考研考博-英語-上海工會(huì)管理職業(yè)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-上海工會(huì)管理職業(yè)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish

確定目的后，原告必須考慮在什么法院起訴最能實(shí)現(xiàn)其目的。他必須在聯(lián)邦法院起訴?在州法院?或兩者可選其一?若在州法院，在哪一州?若在聯(lián)邦法院，該在全國86個(gè)轄區(qū)中的哪個(gè)區(qū)？在此存在許多考量，有些過于技術(shù)的我們便不在本文中論及。然而，并非所有案件的原告都會(huì)面臨選擇難題。如上所述，有些案件只能在聯(lián)邦法院提起，且事實(shí)上只能在一所特定的聯(lián)邦法院.。

【答案】Aftermakinghisdecision,theplaintiffmustconsiderhowtoselectadequatecourttosue,e.g.thefederalcourt,stateoneorthosearethetwoalternatives.Ifgoingtothestatecourt,heneedthinkaboutchoosingwhich;orthefederalcourt,hehastochooseadistrictfromnational’s86jurisdictions.Becausetherearemanyfactorstobeestimated,itisnotconvenientforustodiscusssomeknowhowsherein.Butnotallplaintiffsshouldbefacedwiththedilemma.Asstated,atypeofcasemaybeheardonlyinthefederalcourt,andinfactonlyinaspecialone.

2.單選題

Duringthemonthsofmaximumprecipitation,broadareastraversedbytheAmazonaresubjecttoseverefloods.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.drowned

B.assaulted

C.crossed

D.eroded

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。traverse表示“穿過，來回移動(dòng)，反駁”；A項(xiàng)drown“淹沒，把……淹死”，B項(xiàng)assault“攻擊，襲擊”，C項(xiàng)cross項(xiàng)“穿越，越過，橫過”，D項(xiàng)erode“腐蝕，侵蝕”。句意：在降雨量最大的幾個(gè)月里，亞馬遜河流經(jīng)的廣大地區(qū)會(huì)遭受嚴(yán)重的洪水。根據(jù)句意可知traverse在句中表示“途經(jīng)”，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中意思與之相近的是C項(xiàng)。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Teachingchildrentobe（

）inbothtechnologyandbasicskillslikewritingbyhandisabalancingactthatisasmuchataskforparentsasforteachers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.proficient

B.adept

C.capable

D.suitable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。proficient意為“精通的，熟練的”，beproficientin意為“精通于，熟練掌握”；adept意為“擅長于……的”，一般指有技巧的事情；capable意為“有能力的”，常與of連用；suitable意為“合適的”，常用for連用。句意：教孩子們熟練掌握技術(shù)和基本技能，比如手寫，是一種平衡行為，對家長和教師來說都是一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。

4.單選題

Thenewcolleague（）tohaveworkedinseveralbigcorporation’sbeforehejoinedourcompany.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.confesses

B.declares

C.claims

D.confirms

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)confess表示“坦白；承認(rèn)；供認(rèn)”，B選項(xiàng)declare表示“宣布，申明，宣稱”，D選項(xiàng)confirm表示“確認(rèn)，確定，核實(shí)”，C選項(xiàng)claim表示“宣稱，要求，索賠”。由句意可知，新同事宣稱，他進(jìn)入我們公司之前，在一些大公司里工作過。空缺處單詞需與介詞to構(gòu)成搭配，因此本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

5.翻譯題

FiveNationalHealthService(NHS)trustshavesignedpartnershipswithGoogletoprocesssensitivepatientrecords,inwhatarebelievedtobethefirstdealsoftheirkind.ThecollaborationscameafterDeepMind,theLondon-basedartificialintelligencecompanyownedbyAlphabet,transferredcontrolofitshealthdivisiontoitsCalifornianparent.DeepMindhadcontractstoprocessmedicaldatafromsixNHStruststodevelopitsapp,whichalertsdoctorsandnurseswhenpatientsareatriskofacutekidneyinjury,aswellastoconductAIresearch.FiveofthetrustschosetosigncontractswithGoogle.AccordingtopapersfromtheRoyalFree,thedatathatwillbesharedwithGooglewillincludedetailssuchasmedicalhistory,diagnoses,treatmentdatesandethnicorigin.

【答案】【參考譯文】英國國家醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系的五家信托公司與谷歌簽署了合作伙伴關(guān)系，以處理敏感的患者記錄，這被認(rèn)為是此類交易的首次。此前，總部位于倫敦的Alphabet旗下人工智能公司DeepMind將其醫(yī)療部門的控制權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓給了位于加州的母公司。DeepMind與NHS簽訂了合同，處理來自6個(gè)信托機(jī)構(gòu)的醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)，以開發(fā)自己的應(yīng)用，以及進(jìn)行人工智能研究。當(dāng)患者面臨急性腎損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，該應(yīng)用會(huì)向醫(yī)生和護(hù)士發(fā)出警報(bào)。其中5家信托公司選擇與谷歌簽訂合同。根據(jù)皇家自由報(bào)的文件，谷歌將共享的數(shù)據(jù)包括病史、診斷、治療日期和種族等細(xì)節(jié)。

6.單選題

Thecoursenormallyattracts20studentsperyear,（

）uptohalfwillbefromoverseas.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inwhich

B.forwhom

C.withwhich

D.ofwhom

【答案】D

【解析】句意:這門課程通常每年會(huì)吸引二十名學(xué)生，其中有一半是留學(xué)生。

語法題?？疾槎ㄕZ從句。題干后半部分為定語從句修飾先行詞20students。定語從句中缺少關(guān)系詞。選項(xiàng)D中,of表示“在…中”,后面接關(guān)系代詞which。

7.單選題

Itishardfortheyoungpeopletoimaginewhatsevereconditionstheirparentsoncelivedunder.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.sincere

B.hard

C.strict

D.tight

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)sincere“真誠的”；B選項(xiàng)hard“艱難的”；C選項(xiàng)strict“嚴(yán)格的”；D選項(xiàng)tight“緊的，密封的”。句意：年輕人很難想象他們的父母曾經(jīng)生活在多么艱苦的條件下。B選項(xiàng)與劃線詞詞義最接近，因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.單選題

Systematiceffortsatnationalnutritionplanningindevelopingcountriesgobackbarelyadecade.Duringthatbrieftimetherehasbeenconsiderableprogressinestablishingtheextentandcausesofmalnutritionandwhatcanbedonetoreduceit.

Tenyearsago,malnutritionwasoftenthoughttoreflectprimarilyashortageofprotein(andinsomecases,vitaminsorminerals).Mostnutritionprogramsconcentratedonprovidinghigh-proteinfoodtochildren,usuallyinschools.Theemphasistodayisdifferent.Thereisnowawidemeasureofagreementonseveralbroadpropositions.

Seriousandextensivenutritionaldeficienciesoccurinvirtuallyalldevelopingcountries,thoughtheyareworstinlow-incomecountries.Theyareusuallycausedbyundernourishment—ashortageoffood—notbyanimbalancebetweencaloriesandprotein.Theremayoftenbeshortageofspecificmicronutrientsandofprotein,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Butgiventhetypicalcompositionofthedietsofthepoor,totheextentthatcalorierequirements(asestimatedbytheFAOandtheWHO)aremet,itislikelythatothernutritionalneedswillalsobesatisfied.

Malnutritionaffectsoldandyoung,maleandfemale,urbanandruraldwellers;particularlyprevalentamongchildrenunderfive,itreducestheirresistancetodiseasesandisamajorcauseoftheirdeath.Inmanysocieties,girlssuffermorethanboys.

Malnutritionislargelyareflectionofpoverty;peopledonothaveenoughincomeforfood.Giventheslowincomegrowththatislikelyforpoverty-strickenpeopleintheforeseeablefuture,largenumberswillremainmalnourishedfordecadestocome.

Poornutritionalpracticesandtheinequitabledistributionoffoodwithinfamiliesarealsocausesofmalnutrition.

Themosteffectivelongtermpoliciesarethosethatraisetheincomesofthepoor,andthosethatraisefoodproductionperperson.Otherrelevantpoliciesincludefoodsubsidies,nutritioneducation,addingmineralsorvitaminstosaltandotherprocessedfoods,andincreasingemphasisonproducingfoodstypicallyconsumedbythepoor.

Thesepointswillbeamplifiedinthefollowingdiscussion.

1.Duringthepast10yearsdevelopingcountries______.

2.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacauseofmalnutrition?

3.Withregardtothefuture,theauthortendstobelievethat______.

4.“Nutritioneducation”ismentionedinthepassageas______.

5.Itcanbepredictedfromthelastsentenceofthepassagethattheauthorisgoingtotalkindetailabout______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.havemadeconsiderableattemptstoplanaboutnutritiononanation-widescale

B.havestartednutritionprogramsthataimatprovidinghigh-proteinfoodtochildreninschool

C.havetakeneffectivemeasurestoreducemalnutritioneverywhere

D.havereachedanagreementtofightmalnutritionbycombiningefforts

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Poverty.

B.Poornutritionalpractice.

C.Inequitabledistributionoffood.

D.Inadequatenutritioneducation.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.malnutritionwillbelargelyeliminatedinsomedevelopingcountriesinthenextfewyears

B.thedevelopedcountriesareplanningtooffersomehelptoreducemalnutrition

C.manypeoplestillhavetosufferfrommalnutritioninthenearfuture

D.people’sincomeindevelopingcountrieswillgrowrapidlyintheforeseeablefuture9.“Nutritioneducation”ismentionedinthepassageas______.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.oneofthemosteffectivepoliciestoreducemalnutritioninthelongterm

B.oneofthesecondarymeasuresofreducingmalnutrition

C.oneofthewaystoimproveeducationindevelopingcountries

D.oneoftheeffortsthathasbeenmadeduringthepast10years10.Itcanbepredictedfromthelastsentenceofthepassagethattheauthorisgoingtotalkindetailabout______.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.policiesforreducingmalnutrition

B.thecausesformalnutrition

C.howtoraisetheincomesofthepoor

D.producingfoodstypicallyconsumedbythepoor

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“在過去的10年里，發(fā)展中國家……”。文章第一段第一句指出Systematiceffortsatnationalnutritionplanningindevelopingcountriesgobackbarelyadecade.（發(fā)展中國家在國家營養(yǎng)規(guī)劃方面的系統(tǒng)性努力僅僅可以追溯到過去十年里）可知，A項(xiàng)“已經(jīng)做了相當(dāng)多的嘗試來計(jì)劃全國范圍內(nèi)的營養(yǎng)方面”符合原文；由第二段第二句Mostnutritionprogramsconcentratedonprovidinghigh-proteinfoodtochildren,usuallyinschools.（大多數(shù)營養(yǎng)計(jì)劃集中在為兒童提供高蛋白食品，通常是在學(xué)校）可知，不是所有計(jì)劃是針對學(xué)校兒童的，B項(xiàng)“已經(jīng)開始了旨在為學(xué)校里的孩子提供高蛋白食物的營養(yǎng)計(jì)劃”表述不準(zhǔn)確；C項(xiàng)“采取了有效措施減少各地的營養(yǎng)不良情況”沒有提到；由第二段最后兩句Theemphasistodayisdifferent.Thereisnowawidemeasureofagreementonseveralbroadpropositions.（今天的重點(diǎn)有所不同。如今在幾個(gè)廣泛的主張上已經(jīng)達(dá)成了廣泛的共識。）可知，D項(xiàng)“已經(jīng)達(dá)成一致通過共同努力來對抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)不良的情況”并不是過去十年里發(fā)生的。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“下列哪一個(gè)沒有被提到是營養(yǎng)不良的原因？”。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第四段第一句Malnutritionislargelyareflectionofpoverty（營養(yǎng)不良在很大程度上是貧困的反映）可知，A項(xiàng)“貧困”正確；由倒數(shù)第三段Poornutritionalpracticesandtheinequitabledistributionoffoodwithinfamiliesarealsocausesofmalnutrition.（貧乏的營養(yǎng)實(shí)踐和家庭內(nèi)食物分配不公平也是營養(yǎng)不良的原因）可知，B項(xiàng)“貧乏的營養(yǎng)實(shí)踐”和C項(xiàng)“食物分配不均”也是造成營養(yǎng)不良的原因，只有D項(xiàng)“營養(yǎng)教育缺乏”沒有被提及是營養(yǎng)不良的原因。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“對于未來，作者傾向于認(rèn)為……”。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第四段最后一句Giventheslowincomegrowththatislikelyforpoverty-strickenpeopleintheforeseeablefuture,largenumberswillremainmalnourishedfordecadestocome.（鑒于在可預(yù)見的未來，貧困人口的收入可能增長緩慢，未來幾十年仍將有大量人口營養(yǎng)不良）可知，C項(xiàng)“在不久的將來，許多人仍然要忍受營養(yǎng)不良的痛苦”符合題意；A項(xiàng)“在今后幾年內(nèi)，一些發(fā)展中國家的營養(yǎng)不良問題將基本消除”和B項(xiàng)“發(fā)達(dá)國家正計(jì)劃提供一些幫助來減少營養(yǎng)不良”沒有提及；D項(xiàng)“在可預(yù)見的未來，發(fā)展中國家的人民收入將迅速增長”與文章不符。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“文章中提到了‘營養(yǎng)教育’是……”。文中提到nutritioneducation是在文章的倒數(shù)第二段第二句Otherrelevantpoliciesincludefoodsubsidies,nutritioneducation…（其他相關(guān)政策包括糧食補(bǔ)貼、營養(yǎng)教育……），而上一句是Themosteffectivelongtermpoliciesarethosethatraisetheincomesofthepoor,andthosethatraisefoodproductionperperson.（最有效的長期政策是那些提高窮人收入和提高人均糧食產(chǎn)量的政策），綜合可知，“營養(yǎng)教育”是減少營養(yǎng)不良的次要措施之一，B項(xiàng)“減少營養(yǎng)不良的次要措施之一”正確；由此也可知A項(xiàng)“長期減少營養(yǎng)不良最有效的政策之一”不正確；C項(xiàng)“改善發(fā)展中國家教育的方法之一”和D項(xiàng)“過去10年所做的努力之一”都沒提到。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章的最后一句話可以預(yù)測，作者將要詳細(xì)討論……”。文章的最后一句話是Thesepointswillbeamplifiedinthefollowingdiscussion.（這些觀點(diǎn)將在下面的討論中加以詳述），而thesepoints指的是上一段所提到的一些關(guān)于減少營養(yǎng)不良的政策和一些措施，因此可以推斷，作者將要詳細(xì)地討論這些政策和措施，故A項(xiàng)“減少營養(yǎng)不良的政策”符合題意；B項(xiàng)“營養(yǎng)不良的原因”在文中已經(jīng)闡述過了，所以不太可能出現(xiàn)在后文；C項(xiàng)“如何提高窮人的收入”和D項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)窮人消費(fèi)的食物”都是包括在A項(xiàng)里面的。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Theseseatsare（

）foroldandsickpeople.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.conserved

B.deserved

C.preserved

D.reserved

【答案】D

【解析】近義詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)conserved“保存，保全”；B選項(xiàng)deserved“值得”；C選項(xiàng)preserved“保藏”；D選項(xiàng)reserved“保留”。句意：這些座位是留給老人和病人的。bereservedfor意為“為…保留”，所以選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

10.單選題

Itwasa

verydifficultexamination,（）he

passeditwithdistinction.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.consequently

B.moreover

C.nevertheless

D.likewise

【答案】C

【解析】句意：雖然考試很難,但他以優(yōu)異的成績通過了考試。此處為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,只有nevertheless有轉(zhuǎn)折的含義。

11.單選題

NothavingagoodcommandofEnglishcanbeaserious（

）topreventingyoufrom

achievingyourgoals.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.impediment

B.fault

C.offense

D.distress

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。impediment意為“妨礙，阻止”；fault意為“缺點(diǎn)，缺陷”；offense意為“犯罪，進(jìn)攻”；distress意為“悲痛”。

句意：不能很好地掌握英語可能妨礙你實(shí)現(xiàn)你的目標(biāo)。

12.單選題

Weneedsomeonewhohasan________viewasthenation’schieflawenforcementofficer.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.imaginative

B.impartial

C.inquisitive

D.instinctive

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.imaginative富于想象力的，創(chuàng)新的B.impartial公平的，公正的

C.inquisitive好奇的，愛打聽的D.instinctive本能的，直覺的

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】空格處做定語修飾下文的“view（觀點(diǎn)）”，表示我們需要一個(gè)有著什么樣觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的人。由“asthenation’schieflawenforcementofficer（擔(dān)任國家首席執(zhí)法官）”可知，空格處應(yīng)該說的是首席執(zhí)法官的特點(diǎn)，既然是執(zhí)法官，就需要是公平、公正的。impartial指平等對待所有人和群體，沒有偏見，因此B選項(xiàng)“公平的，公正的”最符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)imaginative“富于想象力的，創(chuàng)新的”指擁有新想法和有趣想法的能力；

C選項(xiàng)inquisitive“好奇的，愛打聽的”指喜歡問問題，有想知道更多的欲望；

D選項(xiàng)instinctive“本能的，直覺的”指與本能有關(guān)的或基于本能的，而不是基于思考或訓(xùn)練的；

均不能和“l(fā)awenforcementofficer（執(zhí)法官）”相對應(yīng)。

【句意】我們需要一個(gè)有公正態(tài)度的人來擔(dān)任國家首席執(zhí)法官。

13.單選題

Veryyoungchildrenwithnoreadingexperiencemayastoundtheirparentswiththefirstwordstheyread,suchasadepartmentstoresignannouncingBigSale.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.amaze

B.please

C.convey

D.bother

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。astound表示“使驚駭，使震驚”；A項(xiàng)amaze“使吃驚”，B項(xiàng)please“使喜歡，使高興，使?jié)M意”，C項(xiàng)convey“傳達(dá)，運(yùn)輸，讓與”，D項(xiàng)bother“煩擾，打擾，使……不安”。句意：沒有閱讀經(jīng)驗(yàn)的幼兒第一次讀到的單詞可能會(huì)讓他們的父母感到震驚，比如百貨商店的招牌上寫著“大減價(jià)”。因此，根據(jù)句意可知A選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Thescientificmethodisthesystematicpursuitofknowledgeinvolvingtheidentificationofaproblem,thecollectionofrelevantdatathroughobservationandexperimentation,andtheformulationandtestingofhypothesesthataimtosolvetheproblem.Eversincethescientificmethodbecameawayoflearningaboutnature,includingourselves,somepeoplehavehailedscienceastheonlywaytocomprehendnaturalphenomena,whileothershavequestionedwhetheritisanappropriateroadtoknowledge.Asscienceandtechnologyhavegrown,thequestioninghasdeepenedandexpanded.

Thisisnottosaythatso-calledscientificevidenceisnotagoodwaytovouchsafetruth.Scientists’testimoniesareusedtoendorseeverythingfromtoothpastetonuclearpower;however,theyarealsousedtochallengetheverysamethings.Andthisiswhereitgetstricky:“Scientific”supportcannowbeelicitedonallsidesofeveryquestion,sothatthepublicisconstantlyforcedtodecidewhichscientiststobelieve.

Wherethenisthevauntedobjectivityofscience?Peoplearerealizingthattheymusteitherdevelopcriteriaonwhichtomakethesedecisions(andtodosoforeachimportantissue)ordecidetodisbelieveallscientificexplanationsandlookforotherwaysofknowing.Incidentally,theseotherwaysaresometimesnolessempiricalthanthescientificones.Thedecisiontodisbelieveallscientificexplanationsisnottobesneeredat.Thevolume,contradictoriness,andlimitedcomprehensibilityofmuchscientificinformationleavemostpeoplebewildered.

IamremindedofthecommentVirginiaWoolfattributestothetime-travelingcharacterinhernovelOrlando,whomusedassheentersanelevatoratMarshallandSnelgrove’sdepartmentstoreinLondonin1928:“Theveryfabricoflifenow...ismagic.Intheeighteenthcentury,weknewhoweverythingwasdone;buthereIrisethroughtheair;IlistentovoicesinAmerica;Iseemenflying-buthowit’sdone,Ican’teverbegintowonder.Somybeliefinmagicreturns.”

Notonlythegeneralpublicisillatease.Uneasyquestionsarebeingaskedbyscientiststhemselves.Asonenotedscientistshasargued:Thescientificcommunityhadleadaparticularlyunexaminedlifeforasurprisinglylongtime,andmayhaveaccepteditsunusualand,untilrecently,unquestionedstatusalittletooeasily.Indeed,inthelast25years,inanefforttoraisefinancialsupportataratenearlytriplethatoftherestofsociety,thescientificcommunitymayhavepromisedtoomuchtoosoon.Certainlyitunderestimatedthedemandforaccountability.”Andhisscientistgoeson:"Inallhumility,itmust...beadmittedthatitisimpossibletocategoricallydenythatwemayhavereachedapointwherewemustabandonthefaiththat[inallcases]knowledgeisbetterthanignorance.Wesimplylacktheabilitytomakeaccuratepredictions.

1.Inlines4-6(“somepeople,knowledge”),theauthordoeswhichofthefollowing?

2.Theexamplesinlines9-10('"toothpaste...power9)aregivento（

）.

3.Lines16-18(“Thedecision...bewildered”)serveprimarilyto

（

）.

4.Inthelastsentence,theword“simply”mostnearlymeans

（

）.

5.Theprimarypurposeofthispassageasawholeisto（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Rationalizesabehavior

B.Advocatesacourseofaction

C.Presentsopposingviewpoints

D.Voicesdoubtaboutanapproach

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.criticizethewidespreadacceptanceofcertainproducts

B.mockthegullibilityofthepublicinscientificmatters

C.enumerateanumberofmundaneactivitiesinwhichscientistsareinvolved

D.conveytherangeofissuestowhichscienceisconsideredrelevant

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.correcttheinherentlimitationsofscientificthought

B.decrythelackofscientifictrainingamongthegeneralpublic

C.defendapositionthatmightbechallenged

D.suggesttheoriginsofabranchofscience

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.foolishly

B.directly

C.basically

D.easily

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.explorealternativewaysofunderstandingnaturalphenomenon

B.discussthelackofhumilitythatmanyscientistsdemonstrate

C.challengethefindingsofaparticulargroupofscientists

D.questionthescopeandvalueofscientificunderstanding

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.考察作者意圖。文章第一段第二句Eversincethescientificmethodbecameawayoflearningaboutnature,includingourselves,somepeoplehavehailedscienceastheonlywaytocomprehendnaturalphenomena,whileothershavequestionedwhetheritisanappropriateroadtoknowledge提到科學(xué)方法成為了學(xué)習(xí)自然的方法，有些人認(rèn)為科學(xué)是唯一能解釋自然現(xiàn)象的手段，而有的人則質(zhì)疑科學(xué)是不是能夠合理獲得知識。作者在這里就科學(xué)的作用這個(gè)問題提出了疑問，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.考察判斷推理。文章第二段Scientists’testimoniesareusedtoendorseeverythingfromtoothpastetonuclearpower提到科學(xué)方法既可以用來解釋像牙膏這種日常生活用品（成分、作用等），也可以用來解釋核能。由此可以得知科學(xué)方法在某些方面來說上并沒有權(quán)威性，但是人們卻往往被這些所謂的科學(xué)解釋所吸引，作者對此是持批判態(tài)度的。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.考察判斷推理。文章第三段最后兩句Thedecisiontodisbelieveallscientificexplanationsisnottobesneeredat.Thevolume,contradictoriness,andlimitedcomprehensibilityofmuchscientificinformationleavemostpeoplebewildered提到不信科學(xué)解釋不會(huì)被嘲笑，因?yàn)檫@些科學(xué)信息太多，有的還自相矛盾等，讓人們感到困惑。這些都是科學(xué)思維的不足之處。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.考察詞義。文章最后一段最后一句Wesimplylacktheabilitytomakeaccuratepredictions提到我們僅僅是缺少做精確預(yù)測的能力。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.考察作者意圖。文章主要講述了對于認(rèn)識自然現(xiàn)象有些人認(rèn)為科學(xué)是唯一的方法，而有的人則認(rèn)為科學(xué)不可靠，作者在文章中提到不只普通民眾對科學(xué)方法感到困惑，科學(xué)家有時(shí)候也會(huì)對自己提出的問題感到質(zhì)疑（Notonlythegeneralpublicisillatease.Uneasyquestionsarebeingaskedbyscientiststhemselves）。由此可推斷作者在探索一種更好的方法來解釋自然現(xiàn)象。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

15.單選題

Scienceisanenterpriseconcernedwithgaininginformationaboutcausality,ortherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.Asimpleexampleofacauseisthemovementofapaddleasitstrikesaping-pongball;theeffectisthemovementoftheballthroughtheair.Inpsychologyandothersciences,theword“cause”isoftenreplacedbytheterm“independentvariable”.Thistermimpliesthattheexperimenterisoften“free”tovarytheindependentvariableasheorshedesires(forexample,theexperimentercancontrolthespeedofthepaddleasitstrikestheball).Theterm“dependentvariable”replacestheword“effect”,andthistermisusedbecausetheeffectdependsonsomecharacteristicoftheindependentvariable(theflightoftheballdependsonthespeedofthepaddle).Theconventionsofsciencedemandthatboththeindependentanddependentvariablesbeobservableevents,asisthecaseintheping-pongexample.Inthecaseofbiorhythmtheory,theindependentvariableisthenumberofdaysthathaveelapsedbetweenaperson’sdateofbirthandsometestday.Thedependentvariableistheperson’slevelofperformanceonsomespecifiedtaskonthetestday.Noticethatalthoughtheexperimenterisnotfreetochooseabirthdayforagivenindividual,personswithdifferentdatesofbirthcanbetestedonthesameday,orasinglesubjectcanbetestedonseveraldifferentdays.

Inordertopredicttherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariables,manyscientifictheoriesmakeuseofwhatarecalledinterveningvariables.Interveningvariablesarepurelytheoreticalconceptsthatcannotbeobserveddirectly.Topredicttheflightofaping-pongball,Newtonianphysicsreliesonanumberofinterveningvariables;includingforce,mass,airresistance,andgravity.Youcanprobablyanticipatethattheinterveningvariablesofbiorhythmtheoryarethethreebodilycycleswiththeirspecifiedtimeperiods.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatnotallpsychologicaltheoriesincludeinterveningvariables,andsomepsychologistsobjecttotheirusepreciselybecausetheyarenotdirectlyobservable.

Thefinalmajorcomponentofascientifictheoryisitssyntax,ortherulesanddefinitionsthatstatehowtheindependentanddependentvariablesaretobemeasured,andthatspecifytherelationshipsamongindependentvariables,interveningvariables,anddependentvariables.Itisthesyntaxofbiorhythmtheorythatdescribeshowtouseaperson’sbirthdaytocalculatethecurrentstatusofthethreecycles.Thesyntaxalsorelatesthecyclestothedependentvariable,performance,bystatingthatpositivecyclesshouldcausehighlevelsofperformancewhereasloworcriticalcyclesshouldcauselowperformancelevels.Tosummarize,thecomponentsofascientifictheorycanbedividedintofourmajorcategories:independentvariables,dependentvariables,interveningvariables,andsyntax.

1.Basedonthepassage,causalitymayhavethemeaningthat（

）.

2.Accordingtobiorhythmtheory,（

）.

3.Manytheoriesforpredictingtherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect（

）.

4.Theexampleoftheping-pongballisusedto（

）.

5.Theword“syntax”usedinthelastparagraphreferstothe（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.causeandeffectcanbeindependentofeachother

B.thereishardlyanythingthathappenswithoutacause

C.dependentandindependentvariablesaffecteachother

D.causeandeffectmayvaryrespectivelyinmostevents

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.one’sbehaviorcanbepredictedbyknowinghisorherbirthday

B.nobodycanchoosehisorherdateofbirthasheorshewishes

C.anindividual’sperformanceisirrelevanttohisorherbirthday

D.aperson’slevelofperformancevariesaccordingtothetestdate

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.testifytheircompleteconformitywithgeneralscientificprinciples

B.justifytheidentityofdependent,independent,andinterveningvariables

C.specifythetimeperiodsofbodilycyclesintermsofpsychologicaltests

D.verifytheirpredictionbyvariablesinconsistentwithconventionsofscience

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.indicateahardnuttocrackinphysics

B.predictvariablesinaperson’sperformance

C.proveacommonfeaturemosttheorieshave

D.showthenegligibilityofinterveningvariables

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.rulesusedfororderingandconnectingwordsinasentence

B.principlesdefiningtheconnectionsamongdifferentvariables

C.definitionsdescribingtheimpactofbiorhythmonone’sbehavior

D.criteriameasuringaperson’sperformancelevelswithbiorhythm

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.根據(jù)第一段第一句“Scienceisanenterpriseconcernedwithgaininginformationaboutcausality,ortherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.”可知，causality指的是因果關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

2.根據(jù)最后一段“Itisthesyntaxofbiorhythmtheorythatdescribeshowtouseaperson’sbirthdaytocalculatethecurrentstatusofthethreecycles.”生物節(jié)奏理論體系描述了如何使用一個(gè)人的生日來計(jì)算三個(gè)周期的當(dāng)前狀態(tài)。也就是說，一個(gè)人的行為可以通過知道他或她的生日來預(yù)測。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容，為了預(yù)測自變量和因變量之間的關(guān)系，許多科學(xué)理論使用了所謂的介入變量。介入變量是不能直接觀察到的純理論概念。而在第一段有提及，科學(xué)的慣例要求自變量和因變量都是可觀察到的事件。由此可以推斷，許多預(yù)測因果關(guān)系的理論用不符合科學(xué)慣例的變量來驗(yàn)證他們的預(yù)測。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

4.根據(jù)第一段“Theconventionsofsciencedemandthatboththeindependentanddependentvariablesbeobservableevents,asisthecaseintheping-pongexample.”科學(xué)的慣例要求自變量和因變量都是可觀察到的事件，就比如乒乓球。作者用乒乓球的例子是想證明大多數(shù)理論都有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)，那就是自變量和因變量都是可觀察到的。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

5.根據(jù)最后一段第一句，科學(xué)理論的最后一個(gè)主要組成部分是它的體系，或者說是描述如何測量自變量和因變量的規(guī)則和定義，以及詳細(xì)說明自變量、介入變量和因變量之間的關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

第5題:

16.單選題

Whileit’struethattechniquesofactivelisteningcan（）thevalueoflecture,fewstudentspossesssuchskillsatthebeginningoftheircollegecareers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.enhance

B.enlarge

C.access

D.exaggerate

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。enhance“提高，加強(qiáng)，增加”；enlarge“擴(kuò)大，增大”；access“使用；存??；接近”；exaggerate“夸張”。句意：積極傾聽能夠提高演講的價(jià)值，但是很少有大學(xué)生在入學(xué)之初就有這樣的技能。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

17.單選題

Allindividualsarerequiredto______tothelawsmadebytheirgovernments.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.abide

B.conform

C.concede

D.observe

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)abide“接受，遵照”，后面常接介詞by；B選項(xiàng)conform“順從，遵守，符合”；C選項(xiàng)concede“承認(rèn)，允許”；D選項(xiàng)observe“觀察”，observe表示“遵守”時(shí)，是及物動(dòng)詞，不與to搭配。根據(jù)thelaws可知B選項(xiàng)符合邏輯搭配。句意：所有人都必須遵守本國政府制定的法律。

18.單選題

Ahealthyandbetter-educatednewgenerationisa（）forsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofallcountries.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.guarantee

B.security

C.demand

D.prospective

【答案】A

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。Guarantee“保證”；security“安全”；demand“需要”；prospective“預(yù)期，展望”。句意：健康、受良好教育的新一代是各國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的保障。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

19.單選題

HissuccessfulnegotiationwiththeFrenchdelegatio