后置定語(yǔ)詳解 狀語(yǔ)位置研究

1、.后置前譯 前言：為什么很多英語(yǔ)句子，單詞都能看懂，但是就是翻譯不出來(lái)，或者做閱讀理解的時(shí)候因?yàn)榉g不準(zhǔn)確造成丟分？其實(shí)是因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)的表達(dá)順序不一樣。如果和漢語(yǔ)順序一樣，我們也就不需要學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法了，只背單詞就好了。順序不一樣就意味著我們翻譯的時(shí)候必須將后面的一些短語(yǔ)或者句子翻譯在前面，有些翻譯在全句最前面，有些翻譯在前面的單詞的前面，在高考中，越長(zhǎng)的句子，出現(xiàn)后置前譯的次數(shù)越多。 一：定語(yǔ)篇 漢語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)永遠(yuǎn)是前置的：1我們學(xué)校的（領(lǐng)屬性的）一個(gè)（數(shù)量）刻苦鉆研的（動(dòng)詞豆語(yǔ)）年輕（形容詞）語(yǔ)文教師（名詞）在科研方面作出了優(yōu)異的成績(jī)。2國(guó)家隊(duì)的（領(lǐng)屬性的）一位（數(shù)量）有20多年教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的（動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)）

2、優(yōu)秀的（形容詞）籃球（名詞）女（名詞）教練。排法：1一般的排序方法來(lái)看，一般的次序是所屬數(shù)量動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)形容詞名詞表領(lǐng)屬性的或時(shí)間、處所的指稱(chēng)數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)開(kāi)容詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。所以英語(yǔ)中的前置定語(yǔ)我們不會(huì)翻譯錯(cuò)，但是后置定語(yǔ)（放在名詞后的定語(yǔ)）需要我們進(jìn)行前置翻譯。這樣才符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。定語(yǔ)位置規(guī)則：1.單詞作定語(yǔ)一般前置一個(gè)蘋(píng)果 一個(gè)大蘋(píng)果 一個(gè)紅蘋(píng)果an apple a big apple a red apple2.短語(yǔ)和句子作定語(yǔ)需要后置定語(yǔ)位于所修飾詞語(yǔ)的前面叫前置定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾詞語(yǔ)后面的定語(yǔ)叫后置定語(yǔ)。介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞短語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常作后置定語(yǔ)。如：

3、（1）介詞短語(yǔ)：1.The pen on the desk is mine.桌上的那支鋼筆是我的。2.Three of them are from China. 他們當(dāng)中有三個(gè)人是來(lái)自中國(guó)。3.There are birds singing in the tree. 樹(shù)上有正在歌唱的小鳥(niǎo)。（2.1）分詞短語(yǔ)（現(xiàn)分doing和過(guò)分done）：1.The girl wearing a pair of glasses is Susan. 戴眼鏡的女孩是蘇珊。2.The house being buil

4、t is Children's House. 正在建造的房子是“兒童之家”。3.The questions raised at the meeting must be paid attention to.  在會(huì)上被提出的問(wèn)題必須得引起注意。（2.2）不定式短語(yǔ)(to do)：1.Captain Cook was the last one to leave the sinking ship.庫(kù)克船長(zhǎng)是最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)正在下沉的船的人。（3）定語(yǔ)從句：Jim began to talk to a girl who sat next

5、to him.吉姆開(kāi)始和坐在他身旁的姑娘講話(huà)。單個(gè)的單詞作定語(yǔ)一般位于所修飾詞語(yǔ)的前面，即前置定語(yǔ)。如：He is a clever boy.他是位聰明的男孩。不定式拓展,不定式作后置定語(yǔ)的特征: They have a lot of homework to do everyday.(homework和to do是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系) 正譯：每天他們有許多要做的作業(yè)。 Would you like something to drink? 你想要一些喝的東西么？ Captain Cook was the last one to leave the sinking ship.庫(kù)克船長(zhǎng)是最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)正在下沉的

6、船的人。（被only first last next 以及序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞常常用to do作后置定語(yǔ)）抽象名詞后表名詞的內(nèi)容：ability ambition attempt chance courage time decision effort failure promise right(權(quán)利) way wish +to doHe has fulfilled(實(shí)現(xiàn)) his ambition（雄心）to be a writer.表即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)過(guò)，相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句The conference to take place in Shanghai next week is of gre

7、at importance.=The conference which will take place in Shanghai next week is of great importance.二：狀語(yǔ)篇 狀語(yǔ)的位置？Excuse me?狀語(yǔ)（一） 副詞1.時(shí)間副詞和地點(diǎn)副詞They went boating in Zhongshan Park yesterday.他們昨天去中山公園劃船了。時(shí)間副詞可以提前Yesterday they went boating in Zhongshan Park. 英語(yǔ)表達(dá)：先地點(diǎn)后時(shí)間2. 頻度副詞： always(100%),usually(80%),of

8、ten(60%),sometimes(40%),seldom(20%),hardly(5%),rarely,never(0%)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞或者系動(dòng)詞之后。（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)動(dòng)前be后） He is late. He is often late.He goes climbing on weekends. He often goes climbing on weekends. She is sometimes very busy.3.修飾全句的副詞。位置靈活Fortunately, he escaped being killed in the car accident.Fortunately

9、 he escaped being killed in the car accident.He escaped being killed in the car accident, fortunately.Nothing,certainly,is more important than health.4.動(dòng)詞+副詞 動(dòng)副短語(yǔ) 跟代詞時(shí)有限制。Put it down. Put down it. ×Put down your book. Put your book down.5.修飾介短,放介短前。 Theres a house, right in front of you.6.否定副詞n

10、ever,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,little.I have never seen such a thing in my college days. 狀語(yǔ)（二） 介詞短語(yǔ)We live in Guizhou.She got there at four.They came here by train.The game was put off because of rain.We went out for a walk after supper.=We went out to have a walk after supper. They play footbal

11、l in spite of the rain.狀語(yǔ)（三）非謂語(yǔ)短語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在分詞作方式狀語(yǔ)要前置翻譯。 Please answer the question using another way. 請(qǐng)用另一種方式回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題to do作原因狀語(yǔ) I am sorry to hear that. 聽(tīng)到那件事情我很難過(guò)。狀語(yǔ)（四）9種狀語(yǔ)從句只有if條件句在后面的時(shí)候先翻譯。If you work hard, you will succeed.=You will succeed if you work hard.附表1always 頻率最高，表示動(dòng)作重復(fù)、狀態(tài)繼續(xù)，表示“一直、總是”，其反義詞

12、為never。always等與not連用時(shí)，表示部分否定。如：The rich are not always happy. 有錢(qián)的人并不總是快樂(lè)的。如果要變?yōu)榉穸ň洌瑧?yīng)將always改為never才能全部否定。如：Li Ping is always late for school. 李平上學(xué)總是遲到。Li Ping is never late for school.（全部否定）Li Ping is not always late for school. （部分否定）頻度副詞通常和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)連用，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的頻率。但always與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用時(shí)，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，而是表示贊嘆、厭煩等情緒。如

13、：He is always thinking of others. 他總是想著別人。（贊嘆）She is always asking silly questions. 她總是問(wèn)些愚蠢的問(wèn)題。（厭煩）usually意為“通?！?，表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，很少有例外。如：We usually go to school at seven in the morning. 我們通常在早上七點(diǎn)上學(xué)。My mother and I usually go shopping on Sundays. 我和媽媽通常在星期天去買(mǎi)東西。Often意為“經(jīng)常，時(shí)?！保硎痉磸?fù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，中間有間斷，不如usually那么

14、頻繁。其反義詞是seldom。often在句尾時(shí)常被very或quite修飾。如：It often rains here in April. 這兒四月份常下雨。The boys often eat noodles and the girls sometimes eat them. 男生經(jīng)常吃面條，女生有時(shí)吃。I often chat with my friends under the big tree. 我經(jīng)常在這棵大樹(shù)下和朋友聊天。He writes to his friends quite often. 他常給他的朋友寫(xiě)信。sometimes意為“有時(shí)”，頻率不及often，表示動(dòng)作偶爾發(fā)

15、生，間斷時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。其位置比較靈活，放在句首、句中、句末都可。如：Sometimes we go to the cinema and at other times we go for a walk.有時(shí)我們?nèi)タ措娪?，有時(shí)我們?nèi)ド⒉?。I sometimes watch TV in the evening. 我有時(shí)晚上看電視。My father has lunch in the factory sometimes. 我父親有時(shí)在工廠(chǎng)吃午飯。seldom意為“很少”，這個(gè)副詞表示否定意義，動(dòng)作幾乎不會(huì)發(fā)生。如：He seldom eats breakfast. 他很少吃早餐。The little gi

16、rl seldom goes out. 這個(gè)小女孩很少外出。I will never forget your kindness. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了你的好意。hardly具有否定意義，表示“幾乎不、簡(jiǎn)直不”，除非特殊情況，否則不會(huì)發(fā)生。如：The boy is so young that he could hardly understand it. 這個(gè)孩子太小了，不可能懂得這件事。never意為“從不”表示動(dòng)作不會(huì)發(fā)生.例如：I never go to school by taxi.我從不坐出租車(chē)去上學(xué)。The boys never eat chocolate and the girls seld

17、om eat it. 男生從不吃巧克力，女生很少吃。對(duì)上述頻度副詞提問(wèn)時(shí)，用how often。如：I write to my brother sometimes.How often do you write to your brother？附表2（建議前面都理解后再看）：但是，單個(gè)的單詞作定語(yǔ)在下列五點(diǎn)情況下則要后置：1.以a-開(kāi)頭的具有表語(yǔ)特征的形容詞。如alive, asleep, awake以及present, accessible,等。1.We at last caught the wolf alive.  我們終于活捉了這匹狼。2.The p

18、erson asleep is wounded badly. 睡著的這個(gè)人受傷很?chē)?yán)重。3.You can choose one from all the subjects accessible. 你可以從這些易于理解的主題中選一個(gè)。4.Everybody present welcomed the decision. 出席的人都?xì)g迎那個(gè)決議。2.表示地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的副詞，如today, yesterday, here, there, downstairs, upstairs, abroad, above等。1.The temper

19、ature today is seventy degrees Fahrenheit. 今天的氣溫是華氏70度。2.The sport meeting yesterday was very successful.  昨天的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)非常成功。3.The people here live a happy life.  這兒的人們過(guò)著幸福的生活。4.How about the living there? Is it cheap? 那里的生活怎么樣? 便宜嗎?5.He turn

20、ed the radio down so that he shouldnt disturb the old lady downstairs. 為了不打擾樓下的老太太，他把收音機(jī)音量調(diào)低了。6.I had the good fortune to be chosen for a trip abroad. 我真幸運(yùn)，被選中出國(guó)旅行。7.Put the biscuits on the shelf above. 把餅干放到上面的架子上。3.else修飾疑問(wèn)詞或不定代詞。1.What else have you seen there?  你在那兒還看到別的什么？2.Where else would you like to travel? 你還想到別的什么地方去旅游？3.I have something else to