機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化外文翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)英文文獻(xiàn)

1、普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床目前，我國屮、小型企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)效率都需要有一個新的提高.但是加工手段 卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足需要.許多屮小型企業(yè)都結(jié)合自己的實(shí)際對設(shè)備的技術(shù)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，通過 強(qiáng)化自身.以求自我發(fā)展.普通鉆床為單軸機(jī)床，但安裝上多軸箱就會成為多軸的鉆床，改 造成多軸鉆床麻，能大大地縮短加工時間，提高生產(chǎn)效率。多軸加工應(yīng)用：據(jù)統(tǒng)計，一般在車間中普通機(jī)床的平均切削時間很少超過全部工作時間的 15%。其余時間是看圖、裝卸丁件、調(diào)換刀具、操作機(jī)床、測量 以及清除鐵屑等等。使用 數(shù)控機(jī)床雖然能提高85%,但購置費(fèi)用大。某些情況下，即使生產(chǎn)率高，但加T相同的零件, 其成木不一定比普通機(jī)床低。故必須更

2、多地縮短加工時間。不同的加工方法有不同的特點(diǎn), 就鉆削加工而言，多軸加工是一種通過少量投資來提高生產(chǎn)率的有效搭施。多軸加工優(yōu)勢：雖然不可調(diào)式多軸頭在自動線中早有應(yīng)用，但只局限于大批量生產(chǎn)。即使 采用可調(diào)式多軸頭擴(kuò)大了使用范偉I，仍然遠(yuǎn)不能滿足批量小、孔型復(fù)雜的要求。尤其隨著工 業(yè)的發(fā)展，大型復(fù)雜的多軸加工更是引人注日。例如原子能發(fā)電站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板 有15000個甲20孔，若以搖臂鉆床加工，單單鉆孔與錨沉頭孔就要842.5小時，另外還要 劃線工時151. 1小時。但若以數(shù)控八軸落地鉆床加工，鉆鉉孔只要171. 6小時，劃線也簡單, 只要1.9小時。因此，利用數(shù)控控制的二個坐標(biāo)軸，使刀具

3、正確地對準(zhǔn)加T位置，結(jié)合多軸 加工不但可以擴(kuò)大加工范圍，而且在提高精度的基礎(chǔ)上還能大大地提高工效，迅速地制造出 原來不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油機(jī)30種箱形與桿形零件的2000多個鉆孔操作 屮，有40%可以在門動更換主軸箱機(jī)床中用二軸、三軸或四軸多軸頭加工，平均可減少20% 的加工時間。1975年法國巴黎機(jī)床展覽會也反映了多軸加工的使用愈來愈多這一趨勢。多軸加工的設(shè)備：多軸加T是在一次進(jìn)給屮同時加丁許多孔或同時在許多相同或不同工 件上各加工一個孔。這不僅縮短切削時間，提高精度，減少裝夾或定位時間，并且在數(shù)控機(jī) 床屮不必計算坐標(biāo)，減少字塊數(shù)而簡化編程。它可以采用以下一些設(shè)備進(jìn)行加工：立鉆

4、或搖 耨鉆上裝多軸頭、多軸鉆床、多軸組合機(jī)床心及自動更換主軸箱機(jī)床。共至可以通過二個能 自動調(diào)節(jié)軸距的主軸或多軸箱,結(jié)合數(shù)控工作臺縱橫二個方向的運(yùn)動，加工各種圓形或橢圓形孔組的一個或幾個工序?，F(xiàn)在就 這方面的現(xiàn)狀作一簡介。多軸頭：從傳動方式來說主要方齒輪傳動與方向聯(lián)軸節(jié)傳動二種。這是大家所熟悉的。前 者效率較高，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，后者易于調(diào)整軸距。從結(jié)構(gòu)來說有不可調(diào)式與可調(diào)式二種。前者軸 距 不能改變，多采用齒輪傳動，僅適用于大批量生產(chǎn)。為了擴(kuò)大其贊許適應(yīng)性，發(fā)展了可 調(diào)式多軸頭，在一定范圍內(nèi)可調(diào)整軸距。它主要裝在有萬向.二種。（1）萬向軸式也有二種: 具有對準(zhǔn)裝置的主軸。主軸裝在可調(diào)支架屮，而可調(diào)支

5、架能在売體的T形槽中移動，并能在 對準(zhǔn)的位置以螺栓固定。（2）具有公差的圓柱形主軸套。主軸套固定在與式件孔型相同的 模板屮。前一種適用于批量小且孔組是規(guī)則分布的T件（如孔組分布在不同肓徑的圓周上）o 后一種適用于批童較大式屮小批量的輪番生產(chǎn)中，剛性較好，孔距精度亦高，但不同孔型需 要不同的模板。多軸頭可以裝在立鉆式搖臂鉆床上，按鉆床木身所具有的各種功能進(jìn)行丁作。這種多軸加工 方法，由于鉆孔效率、加工范用及精度的關(guān)系，使用范圍有限。多軸箱：也彖多軸頭那樣作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部件生產(chǎn)。美國Sect。公司標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒輪箱、多軸箱等設(shè)計 的不可調(diào)式多軸箱。有32種規(guī)格，加工面積從300X300亳米到600X1050亳米

6、，工作軸達(dá) 60根，動力達(dá)22. 5 丁瓦。Romai工廠生產(chǎn)的可調(diào)多軸箱調(diào)整方便，只要先把齒輪調(diào)整到接 近孔世的位置，然麻把與它聯(lián)接的nJ調(diào)軸移動到正確的位置。因此，這種結(jié)構(gòu)只要改變模板, 就能在一定范圍內(nèi)容易地改變孔型，并且可以達(dá)到比普通多軸箱更小的孔距。根據(jù)成組加工原理使用多軸箱或多軸頭的組合機(jī)床很適用于大屮批量生產(chǎn)。為了在加工中獲 得良好的效果，必需考慮以下數(shù)點(diǎn)：（1） T件裝夾簡單，有足夠的冷卻液沖走鐵屑。（2） 夾具剛性好，加工時不形變，分度定位正確。（3）使用二組刀具的可能性，以便一組使用, 另一組刃磨與調(diào)整，從而縮短換刀停機(jī)時間。（4）使用優(yōu)質(zhì)刀具，監(jiān)視刀具是否變鈍，鉆 頭要機(jī)

7、磨。（5）尺寸超茅時能立即發(fā)現(xiàn)。多軸鉆床：這是一種能滿足多軸加T要求的鉆床。諸如導(dǎo)向、功率、進(jìn)給、轉(zhuǎn)速與加T范圍 等。巴黎展覽會中展出的多軸鉆床多具液壓進(jìn)給。H整個工作循壞如快進(jìn)、T進(jìn)與清除鐵屑 等祁是門動進(jìn)行。值得注意的是，多數(shù)具有單獨(dú)的變速機(jī)構(gòu)，這樣可以適應(yīng)某一纟R孔屮不同孔徑的加工需要。1.2.4自動更換主軸箱機(jī)床為了中小批最生產(chǎn)合理化的需要,最近幾年發(fā)展了自動更換主軸箱組合機(jī)床。（1）白動更換主軸機(jī)床自動更換主軸機(jī)床頂部是冋轉(zhuǎn)式主軸箱庫，掛冇多個不可調(diào)主軸箱?？v橫配線盤予先編好工 作程序，使相應(yīng)的主軸箱進(jìn)入加工工位，定位緊并與動力聯(lián)接，然后裝有工件的工作臺轉(zhuǎn)動 到主軸箱下面，向上移動進(jìn)

8、行加丁。當(dāng)變更加T對彖時，只要調(diào)換懸掛的主軸箱，就能適應(yīng) 不同孔型與不同丁序的需要。（2）多軸轉(zhuǎn)塔機(jī)床轉(zhuǎn)塔上裝置多個不可調(diào)或力向聯(lián)軸節(jié)主軸箱，轉(zhuǎn)塔能自動轉(zhuǎn)位，并對夾緊在冋轉(zhuǎn)T作臺的T 件作進(jìn)給運(yùn)動。通過丁作臺冋轉(zhuǎn)，可以加工丁件的多個面。因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)塔不宜過大，故它的工位 數(shù)一般不超過46個。且主軸箱也不宜過大。當(dāng)加工對彖的工序較多、尺寸較大時，就不 如門動更換主軸箱機(jī)床介適，但它的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。（3）白動更換主軸箱組合機(jī)床 它由自動線或組合機(jī)床屮的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部件組成。不可調(diào)多軸箱與動力箱按置在水平底座上，主軸 箱庫轉(zhuǎn)動時報個裝置緊固在進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的溜板上。主軸箱庫轉(zhuǎn)動與進(jìn)給動作都按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)子稈序工 作。換主軸箱時間為

9、幾秒鐘。工件夾緊于液壓分度冋轉(zhuǎn)T作臺，以便加工工件的各個仏 好 果冋轉(zhuǎn)工作臺配以卸料裝置，就能介流水生產(chǎn)自動化。在可變生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)屮采用這種裝置，并 配以相應(yīng)的控制器可以獲得完整的加工系統(tǒng)。(4) 數(shù)控八軸落地鉆床大型冷凝器的水冷壁管板的孔多達(dá)15000個，它與支撐板聯(lián)接在一起加T,孔徑為20毫米,孔深1X0亳米。采用具何內(nèi)冷卻管道的麻花鉆，5-7巴壓力的冷卻液可貢接進(jìn)入切削區(qū)， 有利于排屑。估尖磨成90°供自動 定心。它比普通麻花鉆耐用，且進(jìn)給量大。為了縮短 加T時間，以8軸數(shù)控落地加工。多軸加工趨勢：多軸加工生產(chǎn)效率高，投資少，生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期短，產(chǎn)品改型時設(shè)備損失少。 而且隨肴我國數(shù)控

10、技術(shù)的發(fā)展，多軸加工的范圍一定會愈來愈廣，加丁效率也會不斷提高。生產(chǎn)任務(wù)：在一批鑄鐵連接件上有同一個面上有多個孔加工。在普通立式鉆床上進(jìn)行孔加 工，通常是一個孔一個孔的鉆削，生產(chǎn)效率低，用非標(biāo)設(shè)備，即組合機(jī)床加工，生產(chǎn)效率高, 但設(shè)備投資大。但把一批普通立式普通單軸鉆床改造為立式多軸鉆床，改造后的多軸鉆床，可以同時完成多 個孔的鉆、擴(kuò)、較、等工序。General transformation of multi-axis drillingmachine drilling machinAt present, China's small and medium enterprises in p

11、roduct quality and production efficiency are the need for a new increase But the processing means is far from sufficient. Many small and medium enterprises with their actual technical state of equipment improveme nts, through strengthening its own. In order to self-development.Common drilling for si

12、ngle-axis machine tools, but the installation will become a multi-axis multi-axle box of the drill, transformation into a multi-axis drilling, we could greatly shorten the processing time, improve production efficiency.Application of multi-axis machining : According to statistics, in general machine

13、 tools in the workshop in general, the average cutting time rarely exceeds 15% of total working hours The remaining time is plug-in, loading and unloading the workpiece, exchange tools, operation tools, measurements, and clear the iron filings and so forth. Although the use of CNC machi ne tools can

14、 improve 85%, but the purchase of costly .In some cases, even if the high productivity, but the processing of the same components, the cost is not necessarily lower than the average machine Therefore must be more to shorten the processing time Differe nt processing methods have d iff ere nt characte

15、ristics, the drilling process, the multi-axis machi ning is a small i nvestment to in crease productivity through effective measuresThe advantages of multi-axis machining : Although it is not the first in automatic multi-axis adjustable long line applications, but only limited to high-volume product

16、ion. Even with the adjustable multi-axis head expanded the scope of use is still far from being able to meet the volume is small, hole complex requireme nts. In particular, as in dustrial development, large and complex multi-axis machining is even more compelling. For example, large-scale nuclear po

17、wer plants in the water-wall tube plate condenser has 15000 屮20 holes, if radial drilling machine processing, and simply drilling holes and42.5 hours, while also crossed hourscountersink countersunk head is necessary to 151.1 hours However, if the 8-axis CNC machining floor drilling, drilling counte

18、rs!nk holes as long as 171.6 hours, crossed is also simple, as long as 1.9 hours Therefore, the use of numerical control of two axis, so that proper alignment tool processing location, combined with multi-axis machining can not only expand the range of processing, but also on the basis of improving

19、the accuracy can greatly enhance the work efficiency, easy to quickly create original processing parts Some analysis of large high-speed diesel engine with 30 kinds of box-shaped rod-shaped parts of the more than 2,000 drilling operations, 40% could be the automatic replacement of machines using two

20、-axis spindle box, three-axis or four-axis multi-axis machining head, the average can be reduced 20% of the processing time Machine Tool Exhibition in Paris in 1975 also reflected the multi-axis machining using more and more the trend.Multi-axis machining equipment : Multi-axis machining is the same

21、 time in a feed processing a number of holes or simultaneously in many of the same or different processing of a workpiece on each hole This will not only shorten the cutting time and improve accuracy, reduce fixturing or positioning time, and in the CNC machine tool is not necessary to calculate the

22、 coordinates, reducing the number of character blocks and simplified programming. It can be processed using the following equipment: radial drilling vertical drilling, or upload multi-axis head, multi-axis drilling machine, multi-axis modular machine tool spindle box heart and automatic replacement

23、of machines May even be able to automatically adjust wheelbase by two or more of the spindle axle box, junction All CNC vertical and horizontal table two directions of movement, processing a variety of round or oval-shaped hole group of one or several steps Now the status quo in this regard to make

24、a profile.Multi-Axis Head : Transmission is from the main drive gear drive with two kinds of universal joint couplings. This is our familiar. Former is more efficient, simple structure, which is easy to adjust wheelbase From the structure is concerned there is not adjustable and the adjustable two k

25、inds The former can not change the wheelbase, multi-use gear drive, only applies to high-volume production Adaptability in order to expand its approval to develop a multi-axis adjustable head, in a certain range adjustable wheelbase It is mainly mounted in a universal. Two. (1) there are two kinds o

26、f universal axis: alignment device with a spindle Spindle mounted on adjustable bracket in an adjustable bracket can be T-shaped slot in the shell move, and the position in alignment with bolted. (2) with a tolerance of cylindrical spindle units Set of fixed spindle hole with pieces of the same type

27、 template. The former applies to small batch and the rules of distribution of pore groups are artifacts (such as the hole groups in different diameter circle). The latter applies to a larger batch-type production of small quantities of turns, rigid better pitch accuracy is also high, but a different

28、 hole requires a different templateMulti-axis head can be mounted on vertical drilling-type radial drilling machine, press the drill itself with the various functions work This multi-axis processing methods, due to drilling efficiency, range and accuracy of processing of the relationship between the

29、 use of limited scopeMulti-axle box : As also the first multi-axis as the production as a standard comp on ent. U.S Sectors standard gear boxes, multi-axle box, etc are not designed adjustable multi-axle box. 32 kinds of specifications, process size from 300X300 mm to 600X1050 mm, the working-axis u

30、p to 60, and power up to 22.5 kilowatts. Romai factory adjustable multi-axle box easy to adjust, as long as the gear should first be adjusted to the location near the pass and then connected with its adjustable-axis move to the correct location. Therefore, this structure changes as long as the templ

31、ate, will be able to pass a certain extent change the content of shoes, and can reach more than ordinary axle box smaller pitchAccording to principles of the use of group processing the first multi-axle, or a combination of multi-axis machine tool is applicable to large and medium volume production.

32、 In order to process to get good results, need to consider the following points: (1) workpiece clamping simple, there is eno ugh coolant away iron filings. (2) The fixture rigidity, processing, without deformation, dividing the right position. (3) the possibility of using the two group knives for a

33、group to use, another set of grinding and adjustment, thereby reducing tool change downtime(4) The use of quality tools to monitor whether the blunt tool, drill grinding to machine(5) Dimensions can be detected immediately when the ultra-poor.Multi-axis drilling machine : This is a multi-axis machin

34、ing to meet the requirements of the drill Such as orientation, power, feed, speed and processing range. Displayed at the Paris Exhibit!on of multi-axis drilling machine with hydraulic multi-feed. Throughout its work, such as fast-forward through the bad, workers enter and clear the iron filings are

35、all automatically. It is noteworthy that the majority of agencies with separate variable speed, so that one group can adapt to the different pore size hole processing needs 1.2.4 automatic replacement machine tool spindle boxIn order to rationalize the needs of small and medium volume production in

36、recent years the development of the automatic replacement of modular machine tool spindle box(1) The automatic replacement spindle machineAutomatic replacement of rotary spindle machine tool spindle box at the top is a library, there are several non-adjustable hanging spindle box. Vertical and horiz

37、ontal patch panel to the first series of good working procedures, so that the corresp on ding spindle box into the processing station, location and with the power connection tight, and then turn to the table with the workpiece spindle box below, upward mobility for processing When the change process

38、ing object, as long as the exchange suspension spindle box, you can pass with different processes for different needs(2) The multi-axis machine tool turretTurret to install more non-adjustable or universal coupling spindle box, turret can automatically switch to digital, and clamp the workpiece in t

39、he rotary table to feed motion. Through the rotary table can be a number of workpiece surface Because the turret not be too big, so it is gen erally not exceed the median of workers 46. And the spindle box is also not too large When the machining process more objects, size larger, it should automati

40、cally replace the machine tool spindle box fit, but its simple structure.(3) Automatic replacement of modular machine tool spindle boxIt consists of automatic line or a combination of standard machine parts Non-adjustable multi-axle box and power box by home base in the horizontal, the spindle rotat

41、es, the entire case library fastening device to the system in the slip into the board Library Headstock rotation and feed movement is based on standard routines of work. Headstocktime for a few seconds. Clamping the hydraulic sub-degree rotary table so that each workpiece surface Good fruit rotary table accompanied by discharging device, we can co-flow production automation. In the variable production system using this device, accompanied by the corresponding controller can obtain a complete processing system(4)-axis CNC drill floor9Large con denser water wall tube plate