battle of Books>Brobdingnag 大人國Houyhnhnm 馬島一個小小的建議書戰(zhàn)<A Tale of a Tub木桶的故事

28、<The Drapper ' s Letters一個麻布商的書信4. Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾笛福 16601731（小說家，新聞記者，小冊子作者；十八世紀英國現實主義小說的奠基人。）He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.5. Robinson Crusoe>魯賓遜漂流記It prais

29、e the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles

30、 to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.5. HenryFielding 亨利菲爾丁 17071754 （英國小說家，戲劇家，被譽為“英國小說之父”O(jiān)）He is called “Father of English novel ” . He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose ”（散文體史詩 ）,and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. no

31、vels:<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling> 棄嬰湯姆 ？瓊斯<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>約瑟夫 ？安德魯<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大詩人江奈生？威爾德7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德布林斯利施萊登 17511816 < The Rivals> 情敵 < The School for Scandal> 造謠學校8. William Bl

32、ake 威廉布萊克 17571827 <Songs of Innocence>天真之歌A happy and innocent world from children' s eye. <Songs of Experience>經驗之歌A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include: <The Chimney Sweeper><London><The Tyger>Lamb is

33、a symbol of peace and purityTyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence9. Robert Burns 羅伯特彭斯 17591796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18 th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 主要用蘇格蘭方言寫的詩< A Red, Red Rose> 一朵紅紅的玫瑰< Auld Long Syne>往昔時光 < A Man ' s a Man for A ' >

34、Thaif那一套< My Heart ' s in the Highlands> 我的心在那高原上V The Romantic Period浪漫主義時期文學(1798-1832 )The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge' s <Lyrical Ballads , and end in1832 with Sir Walter Scott ' s death.Romanticism: It emphasize the special qual

35、ity of each individual' s mind.( 人應該是獨立自由的個體 )In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic p

36、eriod areJane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic) ."The Lake Poets ”湖畔詩人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel T aylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth 威廉華茲華斯 17701850(與柯爾律治、騷塞同被稱為“湖畔派”詩人。 The Lake Poets ) < Lyrical Ballads> 抒情歌謠集(with Samuel T

37、 aylor Coleridge) <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him a strength and knowledge fullof peace ”2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment:The poet is very che

38、erful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙)and poet ' s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyThe Solitary Reaper孤獨的割麥女 <The Prelud

39、e> 序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞繆爾泰勒科爾律治 17721834 The Lake Poets < The Rime of the Ancient Mariner> 古舟子頌< Christabel柯里斯塔貝爾< Kubla Khan> 忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination,a strange territory< Frost at Night>半夜冰霜 < Dejection, an Ode> 憂郁頌

40、< Lyrical Ballads> 抒情歌謠集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron 喬治戈登拜倫17881824(拜倫式英雄 Byronic heroes 孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿了反抗精神。內心充滿了孤獨與苦悶，卻又蔑視群小。恰爾德哈可編輯精選文檔羅德是拜倫詩歌中第一個“拜倫式英雄”。)“Byronic hero " is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.

41、 <Don Juan> 唐？璜< Childe Harold ' s Pilgrimage恰爾德 ？哈羅德爾游記4. Persy Bysshe Shelley 波西比希雪萊17921822 Poetic Drama : < Prometheus Unbound 解放了 的普羅米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies man ' s victory over tyranny and oppression< Queen Mab> 麥布女王 Revolt of Islam>伊斯蘭的反叛<A Defence of Po

42、etry> 詩辯 <The Necessity of Atheism無神論的必要性 Lyrics:<Ode to the West Wind> 西風頌Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who

43、 scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Od

44、e to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Arti

45、stic features:Using rerza rima( 三行詩 aba bcb cdc ded efe)5. John Keats 約翰濟慈 17951821(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名詩句。) Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希臘古甕頌<Ode to a Nightingale>夜鶯頌<Ode to Psyche> 心靈頌<Ode On Melancholy>憂郁頌 <To Autumn> 秋頌Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem

46、, "T o Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charmand appeal to thereader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usua

47、lly yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.6. Jane Austen 簡奧斯丁 17751817She compared her works to a fine engraving upon

48、 a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. < Sense and Sensibility> 理智與感情<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢與偏見(chapter I)【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved【Collins & Charlotte Lucas see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a wom

49、an is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood【Lydia & Wickham shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.可編輯 精選文檔 【 Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】 comic characters<Mansfield Park> 曼斯菲爾德莊園<Emma> 愛瑪<Northanger Abbey>諾桑覺寺&l

50、t;Persuasion> 勸導題型 1. 配對（ 10 ） 2. 判斷正誤（10 ） 3. 選擇（ 30 ） 4. 術語（ 20 ） 5 材料分析（20 ） 6. 問答（ 10 ）Ballad（ 民謠 ） In m ore exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting ofquatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimeter. Common traits of the balladare that（a） the beginn

51、ing is often abrupt ,（b） the story is told through dialogue and action （c）the language is simple or “ folksy, ” （d） the theme is often tragic-though comic ballads doexist, （e） the ballad contains a refrain repeated several times. The ballad became popular inEngland in the late 14 th century and was

52、adopted by many writers. One of the most importantanthologies of ballads is F. J. Child s The English and Scottish Popular Ballads . 在更為精確的文學術語中，民謠指的是抑揚格四音步與抑揚格三音步詩行交替出現的四行敘事詩。民謠的共同特色包括：（a）詩歌的起首通常十分出其不意。（b）故事通過對話和行為講述。（c）語言簡單，民風十足。（d）盡管存在喜劇民謠，但大多數民謠的主題具有悲劇意味。（e）民謠通常包含重復多遍的疊句。民謠這種詩歌形式在14 世紀晚期的英格蘭十分盛行

53、，從此以后許多作家對其進行模仿創(chuàng)作。歷史上最為知名的民謠集之一為恰爾德收集出版的英格蘭和蘇格蘭流行歌謠。Epic（ 史詩 ） An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and dealswith legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal withthe exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main

54、narrative with myths, legends,folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country coheringin the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertainingstories oflegendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an

55、 entire可編輯精選文檔nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.史詩是長篇口頭敘事詩，內容廣泛，通常以重要傳說或者重大歷史事件為題材。大部分的史詩歌頌個人的英雄事跡，同時也在敘述中插入神話、傳 說、民間故事以及歷史事件；一個民族的整體文化與全詩所講的經歷緊密聯系，造成一種復合的效果。史詩不僅僅是愉悅人的傳奇故事或者歷史英雄事跡，它們總結以及表達了一個民族在其歷史上一個重要或者關鍵時期的本質或者理想。Humanism（ 人文主 義 ） Broadly, this term suggests any attitude w

56、hich tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to thesupernatural ,divine elements -or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements.In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectivelyi

57、n particular, those dealing with the life,thought, language, and literature ofancient Greece and Rome. It proclaimed that man is the most important noble creature in the world; the goal of life is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the humanists ; both man and

58、world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, andattain happiness byremoving all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designatethe revival of classical culture which accompanied theRenaissance. 這個術語廣義上是指一切提升人類因素或重視人類利益，反對超自然的、超人的因素或 反對粗野的、動物的因素的態(tài)度。更確切地來講，人文主義意味著投身到最有效地促進人類文化的研究 當中特別涉及到古希臘和羅馬的生活、思想、語言和文學的研究。人文主義宣稱人是世界上最高貴 的動物；生活的目標就是要享受現世的生活而不是期望來世。人文主義學者認為，只有外部阻礙才能阻 止人類和世界的無限進步，人類可