由一道高考題引起對“what”在名詞性從句中語義變化的思考與探究

1、.由一道高考題引起對“what在名詞性從句中語義變化的考慮與探究張貴元甘肅定西漳縣一中在今年高考中，出現(xiàn)了這樣一個句子：2019高考四川卷Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life. 整體看句子，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這是一個由并列連詞but把兩個復(fù)合句連接起來的并列復(fù)合句，兩個分句

2、都是賓語從句，但第二個分句由what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句使得句子理解起來就有點(diǎn)費(fèi)事了。這句句意大致為“夢想是你是否想讀懂心思，看穿冰冷的墻壁， 或者擁有超能的力量，這些聽起來很愚蠢，但它實(shí)際上是你生活中真正重要的核心。這句話理解的難度主要出如今what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句上，為了學(xué)生能輕松的掌握what在名詞性從句當(dāng)中的運(yùn)用，筆者從語義的變化來探究并分析what在名詞性從句中的用法。 說到名詞性從句，就知道從句其實(shí)是借用了其它構(gòu)造完好的句子而已。就其what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，其實(shí)從句的來源來自what引導(dǎo)的兩種句式，分別為what引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句和what引導(dǎo)的感慨句。下面從語義的方面來探究what在名詞

3、性從句中的演變。以下一些例句探究what逐漸從廣義的泛指“什么轉(zhuǎn)變到狹義的特指“詳細(xì)上面來。A. “What在名詞性從句中語義根本沒有發(fā)生演變，出如今下面兩種情況：1. “What引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句充當(dāng)名詞性從句中的從句107江蘇高考Choosing the right dictionary depends on what you want to use it for.從句是由：what do you want to use it for? 轉(zhuǎn)變而來的，what語義還是原來的“什么之意，沒有變化。選擇正確的字典要根據(jù)你想用該字典做什么。2Tell me what he does. 從句是由：wh

4、at does he do? 轉(zhuǎn)變而來的，what語義還是原來的“什么之意，沒有變化。告訴我他是干什么的。3We don't know what his name is. 從句是由：what is his name? 轉(zhuǎn)變而來的，what語義還是原來的“什么之意，沒有變化。我們不知道他叫什么名字。 4 I asked him what clothes I should wear. 從句是由：what clothes should I wear ? 轉(zhuǎn)變而來的，what語義還是原來的“什么之意，沒有變化。我問他我該穿什么衣服。5 I do not know what to do next

5、.此句在現(xiàn)代英語中也看作是賓語從句，其實(shí)是I do not know what I do next.的簡化而已。這樣不難看出，從句是由：what do you do next ? 轉(zhuǎn)變而來的，what語義還是原來的“什么之意，沒有變化。我不知道接下來做什么。2. “What 引導(dǎo)的感慨句充當(dāng)名詞性中的從句1We all know what hot weather it is there. 從句是由：what hot weather it is ! 轉(zhuǎn)變而來的，what語義還是原來的感慨之意，沒有變化。 我們都知道哪兒天氣多熱啊。22019全國II改Thats what a powerful d

6、evice the telephone is. 從句是由：what a powerful device the telephone is 轉(zhuǎn)變而來的，what語義還是原來的感慨之意，沒有變化。那就是 是一個多么強(qiáng)大的裝置啊。B. What在名詞性從句中語義已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化，從以前廣義的泛指“什么到狹義的“特指：如東西，人，數(shù)量，時間及地點(diǎn)等上面來，當(dāng)語義縮小時，此類名詞性從句可以被另外一種句式定語從句所交換。常出如今以下五種情況中：1.What在從句中表示“的東西，相當(dāng)于“the thingthings that.。如:108福建高考 What is known to us all is tha

7、t the 2019 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. 從句是由：What is known to us all ? 轉(zhuǎn)變而來，what語義已經(jīng)從以前的廣義“什么縮小成了詳細(xì)的事情，即“.的東西，該從句從句意上可以被另外一個句式轉(zhuǎn)換，如：The thing that is known to us all is that the 2019 Olympic Games will take place in Beijng . 對我們來說總所周知的一件事情就是2019年奧運(yùn)會將在中國北京舉行。208重慶People in Chongqing are p

8、roud of what they have achieved in the past ten years. =People in Chongqing are proud of the things that they have achieved in the past ten years 重慶人對他們在過去十年來所獲得的成就而感到自豪。2. What在從句中表示“的人，相當(dāng)于“the person that."如:08山東高考 What was most important to her, she told me, was her family.從句是由：What was most

9、 important to her ? 轉(zhuǎn)變而來，what語義已經(jīng)從以前的廣義“什么縮小成了詳細(xì)的事情，即“.的人，該從句從句意上可以被另外一個句式轉(zhuǎn)換，如：The person that was most important to her, she told me, was her family. 她告訴我，對她最重要的人是她的家人。再如：He is not what he was a few years ago. =He is not the person that he was a few years ago他不是兒年前的那個樣子了。3. What在從句中表示“的數(shù)蟹或數(shù)目，相當(dāng)于the

10、 amountnumber that."。如:1The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation. 從句是由：What was it before liberation? 轉(zhuǎn)變而來，what語義已經(jīng)從以前的廣義“什么縮小成了詳細(xì)的事情，即“.的數(shù)蟹或數(shù)目，該從句從句意上可以被另外一個句式轉(zhuǎn)換，如：The number of the students in our school is ten times number that it was before liberat

11、ion. 如今我校學(xué)生的數(shù)量是解放前的10倍。2Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.= Our income is now double amount that it was ten years ago. 我們?nèi)缃竦氖杖耸?0年前的兩倍。4.What在從句中表示“的時間，相當(dāng)于“the time that.'。如: 1After what seemed a very long time，I opened my eyes and found myself in bed. 從句是由：What seemed a very lo

12、ng time? 轉(zhuǎn)變而來，what語義已經(jīng)從以前的廣義“什么縮小成了詳細(xì)的事情，即“.的時間，該從句從句意上可以被另外一個句式轉(zhuǎn)換，如：After the time that seemed a very long time，I opened my eyes and found myself in bed. 似乎過了很長一段時間，我才睜開眼睛，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己躺在床上。2The young girl was too frightened to speak, standing there for what seemed like hours.= The young girl was too fright

13、ened to speak, standing there for the time that seemed like hours.小女孩嚇得不敢說活，在那兒似乎站了幾個小時。5. What在從句中表示“的地方，相當(dāng)于“the place that."。如:1This is what they call Zhangxian River. 從句是由：What do they call Zhangxian River? 轉(zhuǎn)變而來，what語義已經(jīng)從以前的廣義“什么縮小成了詳細(xì)的事情，即“.的地方，該從句從句意上可以被另外一個句式轉(zhuǎn)換，如：This is the place that th

14、ey call Zhangxian River. 這就是他們稱為漳河的地方。 2We reached what is now called Shichuan yesterday.= We reached the place that is now called Chichuan yesterday.昨天我們到達(dá)了如今叫石川的地方。注意：1當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的從句做主語時，謂語通常用單數(shù)，但當(dāng)主句是主系表構(gòu)造時，系動詞的數(shù)要與所跟的表語保持一致。What you left are only several old books.你留下的僅僅是幾本舊書。What you said is of great

15、 importance.你說的話非常重要。2有時what可用作限定詞，其后修飾一個名詞。如:You may bring what books you like.你可以把你喜歡的書籍都帶來。He spent what little money he had on playing games.他把僅有的一點(diǎn)錢都花在玩游戲上了。由于本人學(xué)識有限，不到之處在所難免，望同仁及前輩們加以補(bǔ)充，讓我能在今后不管是自己的業(yè)務(wù)才能還是教學(xué)才能有所提升。另外，What在名詞性從句中的這些用法僅僅是筆者在最近9年教學(xué)中自己的一些不成熟的想法而已，歡送同仁們批評指正?！緩?qiáng)化練習(xí)what名詞性從句在高考的部分再現(xiàn)】1.

16、 04天津A modern city has been set up inwas a wasteland ten years ago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where2. 05遼寧Do you have any ideais actually going on in the classroom?A.thatB.whatC.as D.which3. 06全國What did your parents think about your decision?They always let me doI think I should.A.whenB.thatC.howD.what4.

17、 07全國 matters most in learning English is enough practice.A.What B.WhyC.WhereD.Which5. 08北京The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. A. which B. that C. what D. who6. 09江蘇Many young people in the West are expected to leave _ 

18、   could be lifes most important decisionmarriagealmost entirely up to luck.A. as                 B. that             C. which        D. what7. 10福建We should respect food and think about the people who dont have we have here and