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1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法名 詞:在中考單項(xiàng)選擇試題中,除了時(shí)態(tài),名詞的考查頻率也較高。一般考查以下幾點(diǎn):一、 可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞在可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞上一般出現(xiàn)這樣幾類,(1)分辨是哪一類名詞,并根據(jù)結(jié)論做選擇。(2)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化。(3)不可數(shù)名詞的量化表達(dá)。所以,考生首先要能夠明確哪些是可數(shù)名詞,哪些是不可數(shù)名詞。其次,還要知道可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)則??蓴?shù)名詞的變化規(guī)則一般是在單詞后面加-s 或-es,如:1:desk-desks bed-beds pian
2、o-pianos hat-hats bag-bags photo-photos2:bus-buses box-boxes watch-watches brush-brushes3:tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes hero-heroes Negro-Negroes4 :
3、leaf-leaves knife-knives5:baby-babies family-families另外,還要記住一些特殊的名詞的變化形式,如:Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-FrenchmenRussia
4、n-Russians American-Americans German - Germans child-children foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth goos
5、e - geese deer-deer sheep-sheep還要掌握不可數(shù)名詞的量化表達(dá)有: a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of 另外,大家應(yīng)注意:?jiǎn)螖?shù)集合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“數(shù)的”變化:?jiǎn)螖?shù)集合名詞如class, police, family, school, group, team等。盡管形式上是單數(shù),意義上都是復(fù)數(shù),因此,一般要與復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用,例如:Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外國(guó)
6、朋友。(這里的五班指五班的同學(xué)的。)His family are good to me. 他的家人對(duì)我很好。(很顯然,這里的family指家庭成員。)當(dāng)上述集合名詞著重指“整體”時(shí), 意義上則是單數(shù),因此,要與單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用。例如,Our school team often plays well in our city. 我們的校隊(duì)經(jīng)常在我們市踢得很好。(這里的team 指整個(gè)隊(duì),但意義上仍為單數(shù),故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用plays.二、 名詞所有格名詞所有格有兩種形式:一是加s,一種是用of來表示。一般情況下,指某人的某物用s表示,而指某物的
7、什么用of 短語(yǔ)來表示。另外,要注意凡是以s結(jié)尾的名詞或規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù),不能直接加s,而應(yīng)該加-即可。例如,boys clothes girls dresses。 不過,注意例外情況,例如, the bosss handwriting,其中the bosss 的-s不可省略。因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z(yǔ)中,如果以-s 或-ss 結(jié)尾的名詞不是復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形式,那么其名詞所有格仍加-s。那么你會(huì)說“瓊斯的小汽車”嗎?對(duì),Joness car。下面我們來做一部分習(xí)題。1. June 1st is _ Day.A. Childs B. C
8、hilds C. Childrens D. Childrens2. I need _ paper, Mum. I want to write _ letter to my English teacher.A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any3. There are two _ and three _ on the table.A. knifes, f
9、orks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks4. We have got a lot of_ today.A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to do D. book to read5. We could see _ children and hear _ noise i
10、n the park.A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many6. Will you pass me _?A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks7. _ has been invited to the dancing party
11、.A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her1234567DBDBCAB下面請(qǐng)大家自己練習(xí)一下。1. September 10th is _ Day.A. the Teacher B. Teachers C. Teacher D. Teachers2. -Can I help
12、 you, sir?-Id like to have 100_. I want the students to draw pictures on them.A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper3. -Would you like _ milk, please?-No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more B. an C. a lit
13、tle of D. all4. _ the old woman is in!A. What good health B. How a good health C. What a good health D. How good health5. Im going to help _ with _ English.A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancys
14、, her C. a friend of Nancys, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her6. The two desks here are _. You may use the desk over there.A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and JanesD. Marys and Janes123456BBAABD What + a(n) + 形容詞
15、+ 單數(shù)名詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)! What + 形容詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)! What + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)! How + 形容詞/副詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)! How + 形容詞 + a(n) + 名詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)! How + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)! 形容詞和副詞在中考單項(xiàng)選擇中形容詞也占一定比例,一般考查有關(guān)形容詞或副詞的一些搭配,但絕大部分考查形容詞與副詞
16、的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。一、 形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)一般的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)在形容詞或副詞后加-er或-est,如:small - smaller - smallest 以不發(fā)音-e結(jié)尾的形容詞或副詞直接加 r或 st,如large - largest - largest 重讀閉音節(jié)詞尾是一個(gè)輔音字母的,需雙寫該輔音字母,再加-er或-est。 以輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的形容詞和副詞,把“y”變“i”,再加 er或-est.busy-busier-busiest happy-happier-happiest但一些雙音節(jié)及多音節(jié)形容詞或副詞前要加more和most,
17、如:slowly - more slowly - most slowlydifficult-more difficult-most difficultbeautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful但還有一些不規(guī)則的變化:good / well-better-best many-more-mostbad / ill / badly -worse-worst little-less-leastfar - farther / further - farther / furthest二、 形容詞和副詞的等比句型asas 和一樣 Im
18、as tall as you. not as(so)as 不和 一樣(在否定句中常用so 來代替as)如,I cant run so fast as you. 另外asas possible 為固定結(jié)構(gòu),如,as soon as possible, as quickly as possible 等。在以上兩個(gè)句型中形容詞或副詞一定要用原級(jí)。三、形容詞和副詞的其它句型還有: 形容詞/ 副詞 比較級(jí) + than 句型 ,在than 后面的人稱代詞 用主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)均可。 He is older than
19、I / me. 但是如果人稱代詞后有動(dòng)詞時(shí),則只能用主格形式。如, Tom found more red leaves than I did. “the + 比較級(jí), the + 比較級(jí)” 結(jié)構(gòu)表示兩個(gè)變化一起發(fā)生。如, The more you learn, the more youll know. “more and more”結(jié)構(gòu)(指兩個(gè)形容詞比較級(jí)用and 連接)表示持續(xù)不斷的變化。 如: Im getting thinner and thinner.四、修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)的副詞要用much,
20、a lot, a little, a bit, far等,very不能和比較級(jí)連用。如:The blouse I bought yesterday is a little less expensive. 昨天我買的襯衣比較便宜。To play basketball is far more enjoyable to the boy. 打籃球?qū)τ谀泻⒆觼碚f要有趣得多。五、形容詞的一些搭配,如:be glad / happy/ pleased to do 很高興做某事be sorry to do 很抱歉,很遺憾做某事be sure to do 一定/相信會(huì)做某事be ready to do 準(zhǔn)備好做
21、某事,樂于做某事get ready to do 為做好準(zhǔn)備 等等。下面我們來看一些例題。1 The Yellow River is one of _ in China.A. the longest rivers B. the longer river C. the longest riverD. the long river2. Does he speak Chinese _ his brother? A. as better as B. as goo
22、d as C. as well as D. best than3. Which shirt do you like _, the white one or the blue one? A. better B. good C. best D. much4. I dont feel _ to go to work today. Im ill. A. good enough B. well enough
23、0; C. enough well D. enough good5. Mary would like to spend _ days on her research.A. a little more B. a little C. a few more D. much more6. Be quiet, class! I have _ to tell you.A. important anything B. important somethin
24、g C. anything important D. something important7. This picture book is not _ that one.A. so interesting as B. so interesting than C. as interesting than D. interesting as8. This article is _ than that one.A. much easier
25、0; B. more easier c. much more easier D. more easy9. The Changjiang River is _ river in China.A. long B. longest C. the longest D. longer10. You must keep your room _ and tidy.A. to clean
26、; B. cleaning C. clean D. cleaned12345678910ACABCDAACC中考中當(dāng)然也會(huì)涉及到其他諸如代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞、和連詞等的用法。下面我就簡(jiǎn)單提醒大家每類詞需注意的地方。1. 代詞:同學(xué)們需掌握以下不定代詞:all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的合成詞如 nobo
27、dy等,并注意不定代詞的定語(yǔ)后置,如something English2. 數(shù)詞:同學(xué)們需要記住一些特殊拼寫的序數(shù)詞。如:第1- first 第2- second 第3- third 第5- fifth 第9- ninth 第12- twelfth 第20- twentieth 另外需要記住以下短語(yǔ):hundreds of 數(shù)以百計(jì) thousands of 數(shù)以千計(jì)tens of thousands of 數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì) several millions of好幾百萬(wàn) 但表示確切的百或千時(shí)不
28、能用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:ten thousand three million3. 介詞的考察內(nèi)容主要是介詞短語(yǔ),特別是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介詞短語(yǔ)。這類短語(yǔ)比較多,這里我不再一一贅述,大家可以看初中英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)第204頁(yè)至208頁(yè)上的詞組。但我要特別提幾個(gè)以前舊教材所沒有的短語(yǔ),請(qǐng)大家注意。如, speak highly of高度贊揚(yáng) regard as 視為,把看做make a contribution to doing sth 為做貢獻(xiàn)4. 連詞同學(xué)們需要特別記憶以下連詞或連詞短語(yǔ):neithernor eithero
29、r not onlybut also bothand前三個(gè)短語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需遵循就近原則。如, Neither you nor I am right. 你和我都不正確。Either Lucy or Lily is going there. 不是Lucy就是Lily要去那兒。 那么bothand連接主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 如, Both Lucy and Lily are going there.句子的種類1應(yīng)特別注意掌握的簡(jiǎn)單句 有介詞的特殊疑問句 在特殊問句中,作為介詞賓語(yǔ)的疑問代詞可
30、以與介詞分離,放在句首,而把介詞放在句尾。如, Whom do you travel with? 當(dāng)然,也可以把介詞放在句首??傊?,不要把介詞丟掉。有插入語(yǔ)的特殊疑問句在特殊問句中,經(jīng)??梢钥吹竭@樣的句子:Where do you think they may go? 其中,do you think 是疑問式插入語(yǔ),其余部分是think的賓語(yǔ)從句。注意,疑問式插入語(yǔ)同句子的其余部分不用逗號(hào)分開。疑問式插入語(yǔ)還有do you hope, do you guess 等。在肯定句中也有插入語(yǔ)。如:That man, I guess, is
31、 neither a policeman nor a soldier. 在肯定句的插入語(yǔ)要用逗號(hào)與句子的其他部分分開。去掉插入語(yǔ),該句子仍然是個(gè)完整的句子。 Youd better (not) (do sth.) 這個(gè)說法常用于提出“勸告,建議,告戒”。 比較委婉的有禮貌的說法是 Would you like ? 或 What about (doing)?。 如,Its too dark. Youd better leave at once. Im afraid (that) Im afraid (that) I cant go with you today
32、. 常用來委婉地表示自己的看法或預(yù)料一件令人不悅的事情。2并列句: 并列句的考查重點(diǎn)是并列連詞。并列連詞有and, or, but, both and, neither nor, either or, not only but also等。3復(fù)合句:復(fù)合句考查的主要內(nèi)容是賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句。 賓語(yǔ)從句:賓語(yǔ)從句的考查要點(diǎn)是:時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)、人稱的一致、詞序等。A.賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞:賓語(yǔ)從句本身是敘述句是,用that 引導(dǎo)。He said (that) he would leave on March 12 next weeek.賓語(yǔ)從句本身是特殊疑問句時(shí),用疑問詞引導(dǎo)。 Do you kn
33、ow where we can find our teacher?賓語(yǔ)從句本身是一般疑問句時(shí),用if 或whether引導(dǎo)。I dont know if / whether he has done that.B. 賓語(yǔ)從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)。主句謂語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)和將來時(shí)的時(shí)候,賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不受影響。如,It is said that the panda was sent to America last month.主句是過去時(shí)態(tài),從句謂語(yǔ)要做適當(dāng)調(diào)整:a) 由現(xiàn)在時(shí)調(diào)整為過去時(shí)。I didnt know you were also here.b)
34、 由將來時(shí)調(diào)整為過去將來時(shí)He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.c) 過去時(shí)態(tài)多數(shù)不受影響,但“一般過去時(shí)”常調(diào)整為“過去完成時(shí)”,尤其是從句中有before, since 一類的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),多調(diào)整為“過去完成時(shí)”如:She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city. 狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句(常由when, while, before, after, until,
35、as soon as等詞引導(dǎo))、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句(常有where 引導(dǎo))、原因狀語(yǔ)從句(常有because, since, as 引導(dǎo),這三詞所表達(dá)的語(yǔ)氣由because到as逐漸減弱,由why提出的問題必須用because 來回答), 條件狀語(yǔ)從句(常由if引導(dǎo))、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句(常由such that, sothat, so that等引導(dǎo) )、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句(常由though, although引導(dǎo))。另外,今年新加了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,其考查內(nèi)容主要是正確使用關(guān)系代詞who(指人)、that(指人或物)、which(指物) , etc. 定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在修飾詞的后面,如:She is the pe
36、rson who I want to see. 她就是我想見到的人。有時(shí),為了使句子平衡,也可把定語(yǔ)從句與所修飾詞分開。同學(xué)們還記得這樣一句話嗎?Then a screen came up that read, “Congratulations!” 這是第三冊(cè)第54課中的一個(gè)句子。下面我們來看一些例子:1. The traveller was _ tired that she couldnt walk on.A. so B. very C. too D. quite2. Do you know _ ten years ago?A. where does he live B. where he lives C. where did he live D. where he lived3. He didnt go home _ he finishe
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