英語語法——時(shí)態(tài)

1、時(shí)態(tài) - 定義 英語語法中的時(shí)態(tài)（tense）是一種動(dòng)詞形式，不同的時(shí)態(tài)用以表示不同的時(shí)間與方式。是表示行為、動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件下的動(dòng)詞形式。因此，當(dāng)我們說時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，指的是相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)下的動(dòng)詞形式。 英語時(shí)態(tài)分為16種：一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、過去將來時(shí)，以及這四者的進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 下面就英語中常見的十種基本時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行闡述，其它的時(shí)態(tài)都是在這十種時(shí)態(tài)的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合而成的。 時(shí)態(tài) 一、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。 2.時(shí)間狀語： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, ye

2、ar, month), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞 原形 （如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞上要改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式） 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞，則在其前加dont,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用doesnt，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 5.一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do提問，如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does，同時(shí)，還原行為動(dòng)詞。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than

3、words. 時(shí)態(tài) - 二、 一般過去時(shí)1.概念：過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。 2.時(shí)間狀語：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be動(dòng)詞；行為動(dòng)詞 的過去式 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行為動(dòng)詞前加didnt，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 5.一般疑問句：w

4、as或were放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do的過去式did 提問，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didnt know you were so busy. 時(shí)態(tài) - 三、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。 2.時(shí)間狀語：now, at this time, days, etc. look . listen 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be+doing 4.否定形式：be+not+doing. 5.一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。 6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is

5、 doing well in his lessons. 時(shí)態(tài) - 四、 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.概念：表示過去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。 2.時(shí)間狀語：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語等。 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu) s+was/were+doing 4.否定形式：s+was/were + not + doing. 5.一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首。(第一個(gè)字母大寫） 6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in,

6、I was reading a newspaper. 時(shí)態(tài) - 五、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.概念：過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 2.時(shí)間狀語：yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for+時(shí)間段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +done. 5.一般疑問句：have或has。 6.例句：Ive written an articl

7、e. The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years. 時(shí)態(tài) - 六、 過去完成時(shí)1.概念：以過去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為，或在過去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為，即“過去的過去”。 2.時(shí)間狀語：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had + done. 4.否定形式：had + not + done. 5.一般疑問句：had放于句首。 6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had le

8、ft. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+had+過去分詞(done) 肯定句：主語+had+過去分詞+其他 否定句：主語+had+not+過去分詞+其他 一般疑問句：Had+主語+過去分詞+其他 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句 時(shí)態(tài) - 七、 一般將來時(shí)1.概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。 2.時(shí)間狀語：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorr

9、ow, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+am/is/are+going to + do；will/shall + do. 4.否定形式：am/is/are not going to do ；will/shall not do。 5.一般疑問句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. 時(shí)態(tài) - 八、 過去將來時(shí)1.概念：立足于過去某一時(shí)刻，從過去看將來，常用于賓語從句中。 2.時(shí)間狀語：the next day(morning,

10、 year),the following month(week),etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+going to + do；would/should + do. 4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there . 時(shí)態(tài) - 九、將來完成時(shí)1.概念：在將來某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或

11、狀態(tài) 2.時(shí)間狀語：by the time of;by the end of+時(shí)間短語（將來）;by the time+從句（將來） 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be going to/will/shall + have done 4例句:By the time you get back,great changes will have taken place in this area. 時(shí)態(tài) - 十、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1.概念：表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。這一動(dòng)作可能剛剛開始，也可能仍在繼續(xù)，并可能延續(xù)到將來。 2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has +been+doing 3.時(shí)間狀語：since+時(shí)

12、間點(diǎn)，for+時(shí)間段等。 4.例子：I have been sitting here for an hour. The chirdren have been watching TV since six oclock. 時(shí)態(tài) - 十一、 一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，瞬間動(dòng)詞卻不能。但是，可用別的表達(dá)方式：瞬間動(dòng)詞用于“一段時(shí)間 + ago”的一般過去時(shí)的句型中；瞬間動(dòng)詞可改成與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及短語，與一段時(shí)間連用；瞬間動(dòng)詞用于“It is + 一段時(shí)間 + since + 一般過去時(shí)”的句型中，表示“自從以來有時(shí)間”的意思，主句一般用i

13、t is來代替It has been;瞬間動(dòng)詞用于“Some time has passed since + 一般過去時(shí)”的句型中。請(qǐng)看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 時(shí)態(tài) - 十二、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中，at加上名詞表示“處于某種狀態(tài)”，

14、如at work（在工作）, at school（上學(xué)、上課）等。此短語可與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換。請(qǐng)看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 時(shí)態(tài) - 十三、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換在現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中g(shù)o, come, leave, start, arrive等動(dòng)詞常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意為“我就來，媽媽！”請(qǐng)看： The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soo

15、n. 時(shí)態(tài) - 互相轉(zhuǎn)換英語中的幾種時(shí)態(tài)在一定情況下可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換，以下是幾種常見的轉(zhuǎn)換形式： 時(shí)態(tài) - 十六種時(shí)態(tài)所謂“時(shí)”就是行為發(fā)生的時(shí)段或狀態(tài)存在的時(shí)段，即：現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來四種；所謂“態(tài)”就是行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)說呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，有一般狀態(tài)、進(jìn)行狀態(tài)、完成狀態(tài)或完成進(jìn)行狀態(tài)四種。由時(shí)和態(tài)結(jié)合，便形成下列十六種時(shí)態(tài)： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，一般將來時(shí)，一般過去將來時(shí)； 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)； 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，將來完成時(shí)，過去將來完成時(shí)； 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) study /studies 一

16、般過去時(shí) studied 一般將來時(shí) shall /will study 一般過去將來時(shí) should / would study 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am /is/ are studying 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) was /were studying 將來進(jìn)行時(shí) shall /will be studying 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí) should /would be studying 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have /has studied 過去完成時(shí) had studied 將來完成時(shí) shall /will have studied 過去將來完成時(shí) should /would have studied 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) ha

17、ve /had been studying 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) had been studying 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí) shall /will have been studying 過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí) should /would have been studying 在表示時(shí)間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中，遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原則，主句用將來時(shí)態(tài)，從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)助動(dòng)詞be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分辭短語動(dòng)詞 ：example takes good care taken good care 虛擬語氣 用來表示非真實(shí)的假設(shè)，表示命令、建議或說話人的主觀愿

18、望 條件從句 主句違背現(xiàn)在事實(shí) 過去式 should / would / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形 If the manager were here , he might make a decision immediately 違背過去事實(shí) had + 過去分詞 should / would / could / might + have + 過去分詞 I could have done it better if I had been more careful 違背將來事實(shí) should + 動(dòng)詞原形 should / would / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形we

19、re + 動(dòng)詞不定式( were to + 動(dòng)詞原形) If it should rain tomorrow , what could we do ?在下列結(jié)構(gòu)的主語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣It is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable that It is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged that 混合虛擬句 條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作，在時(shí)間上不一致，動(dòng)詞

20、形式需要調(diào)整If you had taken the medicine yesterday , you would be well now。 Suggest , order , ask , demand , command , request , require etc.這些動(dòng)詞的賓語從句用虛擬句， 在這些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句中，助動(dòng)詞一律是should 。 It is ( It was ) important ，其后的主語從句用虛擬語氣，助動(dòng)詞用should 。 It is important that we ( should ) learn computer . Wish + ( that

21、) 從句，通常表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 表示現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是，從句中的動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)；表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)，從句中的動(dòng)詞用had + 過去分詞。 但是，從句中動(dòng)詞用would (might ) + 動(dòng)詞原形時(shí)，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)碛锌赡軐?shí)現(xiàn)的愿望I wish I knew a little contract law . 但愿我知道一點(diǎn)合同法（我不知道）I wish you would come tomorrow . 我希望你明天能來 （有可能來）As if / as thought 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句（或表語從句）中，常用虛擬語氣。 如果從句表示的意思與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞則應(yīng)使用過去式；如果從句表示

22、的意思與過去事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞則使用 had + 過去分詞的形式 ?；揪湫椭髡Z + 謂語動(dòng)詞 The two-man spaceship took off this morning 。主語 + 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 The drilling machine is making a hole 。主語 + 連系動(dòng)詞 + 表語 The answer is off the point 。主語 + 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語 The new approach has saved us a great deal of time 主語 + 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語 We like our

23、 guests to feel at home 。常用連詞等立連詞：and , so , not only but also , neither now , or , otherwise , either or , but , yet , still , however , while ,whereas, for 常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞主從連詞 that , whether , if 連接代詞 who , whom , whose , what , where , which 連接副詞 when , where , why , how 倒裝句 Never , Scarcely , hardly , rar

24、ely , little , nowhere , no sooner than , not only , in no case , in no way , on no accoune , at no time , under no circumstances （這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語時(shí)）There be 句型和大多數(shù)的疑問句都是倒裝句Here , there , then , thus 等副詞放在句首時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞為come , be , exist , follow 等不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，句子一般都為全部倒裝 Here is a book for you . Here comes the bus

25、 .句首為 so , nor , neither 等副詞時(shí)、表明前句說明的情況也適用于本句時(shí) ，句子為倒裝Richard can speak Japanese . So can his sister 在虛擬語氣中，非真實(shí)條件從句中的連詞省略時(shí)，句子為倒裝。這時(shí)，倒裝到主語前的助動(dòng)次 had ,should 和動(dòng)詞were 。 Had I left a little earlier , I would have missed the train so / nor / neither + 系動(dòng)詞/ 助動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 主語表示前句中謂語所說明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語，用到裝。 He d

26、oesnt like music . Nor / Neither do I . 在Hardly when 和 No sooner than 以及 Not until 的句型中，由于否定詞或否定詞組放在句首，主句部分中的主、謂要到裝助動(dòng)詞 + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形No sooner had he got well than he left the hospital . 直接引語和間接引語John said , “ I m going to London with my father .”John said that he was going to London with his father .

27、一般疑問句變成以if (whether ) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 He said , “Have you all understood this passage ?”He asked the class if they had all understood that passage 。 祈使句變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式， 作ask , tell 等動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。表示命令時(shí)常用 tell , order 等；表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)常用ask , beg 等動(dòng)詞，原句中的dont 應(yīng)變?yōu)?not 。 The manager said to the clerk , “Be polite to all the clients

28、.”The manager told the clerk to be polite to all the clients . 如主句謂語動(dòng)詞為各種現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí)，間接引語中的動(dòng)詞仍保持直接引語的原來時(shí)態(tài)He says , “ I am very busy reading the book .”He says that he is very busy reading the book . 如主句謂語動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)，間接引語中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)發(fā)生如下變化：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)不變直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時(shí)，代詞一般

29、相應(yīng)變化如下：this - that last week the week before therse those three days ago three days before now then tomorrow the next day today that day next week the (next ) following week this week that week here - thereyesterday the day before come go 介詞at 表示確切的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或較短暫的一段時(shí)間 at two oclock in 表示一天中的各部分時(shí)間或較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間 in

30、the morning , in spring , in 1967 on表示具體的某一天或某一天的上午或下午 on Sunday , on Monday afternoondurning 表示一段時(shí)間 ，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間的延續(xù) durning the Summer vacation at one time 過去有段時(shí)間、從前at the same time 同時(shí)on time 按時(shí)below 表示低于 ， 溫度低于多少度above 表示高于 ， 溫度高于多少度幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞的時(shí)候，排列順序如下：好壞、美丑等 + 大小、新舊、顏色 + 質(zhì)地、屬性 + 名詞和前綴a- 組成的形容詞只能做表語而不能做定語， afraid , alive , alike ,alone , ashamed , asleep , awake etc. 非謂語動(dòng)詞f