考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東第一醫(yī)科大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東第一醫(yī)科大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Inourgreatsocialistcountry,millionsofordinarymenandwomenareworkingselflesslyto（）povertyandbackwardness.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.figureout

B.wipeout

C.carryout

D.takeout

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)figureout“理解，算出”；B選項(xiàng)wipeout“消滅，消除”；C選項(xiàng)carryout“實(shí)行”；D選項(xiàng)takeout“拿走，去掉”。句意：在我們偉大的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家里，千百萬(wàn)普通男女正在為消除貧窮落后而無(wú)私地工作著。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

2.單選題

Nuclearscienceshouldbedevelopedtobenefitthepeople（

）harmthem.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.morethan

B.otherthan

C.betterthan

D.ratherthan

【答案】D

【解析】句意:發(fā)展核科學(xué)是給人們?cè)旄?，而不是危害人們?/p>

短語(yǔ)辨析。Morethan多于，超出;otherthan除了;betterthan超過，多于;ratherthan而不是。故選D。

3.單選題

AscientistnamedChardonnetif,bywatchingsilkworms,realizedthatliquidleavesmustbeforcedthroughmanytinyholes（

）formfine,silk-likethreads.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.whento

B.thatthey

C.iftheyareto

D.astheyareto

【答案】D

【解析】語(yǔ)法（狀語(yǔ)從句）題。分析題干可知，空格后的“formfine,silk-likethreads”在原句中為狀語(yǔ)從句，所以排除B選項(xiàng)；A選項(xiàng)缺少主語(yǔ)，排除；C選項(xiàng)的if引導(dǎo)的如果是真實(shí)條件句，主句部分則需要用將來吋態(tài)，所以排除；D選項(xiàng)as可以引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，正確，句意是‘一位名叫Chardonnetif的科學(xué)家通過觀察桑蠶發(fā)現(xiàn)，富含汁液的樹葉必須通很多微孔才能形成纖細(xì)的，如絲般的紋理。’

4.單選題

Whatwecallnatureis,______,thesumofthechangesmadebyallthevariouscreaturesandnaturalforcesintheirintricateactionsandinfluencesuponeachotherandupontheirplaces.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.incommonsense

B.fromasense

C.bythesense

D.inasense

【答案】D

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.incommonsense普通常識(shí)B.fromasense從一種感覺

C.bythesense憑感覺D.inasense在某種意義上

【考查點(diǎn)】插入語(yǔ)。

【解題思路】分析句子可知，句子結(jié)構(gòu)意義完整，而空格處位于系動(dòng)詞和表語(yǔ)之間，且用逗號(hào)隔開，可推知空格處填入一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，按照句意“我們所稱的自然，______，就是一切不同的生物和自然力在其相互作用和相互影響的過程中所發(fā)生的變化的總和”可知，空格處填入D項(xiàng)符合句意，故該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C項(xiàng)都不符合句意。

【句意】從某種意義上說，我們所稱的自然，就是一切不同的生物和自然力在其相互作用和相互影響的過程中所發(fā)生的變化的總和。

5.單選題

Toconductsomeformsofsleepresearch,wehavetofindawaytotracksleepinessovertheday.Somepeoplemightbelievethatmeasuringsleepinessisafairlytrivialtask.Couldn'tyou,forinstance,simplycountthenumberoftimesapersonyawnsduringanygivenhourorso?

Inmostpeople'sminds,yawning—thatslow,exaggeratedmouthopeningwiththelong,deepinhalationofair,followedbyabrieferexhalation—isthemostobvioussignofsleepiness.Itisacommonbehaviorsharedbymanyanimals,includingourpetdogsandcatsbutalsocrocodiles,snakes,birds,andevensomefishes.Itiscertainlytruethatsleepypeopletendtoyawnmorethanwide-awakepeople.Itisalsotruethatpeoplewhosaytheyareboredbywhatishappeningatthemomentwilltendtoyawnmorefrequently.However,whetheryawningisasignthatyouaregettingreadyforsleeporthatyouaresuccessfullyfightingoffsleepisnotknown.Simplystretchingyourbody,asyoumightdoifyouhavebeensittinginthesamepositionforalongperiodoftime,willoftentriggerayawn.

Unfortunately,yawnsdon'tjustindicatesleepiness.Insomeanimals,yawningisasignofstress.Whenadogtrainerseesadogyawninginadogobedienceclass,itisusuallyasignthattheanimalisunderagooddealofpressure.Perhapsthehandlerispushingtoohardormovingtoofastforthedogtofeelincontrolofthesituation.Amomentortwoofplayandthenturningtoanotheractivityisusuallyenoughtobanishyawningforquiteawhile.

Yawningcanalsobeasignofstressinhumans.Once,whenobservingairbornetroopsabouttotaketheirfirstparachutejump,Inoticedthatseveralofthesoldiersweresittingintheplaneandyawning.Itwas10a.m.,justafteracoffeebreak,andIdoubtedthattheyweretired;Iknewforafactthattheywerefartoonervoustobebored.WhenIaskedaboutthis,theofficerinchargelaughedandsaiditwasreallyquiteacommonbehavior,especiallyonthefirstjump.

Thereisalsoasocialaspecttoyawning.Psychologistshaveplacedactorsincrowdedroomsandauditoriumsandhadthemdeliberatelyyawn.Withinmoments,thereisusuallyanincreaseinyawningbyeveryoneelseintheroom.Similarly,peoplewhowatchfilmsorvideosofothersyawningaremorelikelytoyawn.Evenjustreadingaboutyawningtendstostimulatepeopletoyawn.

Thetruthofthematteristhatwereallydon'tknowwhatpurposeyawningserves.Scientistsoriginallythoughtthatthepurposeofyawningwastoincreasetheamountofoxygeninthebloodortoreleasesomeaccumulatedcarbondioxide.Wenowknowthatthisisnottrue,sinceincreasingtheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheairseemsnottomakepeoplemorelikelytoyawnbuttomakethembreathefastertotrytobringinmoreoxygen.Ontheotherhand,breathing100percentpureoxygendoesnotseemtoreducethelikelihoodofyawning.

Sinceyawningseemstobeassociatedwithalotmorethantheneedforsleep,weobviouslyhavetofindsomeothermeasureofsleepiness.Someresearchershavesimplytriedtoaskpeoplehowsleepytheyfeelatanytimeusingsomesortofself-ratingscale.Thereare,however,problemswithgettingpeopletomakethesetypesofjudgments.Sometimespeoplesimplylietotheresearcherswhenaskedabouthowsleepytheyare.Thisoccursbecauseinmanyareasofsocietyadmittingthatoneisfatiguedandsleepyisconsideredamarkofweaknessorlackofambitionanddrive.Inotherinstances,peoplemayadmittheyneedfourcupsofcoffeetomakeitthroughthemorning,butitmayneveroccurtothemthatthismightbeduetothefactthattheyaresosleepythattheyneedstimulationfromcaffeinetobeabletodotheirrequiredtasks.Forthesereasons,manyresearchershavedevelopedanalternatemethodtodeterminehowsleepyapersonis.Itisbaseduponasimpledefinitionofsleepneed:Thegreateryoursleepneed,orthesleepieryouare,thefasteryouwillfallasleepifgiventheopportunitytodoso.

1.ThequestioninLines3-4(Paragraph1)isbasedonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?

2.Theauthoruseswhichofthefollowinginthefourthparagraph?

3.Theauthormentionsthe"coffeebreak"toemphasizethata（）

4.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostdirectlydisprovewhat"scientistsoriginallythought"？

5.Thepassageasawholeisbestcharacterizedas（）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Directobservationistheonlyreliablemethodofconductingsleepresearch.

B.Peoplewillyawnmostfrequentlyinthemomentsbeforetheyfallasleep.

C.Thereisadirectcorrelationbetweenyawningandsleepiness.

D.Yawningisabehavioroverwhichindividualsexertlittleconsciouscontrol.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Understatement.

B.Anecdote.

C.Analogy.

D.Metaphor.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.briefrespitewassorelyneeded

B.givenattitudewasinappropriate

C.specificresponsewasunderstandable

D.certainbehaviorwasunexpected

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Carbondioxidedoesnotaffectpeople'sbreathingrates.

B.Yawningdoesnotreducetheneedforsleep,thoughitmaymakeapersonfeellesstired.

C.Becauseyawningbringsmoreairintothelungs,itcanincreasetherateatwhichoxygenisabsorbed.

D.Peopledonottendtoyawnmuchathighaltitudes,whereoxygenlevelsintheairarelow.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.informative

B.confessional

C.philosophical

D.argumentative

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:文章首段的問題是很多人認(rèn)為測(cè)量睡眠不難，難道數(shù)一數(shù)在測(cè)定時(shí)間內(nèi)的哈欠數(shù)不可以嗎？在第二段中提及打哈欠是失眠最明顯的跡象。言外之意是在睡眠與哈欠之間有某種關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)C正確。

第2題:信息歸納題。understatement"陳述"；anecdote"奇聞?shì)W事"；analogy"類比"；metaphor"暗喻"。第四段作者舉了一個(gè)親身經(jīng)歷的例子，關(guān)于士兵第一次跳傘都會(huì)打哈欠的事例，此例子應(yīng)屬于奇聞?shì)W事。選項(xiàng)B正確。

第3題:信息推斷題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“coffeebreak”定位到第四段，作者認(rèn)為士兵們剛過了coffeebreak，不應(yīng)該感到困乏。所以打哈欠這個(gè)行為是出乎意料的。選項(xiàng)D正確。

第4題:信息推斷題。根據(jù)第六段第二句的科學(xué)家最初認(rèn)為打哈欠的目的是增加血液中的氧氣含量或釋放一些積聚的二氧化碳。根據(jù)第六段倒數(shù)第二句可知選項(xiàng)A表述錯(cuò)誤；選項(xiàng)B與題干不符；選項(xiàng)C在文中沒有提及；選項(xiàng)D在氧氣濃度低的高地，人們并沒有打更多哈欠的趨勢(shì)。按照科學(xué)家的理論，在氧氣濃度低的地方，為了增加血液中的氧氣，人們要多打哈欠，而現(xiàn)在恰恰沒有多打,因此證明科學(xué)家之前的想法是不正確的。所以本題選D。

第5題:觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。informative"教育性的"；confessional"懺悔的"；philosophical"哲學(xué)的"；argumentative"爭(zhēng)辯的"。本文主要針對(duì)別人的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了反駁，看似是辯論，但文中的反駁都是為作者的敘述而服務(wù)的，并非針鋒相對(duì)的辯論，所以總體看來還是一篇以普及教育為主的文章，所以選項(xiàng)A更為合適。

6.單選題

Thebadweather（

）allourhopesofgoingout.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.halted

B.frustrated

C.submerged

D.immersed

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。halt意為“停止，中止”；frustrate意為“使沮喪，阻止，挫敗”；submerge意為“浸沒，淹沒”；immerse意為“深陷于，沉浸在”。

句意：壞天氣破壞了我們出行的愿望。

7.單選題

Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpointsperiodscountries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone'sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.

Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalogchildhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytiC.Theoldquestions"Whathappened?”and“Howdidithappen?havegivenwaytothequestion“Whydidithappen?”,ProminentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestionWhy"ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.

Psychohistoiydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.ButthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintenD."Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.ThiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstooditPsychohistoryderivesitsfacts"notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistoiy,anddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlives,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto.andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetohistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirthesesPsychohistories,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe"deepest"explanationofanyevent,thatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.

Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory(inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast);italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown,inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminesinthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandcircumstances.

1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?

2.Thepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?

3.Theauthormentionswhichofthefollowingasacharacteristicofthepracticeofpsychohistorians?

4.Theauthorofthepassageputstheword"deepest"(ParA.3)inquotationmarksmostprobablyinorderto（）.

5.Inpresentingheranalysis,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughittackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod

B.Traditionalhistorianscanbenefitfromstudyingthetechniquesandfindingsofpsychohistorians

C.Areasofsociologicalstudysuchaschildhoodandworkareoflittleinteresttotraditionalhistorians.

D.Thepsychologicalassessmentofanindividual'sbehaviorandattitudesismorenormativethanthedetailsofhisorherdailylife

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Whataresomespecificexamplesoftheuseofpsychohistoryinhistoricalinterpretation?

B.Whenweretheconventionsgoverningthepracticeoftraditionalhistoiyfirstestablished?

C.Whendotraditionalhistoriansconsiderpsychologicalexplanationsofhistoricalexplanationsofhistoricaldevelopmentsappropriate?

D.Whatisthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidencerequiredbytraditionalhistorians?

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thelivesofhistoricalfiguresarepresentedinepisodicratherthinnarrativeform

B.Archivesusedbypsychohistorianstogathermaterialarenotaccessibletootherscholars

C.Pastandcurrenteventsareallplacedwithinthesamedeterministicdiagram.

D.Eventsintheadultlifeofahistoricalfigureareseentobemoreconsequentialthanarethoseinthechildhoodofthefigure

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.signalherreservationsabouttheaccuracyofpsychohistoriars'claimsfortheirwork

B.drawattentiontoacontradictioninthepsychohistoriansmethod

C.emphasizethemajordifferencebetweenthetraditionalhistorians'methodandthatofhistorians

D.disassociateheropinionofthepsychohistorians'claimsfromheropinionoftheirmethod

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Makegeneralstatementswithoutreferencetospecificexamples

B.Describesomeofthecriteriaemployedbytraditionalhistorians

C.Questiontheadequacyofthepsycholistorians'interpretationofevents

D.Pointoutinconsistenciesinthepsychohistorians’applicationoftheirmethods

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。通讀全文分析可見，本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是包含“psychohistory”和“history”概念的選項(xiàng)，A項(xiàng)翻譯為：“心理學(xué)史家對(duì)歷史研究的態(tài)度，盡管它突破了傳統(tǒng)史學(xué)方法的嚴(yán)密性和可驗(yàn)證性，但目前仍在流行”。綜合考慮，該選項(xiàng)符合題意，正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到原文第三段“Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.”，中文翻譯為：“它（即心理、歷史學(xué)）否定歷史證據(jù)的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即歷史證據(jù)是大家都可以獲取的，因此可被所有的歷史學(xué)家評(píng)價(jià)”可推斷出D項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家需要的歷史證據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么”正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵短語(yǔ)“psychohistorians”可以定位到答案信息在原文第三、四段。但是三、四段沒有給出本題答案的具體信息。綜合考慮，一般人們闡述問題的規(guī)律為：理論到實(shí)踐。故最佳答案為C項(xiàng)“過去和現(xiàn)在的事件都放在同一個(gè)確定性狀態(tài)圖中”。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文第三段“Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.”，中文翻譯為：它（即心理歷史學(xué)）否定歷史證據(jù)的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即歷史證據(jù)是大家都可以獲取的，因此可被所有的歷史學(xué)家評(píng)價(jià)。以及原文“Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories.”，中文翻譯為：“心理歷史學(xué)家確信自己理論的絕對(duì)正確?！苯Y(jié)合語(yǔ)境可以得出A項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。選項(xiàng)A可定位到文章第三段第六、七、八句，選項(xiàng)B可定位到文章第一段第一、二句，選項(xiàng)C可以定位到第三段的尾句。因此選擇D項(xiàng)。

8.翻譯題

晶體管（transistor）與電子管（electrontube）相比有好多優(yōu)點(diǎn)（advantage）。

【答案】Transistorhasmanyadvantagesoverelectrontube.

9.單選題

（）he’salreadyheardthenews.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Chancesare

B.Chanceis

C.Opportunitiesare

D.Opportunityis

【答案】A

【解析】句意:他很可能已經(jīng)聽到這個(gè)消息了。

10.單選題

Ithinkshehurtmyfeelings（）ratherthanbyaccidentassheclaimed.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.virtually

B.literally

C.appropriately

D.deliberately

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)下半句“ratherthanbyaccident..”可推測(cè),“我認(rèn)為她是故意傷害我的感情而不是她聲稱的偶然傷害”。所以選項(xiàng)D符合語(yǔ)境。

11.翻譯題

小班上課要求學(xué)生參與討論，因此他們不再被動(dòng)聽課。在與老師和同學(xué)進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)交流時(shí)，他們的能力大幅度提高。這種交流有助于教師在考試前了解學(xué)生掌握了哪些知識(shí)，因此能提高自己的教學(xué)質(zhì)量。這樣的課程需要教師們精力充沛、富有想象、認(rèn)真思考，所有這一切可能令人身心疲憊，但卻能促使學(xué)生對(duì)自己的學(xué)業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)。

【答案】Smallclassesrequirestudentstoparticipateindiscussions,sotheynolongerlistenpassively.Theirabilitiesaregreatlyimprovedinacademicexchangeswithteachersandclassmates.Thiskindofcommunicationhelpsteacherstoknowwhatstudentshavemasteredbeforetheexam,thusimprovingthequalityoftheirteaching.Suchcoursesrequireenergetic,imaginativeandthoughtfulteachers,allofwhichcanbeexhausting,butcanmakestudentstakeresponsibilityfortheirstudies.

12.單選題

Present-dayphilosophersusuallyenvisiontheirdisciplineasanendeavorthathasbeen,sinceantiquity,distinctfromandsuperiortoanyparticularintellectualdiscipline,suchastheologyorscience.Suchphilosophicalconcernsasthemind-bodyproblemor,moregenerally,thenatureofhumanknowledgetheybelieve,arebasichumanquestionswhosetentativephilosophicalsolutionshaveservedasthenecessaryfoundationsonwhichallotherintellectualspeculationhasrested.

Thebasisforthisview,however,liesinaseriousmisinterpretationofthepast,aprojectionofmodernconcernsontopastevents.Theideaofanautonomousdisciplinecalled“philosophy,”distinctfromandsittinginjudgmentonsuchpursuitsastheologyandscienceturnsout,oncloseexamination,tobeofquiterecentorigin.When,intheseventeenthcentury,DescartesandHobbesrejectedmedievalphilosophy,theydidnotthinkofthemselves,asmodernphilosophersdo,asproposinganewandbetterphilosophy,butratherasfurthering“thewarfarebetweenscienceandtheology.”Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyandenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.

Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy’scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething.ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.Withouttheideaofepistemology,thesurvivalofphilosophyinanageofmodernscienceishardtoimagine.Metaphysics,philosophy’straditionalcore-consideredasthemostgeneraldescriptionofhowtheheavensandtheearthareputtogether-hadbeenrenderedalmostcompletelymeaninglessbythespectacularprogressofphysics.Kant,however,byfocusingphilosophyontheproblemofknowledge,managedtoreplacemetaphysicswithepistemology,andthustotransformthenotionofphilosophyas“queenofsciences”intothenewnotionofphilosophyasaseparate,foundationaldiscipline.Philosophybecame“primary”nolongerinthesenseof“highest”butinthesenseof“underlying”.AfterKant,philosopherswereabletoreinterpretseventeenth-andeighteenth-centurythinkersasattemptingtodiscover“Howisourknowledgepossible?”andtoprojectthisquestionbackevenontheancients.

31.Accordingtotheauthor,philosophybecamedistinctfromscienceandtheologyduringthe________.

32.TheauthorsuggeststhatDescartes’supportforthenewscienceoftheseventeenthcenturycanbecharacterizedas________.

33.Theauthorofthepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingindiscussingthedevelopmentofphilosophyduringthenineteenthcentury?

34.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthewritingofhistorywouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

35.Theprimaryfunctionofthepassageasawholeisto________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ancienttime

B.medievalperiod

C.seventeenthcentury

D.nineteenthcentury

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.pragmaticandhypocritical

B.cautiousandinconsistent

C.daringandopportunistic

D.strongbutprudent

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Nineteenthcenturyphilosophytookscienceasitsmodelforunderstandingthebasesofknowledge.

B.Theroleofacademicinstitutionsinshapingmetaphysicalphilosophygrewenormouslyduringthenineteenthcentury.

C.NineteenthcenturyphilosopherscarriedoutaprogramofinvestigationexplicitlylaidoutbyDescartesandSpinoza.

D.Kanthadanoverwhelmingimpactonthedirectionofnineteenthcenturyphilosophy.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Historyshouldnotemphasizetheroleplayedbyideasovertheroleplayedbyindividuals.

B.Historyshouldnotbedistortedbyattributingpresentdayconsciousnesstohistoricalfigures.

C.Historyshouldnotbefocusedprimarilyonthosepasteventsmostrelevanttothepresent.

D.Historyshouldbeconcernedwithdescribingthoseaspectsofthepastthatdiffermostfromthoseofthepresent.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.comparetwocompetingmodels

B.analyzeadifficulttheory

C.presentnewevidenceforatheory

D.correctanerroneousbeliefbydescribingitsorigins

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】31.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.（這種哲學(xué)興趣和科學(xué)實(shí)踐之間的聯(lián)系一直持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)，這時(shí)，教會(huì)壓制學(xué)術(shù)界的力量的衰退和科學(xué)性質(zhì)的變化導(dǎo)致了哲學(xué)與這兩者的最終分離。），可知哲學(xué)與科學(xué)和神學(xué)分離是在19世紀(jì)，D選項(xiàng)“19世紀(jì)”正確，A選項(xiàng)“古代”，B選項(xiàng)“中世紀(jì)時(shí)期”和C選項(xiàng)“17世紀(jì)”錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

32.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第四句Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophy（他們戰(zhàn)斗，盡管是謹(jǐn)慎的，是為了向新科學(xué)打開思想世界的大門，把思想生活從教會(huì)哲學(xué)中解放出來。），可知笛卡爾抱著謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度激烈推進(jìn)新科學(xué)，堅(jiān)定并滿懷熱忱，D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)有力而謹(jǐn)慎”正確，A選項(xiàng)“務(wù)實(shí)并虛偽”和B選項(xiàng)“謹(jǐn)慎并矛盾”錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“大膽并恰到時(shí)機(jī)”：文章沒有提到在此時(shí)是什么時(shí)機(jī)，大環(huán)境如何有利于笛卡爾推進(jìn)新科學(xué)，故錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

33.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第二句ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.（現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)家現(xiàn)在至少可以回溯到笛卡爾和斯賓諾莎，但直到18世紀(jì)末，康德才明確提出了這個(gè)概念（認(rèn)識(shí)論），直到19世紀(jì)末，它才成為學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)和哲學(xué)教授的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自我描述。），康德提出的概念在19世紀(jì)末成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可見影響力巨大，D選項(xiàng)“康德對(duì)十九世紀(jì)哲學(xué)的發(fā)展方向產(chǎn)生了壓倒性的影響”正確；B選項(xiàng)“學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)在塑造形而上學(xué)哲學(xué)方面的作用在19世紀(jì)急劇增長(zhǎng)”中沒有提到形而上學(xué)；C選項(xiàng)“19世紀(jì)的哲學(xué)家們執(zhí)行了由笛卡爾和斯賓諾莎明確列出的調(diào)查程序”中，笛卡爾和斯賓諾莎最先提出，但主要是使用康德的概念。A選項(xiàng)“19世紀(jì)的哲學(xué)以科學(xué)作為理解知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)的模式”：根據(jù)第三段第一句Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy’scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething.（19世紀(jì)早期，一種新觀念的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了哲學(xué)與科學(xué)的區(qū)分，即哲學(xué)的核心興趣應(yīng)該是認(rèn)識(shí)論，即對(duì)認(rèn)識(shí)事物的一般解釋。），可知在這時(shí)哲學(xué)與科學(xué)分開，哲學(xué)的核心是認(rèn)識(shí)論，不符合文章意思。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

34.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第二段第一句Thebasisforthisview,however,liesinaseriousmisinterpretationofthepast,aprojectionofmodernconcernsontopastevents.（然而，這種觀點(diǎn)基于對(duì)過去的嚴(yán)重誤解，是將現(xiàn)代的關(guān)注投射到過去的事件上。），可知作者認(rèn)為過去與現(xiàn)在不同，解讀方式就不同，不能用當(dāng)下的態(tài)度解讀歷史，所以B選項(xiàng)“不能把今天的意識(shí)歸結(jié)于歷史人物，從而歪曲歷史”正確。A選項(xiàng)“歷史不應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)思想的作用而忽視個(gè)人的作用”，C選項(xiàng)“歷史不應(yīng)該主要集中在那些與現(xiàn)在最相關(guān)的過去事件上”和D選項(xiàng)“歷史應(yīng)該關(guān)注描述過去與現(xiàn)在最不同的那些方面”文章沒有提到。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

35.主旨大意題。文章在開頭提出現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)，然后提出這是錯(cuò)誤的，再通過回溯這些觀點(diǎn)的起源糾正錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)，文章最后一句提到還可以繼續(xù)回溯，所以D選項(xiàng)“通過描述其起源來糾正錯(cuò)誤的信仰”正確。A選項(xiàng)“比較兩個(gè)相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的模型”，B選項(xiàng)“分析一個(gè)難以理解的理論”和C選項(xiàng)“為一個(gè)理論提供新證據(jù)”是文章內(nèi)容的一部分，不足以概括全文。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Thearticleinsinuatedthattheofficialwasbribed.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deniedpositively

B.statedflatly

C.arguedconvincingly

D.suggestedindirectly

【答案】D

【解析】insinuate意為暗示。deniedpositively明確否認(rèn)；statedflatly平平的陳述；arguedconvincingly令人信服地論證；suggestedindirectly迂回的表示。選項(xiàng)D與之意思相近。

14.單選題

Thestationerhasnotyetdeliveredtheyellowpaper,butwhen（）Iwillgiveyousome.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theydo

B.theywill

C.hedoes

D.hewill

【答案】C

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)辨析。句意：文具店還沒有給你黃色的紙，但是……的時(shí)候我會(huì)給你一些。根據(jù)句意，可推測(cè)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，因此排除B，D選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)A是they，不能指代stationer，因此選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。

15.單選題

WillthereeverbeanotherEinstein?ThisistheundercurrentofconversationatEinsteinmemorialmeetingsthroughouttheyear.AnewEinsteinwillemerge,scientistssay.Butitmaytakealongtime.Afterall,morethan200yearsseparatedEinsteinfromhisnearestrival,IsaacNewton.

ManyphysicistssaythenextEinsteinhasn’tbeenbornyet,orisababynow.That’sbecausethequestforaunifiedtheorythatwouldaccountforalltheforcesofnaturehaspushedcurrentmathematicstoitslimits.Newmathmustbecreatedbeforetheproblemcanbesolved.

ButresearcherssaytherearemanyotherfactorsworkingagainstanotherEinsteinemerginganytimesoon.

Foronething,physicsisamuchdifferentfieldtoday.InEinstein’sday,therewereonlyafewthousandphysicistsworldwide,andthetheoreticianswhocouldintellectuallyrivalEinsteinprobablywouldfitintoastreetcarwithseatstoshare.

Educationisdifferent,too.On