08 閱讀理解之推斷及細節(jié)類題型

閱讀理解推斷及細節(jié)類題型推理判斷題是什么？考查學(xué)生根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判斷題屬于主觀性較強的高層次閱讀理解題。做這類題時，考生應(yīng)在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，從文章本身所提供的信息出發(fā)，運用邏輯思維，同時借助一定的常識進行分析、推理、判斷。推理判斷題是什么？提問整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思時，問句中都含有infer,imply,indicate,suggest(推斷，暗指)等詞。對付這類題時我們不僅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潛在的含義，和作者所給的提示。同時要對文章的含義和作者的暗示作合理的猜測和推論。關(guān)鍵是：意思要靠推斷得出，而不是原文照搬。推理判斷題是什么？把握住文章的主題思想和每段的內(nèi)容；明確作者的觀點及其寫作該文的目的；分析文章里所給的有關(guān)信息；注意詞匯在詞典的定義和詞典以外的含義；最后運用自己的知識進行由表及里的邏輯推理，挖出文章的伏筆，得出正確的推論。提問方式1.Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat./Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?/Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat.2.Wecaninferfromthetextthat…/Whatcanwelearnfrom…?/Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat…3.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat.提問方式4.Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2080,.5.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould.6.Theauthormentionsthefactthat…toshow.7.Thispassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin_________?8.Theauthor’sattitudetoward…is_________?9.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas_________?注意1.首先要注意一定要忠實于原文，以文章提供的事實和線索為依據(jù)。立足已知，推斷未知，遵循“詞不離句，句不離段，段不離篇”的原則。千萬不能主觀臆想，憑空想象，隨意揣測，更不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點。注意2.要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索，這是推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)。有的推斷，考生完全可以根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細節(jié)，再結(jié)合自己所掌握的基礎(chǔ)知識、有關(guān)背景知識或常識來幫助進行分析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原意的結(jié)論。注意3.要對文字的表面信息進行挖掘加工，由表及里，由淺入深，從具體到抽象，從特殊到一般，通過分析、綜合、判斷等，進行深層處理，合乎邏輯地推理。不能就事論事，斷章取義，以偏概全。4.要把握句、段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，了解語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)，同時還要體會文章的基調(diào)，揣摩作者的態(tài)度，摸準邏輯發(fā)展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。注意5.在解答推理性問題時，一定要注意確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍。應(yīng)清楚所要解答的問題需要針對某個細節(jié)進行推斷，還是針對主題思想、作者的意圖進行推斷。針對細節(jié)的推斷可運用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍，然后再進行推理判斷。針對主題思想作推斷時，則常常要縱覽全篇文章。1．細節(jié)推斷題根據(jù)語篇關(guān)系，推斷具體細節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件、具體信息等?？忌獜奈恼卤旧硭峁┑男畔⒊霭l(fā)，抓住關(guān)鍵的信息詞，運用邏輯思維，并借助一定的常識進行分析、推理、判斷。2．因果推斷題根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的可能原因或根據(jù)已有的原因推斷可能的結(jié)果?？忌獪蚀_掌握文章的內(nèi)涵，理解文章的真正含義。最關(guān)鍵的是要找準事物間存在的因果關(guān)系信息，根據(jù)已有信息，進行分析判斷推理，從而推出最符合邏輯的原因或判斷出最可能導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。3．人物性格、心情處境、態(tài)度及觀點等推斷題（1）由表及里地準確把握字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點代替作者的思想觀點。（2）特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境氣氛的語言，以及表達感情，態(tài)度觀點的詞語。要特別注意作者在文章中的措辭，尤其是感情色彩的形容詞。（3）能結(jié)合自己平時積累的有關(guān)英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風俗習慣等背景知識來識別評價。4．篇章結(jié)構(gòu)推斷題根據(jù)不同文章的內(nèi)容和寫作目的，作者會采取記敘、描寫、議論、說明或應(yīng)用文體。作者也會采用敘述、例證、比較對照等不同的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。不同文體的閱讀難度、要求和任務(wù)不同，閱讀方法也應(yīng)不同。增強對篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解能力有助于提高閱讀質(zhì)量。Haveyoueverwonderedwhybirdssing?Maybeyouthoughtthattheywerejusthappy.Afterall,youprobablysingorwhistlewhenyouarehappy.Somescientistsbelievethatbirdsdosingsomeofthetimejustbecausetheyarehappy.However,theysingmostofthetimeforaverydifferentreason.Theirsingingisactuallyawarningtootherbirdstostayoutoftheirterritory.…1.Howdoesthewriterexplainbirds’singing?A.Bycomparingbirdswithhumanbeings.B.Byreportingexperimentresults.C.Bydescribingbirds’dailylife.D.Bytellingabird’sstory.由文章第一、二兩段可知作者是把鳥兒和人類進行對比。5．文章結(jié)論推斷題由具體到一般，對已知的事實進行歸納總結(jié)性推斷稱為結(jié)論。題干特征1）題干中有infer或accordingto注意事項：當題干中有infer時，如果某選項與原文幾乎一摸一樣，這時這個選項通常為錯誤選項2）題干只給出一半3）題干以特殊疑問詞開頭方法1）審題注意事項：注意提問主體注意題干中的有效信息(人物，時間，地點，否定，代詞，數(shù)詞等)2）把題干中所有信息對應(yīng)回文章方法3）就近原則把選項對應(yīng)回題干找到的位置四周注意事項：1）注意不要答非所問(選項內(nèi)容正確，但不能回答問題)2）注意選項與原文中的同義或反義詞語替換3）注意選項與原文中的句義轉(zhuǎn)換方法4）注意選項不要偷換成分5）注意選項與原文修飾詞的增加，刪減和替換6）注意選項不要偷換概念7）原文為細節(jié)類，選項為總結(jié)8）原文為總結(jié)類，選項為細節(jié)9）注意原文與選項中的類比或?qū)Ρ惹闆r10）當提問文章接下來會繼續(xù)寫什么內(nèi)容時11）注意數(shù)詞的給出形式Butmanyanimalsfacehardecologicalproblems.Whydon’ttheyallhavelargebrains?Wefoundthatecologicalproblemsonlyleadtohuman-sizedbrainswhenindividualscankeeplearninghardskillsastheygrow.Soourresultsandthoseofothers’suggestthathardecologyandtheaccumulationofculturalknowledgecouldacttogethertoproduceahuman-sizedbrain.題：Whydon’tmanyanimalshavelargebrains?A.Theydon’tlearnfromeachotherB.Theydon’tfacehardecologicalproblemsC.Theydon’tneedtocooperatewitheachotherD.Theydon’tkeeplearningtoughskillsastheygrow雖然題干問的是為什么動物沒有l(wèi)argebrains，但原文并未用動物進行回答，而是用人類進行對比。由本段第二行和第三行內(nèi)容可知，人類進化出largebrains是因為在成長過程中學(xué)習很難的技能，因此動物沒有l(wèi)argebrains是因為動物在成長的過程中沒有學(xué)習很難得技能。Thedeviceiswornmuchlikearegularbelt,butontheoutsideoftheclothing,itincludessensorsthatmonitorthemovementofhips.Ifthedevicedetectsthatthepersonisfalling,anairbagopensbeforethepersonhitstheground,cushioningthefall.Whenthewearerhitstheground,thebagreducestheforcetothehipbonesby90percent,enoughtoavoidthemajorityofhipinjuries.題：Howdoesthedevicemainlywork?A.ByreducingtheeffectsoffallingB.ByspeedingupbonerecoveryC.BypredictingroadconditionsD.Bypreventingpeoplefromfalling本題為原文給出細節(jié)，選項需要進行總結(jié)的類型。由本段內(nèi)容可知，這個設(shè)備能夠檢測到使用者的臀部動作，一旦檢測到使用者正在摔倒，則會在接觸到地面前彈出氣囊以減少接觸地面時的力，從而避免受傷，因此這個設(shè)別的工作原理是減少摔倒對于使用者的影響。Wealreadyknowwhybirdshavecoloredfeathers.Formanybirds,thecoloroffeathersmaymakethemlessvisibletotheenemybyhelpingthenmatchtheirsurroundings,ormoreappealingtopotentialmatesbyhelpingthemstandout.Theseaspectsarewellknown.Agreatermysteryhasbeenhowthepatternarecreated.題：Whatcanbirdsdowiththeircoloredfeathers?A.SettleonrightbranchesB.FitinwiththeirenemiesC.DrawattentiontopossiblematesD.Makebirdsinvisibletotheirenemies本題為同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換題型。選項C中drawattentionto對應(yīng)原文中appealingto(吸引)，possiblemates對應(yīng)原文中potentialmates。AnewlymarriedwomancalledGilleece,sayingshelostherwalletathisbarwithherweddingringinside.Gilleecelookedthroughcameravideos,watchingthewoman’severystepinthebaruntilshewenttositonabenchoutsideandleftwhenherridearrived.Thenayoungmanapproachedthebenchandputsomethinginhispocket.Gilleecepostedseveralpicturesonthebar’sFacebookpage,askingifanybodyknewtheguy.題：Whathappenedtothenewlymarriedwoman?A.ShelostthewalletatthebarB.SheregrettedchargingPratherC.SheleftherwalletonabenchD.Herwalletwasstolenbyayoungman由本段第二句和第三句可知，這位女士在酒館外的長椅上掉了她的錢包。故選C。1.Inadditiontohealthcenters,Floranthropiefocusesoncommunitygroupsdevotedtotheelderly.LaetitiaThelemeisavolunteerforLesPetitsFieres,anorganizationthataimstohelptheelderlywhodon’thaveasupportsystem.ThegroupreceivesadozenorsobouquetsfromFloranthropiemonthly,andthenredistributesthem.“Ourmottois‘flowersbeforebread’,”saysTheleme.“Wedon’tfocusonprimarycare,butratheronnourishing（滋養(yǎng)）thespirits.Floranthropiehelpsusdothat.It’samazingwhatabigdifferenceasmallbouquetcanmake.”題：WhatcanweinferaboutFloranthropiefromLaetitiaTheleme’swords?A.ItshouldfocusonprimarycareB.ItisbenefitingmorethantheelderlyC.ItisdoingsomethingofgreatimportanceD.Itshouldcooperatewithmorenon-profitinstitution1.由本段中的It’samazingwhatabigdifferenceasmallbouquetcanmake得知，F(xiàn)loranthropie給老人們的生活帶來了很大的作用和變化，故選C。2.Japanesepeoplearesomeofthelongestlivingpeopleontheplanet,withwomenupto87yearsoldandmenupto80.TheJapanesedietisthereasonforsuchlengthsoflife.Thediethasmanyfoodsthatarelowincaloriesandhighinnutrients.Japanesepeopleeatalotofseaweed,tofu,rice,vegetablesandfish.Thetraditionthereistostopeatingwhenyourstomachfeels80percentfull.題：WhatisconsideredasaharmfuleatinghabitinJapanesetradition?A.GoinglowincaloriesB.EatingtothefullestC.HavingmuchseafoodD.Pickingmanyfood2.由本段最后一句中Thetraditionthereistostopeatingwhenyourstomachfeels80percentfull得知，日本的傳統(tǒng)是吃八分飽，因此吃的很飽在日本被認為是不良飲食習慣。3.Doallanimalsdream?Fromlookingatthebrainwavesofsleepinganimals,howoftenanimalsdreamseemstobetiedtobodysize.Catsdreamaboutevery15minutes,miceevery9minutes,andelephantsevery2hours.Andthoughcowsandhorsesusuallysleepstandingup,theyonlydreamwhenlyingdown.題：Whichanimalmaydreammostfrequently?A.Rats B.Dogs C.Cows D.Elephants題干問及那種動物做夢最頻繁，即間隙時間最短，由本段中內(nèi)容得知，老鼠每九分鐘一次，貓每15分鐘一次，大象每兩小時一次，故選A。4.Buildingontheseresults,forthesecondexperimenttheytestedwhetherthehorses’behaviorchangedinothersituationsandfindingswereasfollows:Thehorsesgavemoresignalsifthecaretakerhadn’twatchedthefoodbeinghiddenthanifthecaretakerhad,suggestingthathorsescanchangetheirbehaviorinresponsetotheknowledgelevelsofhumans題：Whichofthefollowingaffectedthehorses’behaviorinthestudy?A.ThenumberofcarrotsB.ThecolorandsizeofthecontainerC.ThephysicalappearanceD.Thecaretaker’sknowledgeofthehiddenfood由本段中…thefindingswereasfollows:…可知冒號后即為答案。5.So,doesspeedreadingwork?Well,yesandno.itreallydependsonwhatyouarereadingandwhyyouneedtoreadit.Asyet,thereisn’tatrickthatenablesyoutoreadapieceoftextbothquicklyandaccurately—there’salwaysgoingtobeatrade-off.題：Whatmightthewritercontinuetotalkabout?A.TheadvantagesoffasterorslowerreadingB.ThereasonwhytodofasterorslowerreadingC.ThecaseswheretodofasterandslowerreadingD.Themethodsformakinguseoffasterorslowerreadin由本段中Asyet,thereisn’tatrickthatenablesyoutoreadapieceoftextbothquicklyandaccurately…得知，尾段在討論沒有一中技巧可以在閱讀時既快速又準確，因此接下來文章應(yīng)該說明在何種情況下選擇快速閱讀還是慢速閱讀6.Inmorewaysthanone,Torontoisgivenfarlesscreditthanitreallydeserves.ButTorontohasitsownreasonstopullyouin.thecityiseverchangingandsomenewattractionspopupeveryyear.題：HowmayaveragetouristsfeelaboutToronto?A.ItdeservesavisitB.ItdevelopsveryslowlyC.IthasfewnewattractionsD.Itisafairlyplainplace6.由本段二段首句Torontoisgivenfarlesscreditthanitreallydeserves得知，多倫多是一個值得夸贊的地方，但人們卻沒有給予它相應(yīng)的夸贊，因此人們對于多倫多的印象是這是一個普通的地方，故選D。7.BillywastakentotheChristchurchPenguinRehabilitationCenterafterbeingretrievedfromthebeach.Volunteersbelievethebirdmayactuallybeafemalepenguin,andisaround2monthsold.Thechickweightsamere550grams,lessthanastandardbasketball.Abluepenguinshouldweigharound900gramsatthisage.Mostlittlepenguinsgrowuptoweigh1kilogram.題：ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatBilly().A.isafemalepenguinB.hasexpresseditsthanksC.weightslessforitsageD.preferslivingonthebeach根據(jù)本段中的Thechickweightsamere550grams,…Abluepenguinshouldweightaround900gramsatthisage.可知，Billy比它同年齡的企鵝要輕，故選C。8.AmongthemostpopularappsareDuolingoandBusuu.Previousresearchfoundpositiveresultsontheuseofthem.Buttheseappsmainlyconcentratedonstudywithlearnerswhohadsignedupforlanguagecourses,andtheyonlyworkedasafter-schoolsupport,sotheresultswerenotalwaysreliable.Arecentstudyof4,095Busuuusershasbeencarriedoutaimedtofindoutifuserscanactuallylearnalanguagewithanapp.題：Theresultsoftheformerresearchweren’talwaysdependablebecause().A.itwasonlycarriedoutbeforelassB.itdidn’tconsiderusersinclassC.itjustfocusedonpositiveresultsD.itusedout-of-datemethods8.由本段第三行中的…theyonlyworkedasafter-schoolsupport,sotheresultswerenotalwaysreliable得知，前后為因果關(guān)系，所以前半句為答案，故選B。9.“Atfirst,Ijustdreweverything,”Shaosaid.“ButIsoonfoundthatstickingtotraditionalthoughtsandskillsofChinesepaintingswouldlimitmydevelopmentasaprofessionalpainter,soIdecidedtodevelopmyownstyle.”Inthelate1980s,experimentalismbecamepopularamonginkpaintingsandinspiredShao.“In1995,Itriedtodrawexperimentalpaintings.Theinitialworkscameoutbychance.”Shaosaid.“Ononeoccasion,IcamebacktoBeijingbytrain.Whenthetrainapproachedthestation,Isawtheviewoutsidethewindowchangecompletely.Rubbishhadstartedpilingupalongthetracksofthecity.Itwasashockingsceneforme.”題：Whatcanweinferfromthetwoparagraphs?A.Shaowasn’taprofessionalpainterB.ShaoworkedhardtobecomepopularC.HefoundedexperimentalismD.Shaowantedtobreakwithtraditionalpainting9.由第一段的直接引語得知他認為傳統(tǒng)繪畫想法和技巧限制了自己作為職業(yè)畫家的發(fā)展，因此決定打破傳統(tǒng)繪畫的束縛，故選D。10.ConditionsintheUSarenowherenearsuitableforenteringacashlesssociety;toomanypeoplewouldbeleftbehind.YouryoungfriendmaybehappytoacceptmoneyviaPayPaloranotherapp,yourcafémayuseaniPadinsteadofacashregister,butlandlords（房東）inlow-incomeareasstillprefermoneyorders.It’sconvenientforconsumerstocharge,say,anoutingtothenailsalon（美發(fā)沙龍）--butwhenyouaddthetiptoyourcreditcardbill,itmaynevermakeittotheworker.題：Whowouldprobablyprefertobepaidincash?A.AlandlordinadevelopedareaB.AcaféownerC.AyoungpersonD.Aworkerinanailsalon10.由本段最后一句可知對于美容美發(fā)店員來說，通過信用卡支付是不起作用的，故選D。11.Dr.IsmaelGalvanandhisteamofexpertresearchersstudiedthecoloroffeatherstoseewhattypesofcolorswerepresentinbirds’complexfeatherpatterns.Itturnsouttobetwotypesofpigments(色素)mainly:melanin(黑色素),whichproducesarangeofblack,grey,brown,andorangecolors,andcarotenoids(類胡蘿卜素)，whichareusedbyspecializedfeatherstructurestocreatebrightercolors.Birdscannotproducecarotenoidsontheirown.Forfeatherswithbrightcolors,birdsmustconsumefooditemsthatcontainthesepigments,andthecarotenoidscirculatethroughthebloodstreamtothefeather.Melanin,ontheotherhand,isproducedinspecialcellsinthebirds’bodies.題：WhatcanweknowinDrIsmaelGalvan’sstudy?A.MelanincanproduceavarietyofbrightcolorsB.BirdscancreatecarotenoidsintheirownbodiesC.BirdstakefoodcontainingcarotenoidstocreatebrightcolorsD.Melaninandcarotenoidsaefoundinspecialcellsofbirds由這兩段可知，鳥類羽毛顏色由兩種色素組成：黑色素和類胡蘿卜素。其中黑色素對應(yīng)暗色，類胡蘿卜素對應(yīng)亮色，且類胡蘿卜素不能在體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生，需要攝取相應(yīng)食物。12.Farmersbringtheirproductsinboatstothemarketsandsellthemtolocaldealersdirectlyfromtheirboats,withoutsettingupshops.Thatwaytheycanquicklyselltheirproductsandreturntotheirhome.Thelocaldealersbuytheproductsandsellthemtoshopsintheneighboringtownsortowholesalers(批發(fā)商)frombigtowns.Floatingmarketsarealsoabigtouristdraw.題：Howdoesthebusinessworkinthefloatingmarket?A.FarmersselltheirproductstothewholesalersB.ThewholesalersbuyproductsfromtheboatsC.ProductsaresoldtothelocaldealersfromboatsD.Localdealersbuyfarmers’productsfromtheshop12.由本段內(nèi)容得知，當?shù)剞r(nóng)民用船把貨物運到市場，從穿上直接賣給零售商，零售商再把貨物賣給商店或經(jīng)銷商，故選C13.Overcominglanguagebarrierscanbeoneofthemostdifficultpartsofaholiday,particularlywheninunfamiliarsurroundings.Sostressfulinthefactthat10%ofrespondentssaidtheydidn’ttravelbecauseoftheproblem.ThesurveybyHostelworldshowedthatoneinfiveblamedgettinglostonthelanguagebarrier,whileasimilarnumberhadproblemsorderingfoodandoneintengotonthewrongtrain,planeorotherformoftransportation.Iflanguagesweren’tanissuethenoneineight(12%)BritswouldvisitJapan.China,ItalyandRussiawerealsopopularchoices.Despitethecommunicationproblem,Japanhasseena7.5%increaseinthenumberofBritishvisitorsbetweenJanuaryandApril,comparedtothistimelastyear.題：HowmanyBritscan’torderfoodcorrectlybecauseoflanguagebarriers?A.About10% B.About12% C.About20% D.About21%13.由本段第三行…oneinfiveblamedgettinglostonthelanguagebarrier,whileasimilarnumberhadproblemsorderingfood得知有五分之一即20%的人因語言障礙訂餐錯誤，故選C。14.Thisideaisn’tpopular,especiallywiththosewhofeelthey’realreadyworkingbusily.Actually