西方財(cái)稅文獻(xiàn)選讀雙語modity taxes

1、Chapter 6 Commodity Taxes（Taxes on Consumption)1 課時(shí)分配：3課時(shí)教學(xué)要求：通過本章的學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)，進(jìn)一步熟悉消費(fèi)類稅收（貨物與勞務(wù)稅）包含的稅種及這類稅收對(duì)公平與效率的影響，能夠讀懂相關(guān)英文文獻(xiàn)，并能從國(guó)際視野分析我國(guó)貨物與勞務(wù)稅特別是其中增值稅的改革趨勢(shì)。Core Technical Termsad valorem tax 從價(jià)稅carroussel fraud 旋轉(zhuǎn)木馬式舞弊commodity taxes 商品稅consumption tax 消費(fèi)稅corporate profit taxes 公司利潤(rùn)稅double taxation 重復(fù)（

2、雙重）征稅excise tax （選擇性）消費(fèi)稅exemption 免稅general sales tax 一般銷售稅goods and services tax 商品勞務(wù)稅indirect tax 間接稅2Core Technical Termsmultistage taxes 多環(huán)節(jié)征收的稅nuisance taxes 繁雜小額稅種payroll taxes 工資薪金稅personal/individual e taxes 個(gè)人所得稅profit taxes 利潤(rùn)稅progressive tax 累進(jìn)稅refundable 可退稅的regressive tax 累退稅sales tax 銷

3、售稅，營(yíng)業(yè)稅selective sales tax 選擇性銷售稅3Core Technical Termssin taxes 懲罰性稅收single-stage taxes 單環(huán)節(jié)征收的稅tax cascading 道道征稅（稅收“瀑布”）turnover tax 周轉(zhuǎn)稅; 營(yíng)業(yè)稅value-added tax （VAT） 增值稅zero-rate 零稅率; zero-rated 零稅率的4Text5Excise taxes (commodity taxes) are levied on the production or consumption of goods and services o

4、r on transactions, including imports and exports.General sales taxes are levies that are applied to a substantial portion of consumer expenditures.Turnover tax is a tax on each stage of the production and distribution chain, with no relief for tax paid at previous stages.6Sales tax is a levy imposed

5、 upon the sale of goods and services. Sales taxes are commonly classified according to the level of business activity at which they are imposedat the manufacturing or import stage, at the wholesale level, or on retail transactions.Sin taxes may be intended to discourage consumption (e.g., of alcohol

6、 and tobacco) that may be injurious to the consumer or to society. 76.1 Sales Tax6.2 Effect on Consumers8 While the tax on spending as a percentage of gross e may be regressive, the effective tax rates can be progressive on consumption due to exemptions or rebates. If a sales tax is to be related to

7、 e, then the unspent e can be treated as deferred (spending savings at a later point in time), at which time it is taxed. Sales taxes often exclude items or provide rebates in an effort to create progressive effects.6.3 Value-Added Tax（VAT）9 Value-added tax (VAT) is levied on the value added that re

8、sults from each exchange. It differs from a sales tax because a sales tax is levied on the total value of the exchange.Personal end-consumers of products, consumers and services cannot recover VAT on purchases, but businesses are able to recover VAT on the materials and services that they buy to mak

9、e further supplies or services directly or indirectly sold to end-users.In this way, the total tax levied at each stage in the economic chain of supply is a constant fraction of the value added by a business to its products, and most of the cost of collecting the tax is borne by business, rather tha

10、n by the state.106.4 Comparison with a Sales TaxVAT differs from a conventional sales tax in that VAT is levied on every business as a fraction of the price of each taxable sale they make, but they are in turn reimbursed VAT on their purchases, so the VAT is applied to the value added to the goods a

11、t each stage of production.Sales taxes are normally only charged on final sales to consumers: because of reimbursement, VAT has the same overall economic effect on final prices. 11The main difference is the extra accounting required by those in the middle of the supply chain; this disadvantage of VA

12、T is balanced by application of the same tax to each member of the production chain regardless of its position in it and the position of its customers, reducing the effort required to check and certify their status.12A general economic idea is that if sales taxes exceed 10%, people start engaging in

13、 widespread tax evading activity (like buying over the Internet, pretending to be a business, buying at wholesale, buying products through an employer etc.) On the other hand, total VAT rates can rise above 10% without widespread evasion because of the novel collection mechanism. However because of

14、its particular mechanism of collection, VAT es quite easily the target of specific frauds like carousel fraud which can be very expensive in terms of loss of tax es for the States.13The standard way to implement a VAT is to say a business owes some percentage on the price of the product minus all ta

15、xes previously paid on the good. If VAT rates were 10%, an orange juice maker would pay 10% of the $5 per gallon price ($0.50) minus taxes previously paid by the orange farmer (maybe $0.20). In this example, the orange juice maker would have a $0.30 tax liability. Each business has a strong incentiv

16、e for its suppliers to pay their taxes, allowing VAT rates to be higher with less tax evasion than a retail sales tax.146.5 CriticismsThe “value-added tax” has been criticized as the burden of it relies on personal end-consumers of products and is therefore, as any sales tax based on the consumption

17、 of essentials, a regressive tax (the poor pay more, in comparison, than the rich). Tax Fraud156.6 The burden of sales and excise taxesIt is generally assumed that sales and excise taxes are borne by the consumer in the form of a higher price. Whether the burden is shifted entirely or partly depends

18、 on market conditions. Generally, the more likely consumers are to shoulder more of the tax burden, the less their demand for a product depends on its price.Usually, both the supplier and the consumer share the tax burden in terms of lower profits or higher prices. 16Sales and excise taxes also affe

19、ct the way in which goods are allocated to different uses. Higher prices resulting from taxation may decrease the quantities produced and sold. In time of war or other stringency, excises and sales taxes can therefore be used as a means of reducing the production and consumption of goods that are no

20、t considered essential. 17It has been argued that excises distort the economy because they interfere with the natural functioning of market forces. The more general types of taxes, such as the VAT and the retail sales tax, provided they are applied at the same rate to all consumption spending, are a

21、ssumed not to affect price relations to any marked degree and are thus thought to be less distorting.18Internet Sources19 Discussion Questionsfor Chapter 7 1. Discuss the trends of personal e tax reform worldwide since 1980s.2. What are the differences among comprehensive, dual and flat e tax?3. Eva

22、luate the current personal e tax system in China and propose its reform directions in the context of globalization.HomeworkRead related literature on EU VAT, then summarize the characteristics of EU VAT. You can do that in the form of a table.21VAT in the European Union1.Legislation: The essential p

23、iece of EU VAT legislation since 1 January 2007 has been Directive 2006/112/EC- a recast of the Sixth VAT Directive of 1977.2.Taxable persons: Persons (individuals, partnerships, companies or whatever) making taxable supplies of goods and services in the course of a business. 3.Taxable transactions:

24、 Unless expressly exempt, all supplies of goods and services, including munity acquisitions and self-supplies, made in the course of a business. 224.Taxable amount: Consisting of the price charged, including insurance, commission, interest and similar charges as well as indirect taxes, but usually e

25、xcluding discounts for early payment and reimbursement of expenses. The taxable base for imported goods is the adjusted customs value, including customs duties. 5. Exemptions: The Sixth VAT Directive requires certain goods and services to be exempt from VAT (for example, postal services, medical car

26、e, lending, financing, insurance, betting), and certain other goods and services to be exempt from VAT but subject to the ability of an EU member state to opt to charge VAT on those supplies (such as land and certain financial services). 236. VAT rates: (1)the standard VAT rate: 15% (15 -25%) (2) the reduced rate: 5%