怎樣區(qū)別一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1、實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)區(qū)別專(zhuān)題與練習(xí)一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞have （has）+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明該謂語(yǔ)是屬于現(xiàn) 在時(shí)范圍。它和主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)、數(shù)要保持一致。過(guò)去分詞是主要的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，說(shuō)明句子的 意義。2 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的行為對(duì)主語(yǔ)目前產(chǎn)生的影響。We are good friends.（現(xiàn)在的情況）I knew him in 1997.（過(guò)去的動(dòng)作）We have known each other since 1997.（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)把過(guò)去的動(dòng)作和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來(lái)并著眼于現(xiàn)在）（1）表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)

2、間，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just 、already、yet, twice, ever, never, three time等副詞修飾。 如：-Have you had lunch yet?-Yes, I have. I've just had it.I have been to Beijing twice.（2）表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛停止， 可能仍然在進(jìn)行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。如：He has taught here since 1981 他自1981年就在這兒教書(shū)。（可能還要繼 續(xù)教）I haven&#

3、39;t seen her for four years.我有四年沒(méi)見(jiàn)至 U她了。提問(wèn)通常用 how long How long have you lived here?注意：在表示某一行為狀態(tài)持續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間時(shí)，根據(jù)終止時(shí)間的不同，時(shí)態(tài)使用是不一樣的。如：I lived here for a week last summer.去年夏天我在這里住了一周。I have lived here for a week by now.到現(xiàn)在為止，我已經(jīng)在這里住了一周。I will live here for a week next year.明年我會(huì)在這里住一周。3 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬

4、于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍，故不能和過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago 等。但是，在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時(shí)，可以和 一些表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。a.用副詞already和yet。already 一般用于肯定句中，yet 一般用于否定句和疑 問(wèn)句中。如： We have already finished our homework.我們已完成作業(yè)了。They haven't finished their homework yet.他們還沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)。b.用表示到說(shuō)話為止的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如so far, up to now

5、, in the past few years等。例如： He has been there three times in the last few days.c.用包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term) 等。例如：-Have you met him today? -No, I haven't.How many times have you been there this year?(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和帶有since或for等表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用，表示動(dòng)作或 狀態(tài)從某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。如

6、： I haven't seen him for two years. 但 是，像come, arrive, buy等終止性動(dòng)詞不能與表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用。要用，必須改為“be (在)”等延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)表述?，F(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng) 詞的轉(zhuǎn)換：arrivefbe herebegin(start) -be ondiefbe deadcome back fbe backleavefbe awayfall ill(sick, asleep) -be 川(sick, asleep)get up fbe upgo out fbe outfinish fbe overput on

7、 fwear 或 be onopen fbe openjoin fbe in 或 be a member of closefbe closedborrow f keepcatch(a cold) ，have(a cold)begin to studyfstudygo to school，be a studentbuy fhaveget to knowfknowcome to work -work 等他參軍三年了。他父親去世二年了。電影已開(kāi)始十分鐘了。我們(開(kāi)始)學(xué)英語(yǔ)已三年了如：He has been in the army for three years.His father has bee

8、n dead for two years.The film has been on for ten minutes.We have studied English for three years.4 .幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)(1)終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式， 已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表 示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來(lái)，我一直沒(méi)有離開(kāi)過(guò)這兒。(2)如單純表示一段時(shí)間，雖有 since 一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。如：It is two years since his father died.=His father

9、has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有兩年了。(3) have been(to)與 have gone( to) 的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示“去過(guò)某地(現(xiàn)在 已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)”，可用于各人稱(chēng)；have gone(to)表示“去某地了(說(shuō)話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)?”， 常用于第三人稱(chēng)，前者可與once ,never, several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice. 他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)北京兩次。He has gone to Beijing .他去北京了。二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已

10、發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去的事實(shí)，不表 示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。I have just been to London. I went there last month.1 .過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)文檔實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。2 .過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)問(wèn)狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week, ago, in1980, in October, j

11、ust now,具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),before, already, recently ,共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this morning, tonight, this April, now, oncelately現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for, since, so far,ever, never, just, yet, till /until,文檔up to now, in past years, always,3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live,teach,learn, work, study, know.過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave,

12、start, die, finish, become, getmarried 等。舉例:I saw this film yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。）I have seen this film.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。Why did you get up so early?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。）Who hasn't handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。She has returned from Paris.她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回來(lái)了。He has been

13、in the League for three years.（在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)He has been a League member for three years.（是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)Hejoined the League three years ago. (三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。）I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr. White?-He's already been sent for.句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如 yesterday, last, week, inI960)時(shí)，不

14、能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。(錯(cuò)) Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.三、練習(xí)題1. A. 用 already 或 yet1) Have they taken down the old pictures ? No, they haven' t2) Most of us have finished our compositions . 3) He said he hadn ' t visited the exhibi

15、tion. _B.用 since 或 for1) We have learned five lessonsthe beginning of this term.2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital last week.3) I have stayed at my aunt ' s two weeks.C. 用 have gone 或 have been1) Where are the boy students? They to the school factory.2) Is your father in? No, he to Shenzhen.he eve

16、r there beforeYes, he there several times3) He asked me if I to Hangzhou before.I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit as I _ never _ Jo that city before.2.選擇填空1 .Motherme a new coat yesterday. I it on. It fits me well.A. had made have tried B. made have triedD. made - triedC. has made tri

17、ed2 “ He to draw horses already ” . “When he ?” “ Last year ' A. learned has B. learned did C. has learned has D. has learned did 3.Tom up into the tree. Look, he high up there !A. has got is B. has climbed was C. got wasD. climbed is4.you the text yet ? Yes, we it two hours ago.A. Did copy did

18、B. Have - copied haveC. Have copied did D. Did copy -had5 ."Why she angry ? ”“ Because he at her just now .'A. did get shoutedB. has got shoutedC. did get has shouted D. has got has shouted6 .you the film before ? Where you it ?A. Have seen -did seeB. Didsee -did watchC. Have seen have seen

19、D. Did see have seen7 .You me waiting for two hours. I for you since five.A. kept -waitedB. have kept -waitedC. kept have waited D. have kept have waited8 .Where John? To the library. He there for an hour.A.has beenhas gone B. has - gone - has beenC. did gowent D. didbewent9 .the baby still? No, it

20、crying.A. Has - cried has stopped B. Is - crying - stoppedC. Did - cry - stoppedD. Is crying has stopped10. I the way. I here for quite many years.A. knew have lived B. knew - live C. know have lived D. know- live11. you ever America ? Yes, I have.A. Have - gone to B. Have - gone in C. Have- been to

21、 D. Have - been in12. My brother college for over three years.A. has gone to B. has been to C. has been in D. has been at13.He the Army by the end of 1989. He in the army since then.A. joined is B. has joined has beenC. had joined is D. had joined has been14. By the time I back they up ten satellite

22、s.A. came- have sentB. came- had sent C. come- have sent D. had comesent15. Jack over five lessons by seven o ' clock. Then he a rest.A. went - took B. went had taken C. had gone - took D. had gone - had taken16. We out by that time that he a spy for a long time.A. had found - had been B. had fo

23、und was C. found - had been D. found was17. Before the news him, he to know about it.A. reaches has got B. reached had got C. reached got D. had reached - got18. I him a second letter before I from him.A. wrote heard B. wrote had heard C. had written heard D. have written -hear19. People that the so

24、ldiers fighting.A. say - had stopped B. said has stopped C. say - stopped D. said had stopped20. We in a good harvest because we enough rain.A. didn ' t get - had had B. got had had C. had got - had had D. got hadn' t had21. They for five hours when they in New York.A. flew arrivedB. had flown had