鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展外文翻譯文獻

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-PAGE１-鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展外文翻譯文獻鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展外文翻譯文獻(文檔含中英文對照即英文原文和中文翻譯)外文:RuralTourismandEconomicDevelopmentTourismisapopulareconomicdevelopmentstrategy.Theauthorreviewsthreediversebooksthatstudytourismfromvarioussocialscienceperspectives——economic,sociological,psychological,andanthropological.Ryan’sbookismultidisciplinaryinapproachandcoversallmajortopicsoftourism;touristexperience;andmarketing.MichalSmithdetailsthenegativeaffectsoftourismdevelopmentinruralareasofthesoutheasternUnitedStates.Finally,ValeneSmith’sbookpresentsinternationalcasestudiesthatdocumentculturalchangescausedbytourismdevelopment.Despitetheirdifferentfocuses,allthreebooksagreethattourismdevelopmenthasitsbenefitsandcostsandthatchangestothedestinationareasareinevitable.Carefulplanningandmarketingcanlessentheharmfuleffectsoftourismdevelopment.Tourismisanincreasinglypopularelixirtoeconomicruralandurbanunderdevelopment.Itscurrentprominenceinthearrayoflocaleconomicdevelopmentstrategiescanbetracedtoseveralfeaturesofthetourismindustry.Tourismjobsaremostlylow-skilljobs,whichareagoodfitwiththejobskillsofmanyruralresidents.Also,tourismhasapotentialforcreatinganexportbasethatbuildsonfavorablelocaladvantagessuchasapleasantclimateorsitesofhistoricornaturalinterest.Moreimportant,tourismstrategiesmeshwiththecurrentpoliticalphilosophyandbudgetrealitiesofminimizinggovernmentinvolvementandinvestment.Theaccommodations,restaurants,andentertainmentactivitiesthatnecessarilyaccompanytourismareassumedtobeprovidedbytheprivatesector.Criticsoftourismasadevelopmentstrategyciteitslow-payinganddead-endjobs,itsdegradationofthelocalnaturalenvironment,anditspotentialcorruptionoflocalcultureandcustoms.Further,noteveryjurisdictioninneedofjobsandataxbasehastourismpotential.Thestudyoftourism,likemuchoftheeconomicdevelopmentliterature,drawsfromawiderangeofdisciplines.Theforteofeconomistsisinaddressingtheaffectsoftourismonthelocaleconomy;however,economistsfailtodescribewhotouristsareorwhytheytravel.Anthropologists’majorcontributiontodefiningandstudyingtourismisinexaminingtheimpactsoftourismonlocalculture.Psychologistsaremorelikelytodwellonthemotivesfortourism,buttheyignoretheimpacts.Clearly,thecompletedefinitionoftourismincludestheeconomic,social,anthropological,andpsychologicalviewpoints.OnestrengthofRecreationalTourism:AsocialSciencePerspectivebyChrisRyanisitsmultidisciplinaryapproachtothestudyoftourism.Incontrast,thecasestudiesfromaroundtheworldfoundinHostsandGuests:TheAnthropologyofTourism,editedbyValeneSmith,dwellontourismfromtheperspectivesofhistoryandanthropology,withitsfocusonthecultureaffectsoftourismandtourism’sroleintheacculturationprocess.BehindtheGlitter:TheImpactofTourismonRuralWomenintheSoutheast,byMichalSmith,focusesontheeconomicandculturaleffectsoftourismintheruralSoutheast.BenefitsoftourismPerhapschiefamongtheadvantagesoftourismisthatitisseenasobtainable,evenforcommunitieswithminimalpublicresources.Mostcommunitiesenvisionnegligiblepublicinvestmentssuchasnewroads,historymarkers,towncleanup,storefrontrehabilitation,andmarketing.Theprivatesectorisexpectedtoprovidehotels,motels,restaurants,entertainment,andothertouristaccommodations.Second,tourismisarelativelyeasy-to-understandconceptforthelaypublicandcan,therefore,generatelocalsupport.Communityprideleadsresidentstoconcludethattheirhometownhassomethingtooffertourists.Tourismbuildsonperceivedandexistinglocaladvantagesoramenities,suchassitesofhistoricalinterest,mountainsandotherplacesofnaturalbeauty,pleasantclimates,orcleanair.Tourismdevelopmentusestheseresources,whichare“free”inthesensethatthetourismindustryhasnotpaidforthem.Insomecases,thesenaturalresourceswouldhavesmalleconomicvaluewithouttourismdevelopment.MieczkowskecitestheAlps,“dying”fishingormilltownsofNewEnglandandtheCanadianMaritimeprovinces,andCaribbeanislandsasplaceswheretourismhasgiveneconomicvaluetonaturalamenities.Thustourismcanhaveapositiveeconomiceffectinsuchareasofotherwiseloweconomicproductivity.Third,decadesofexperienceinsmokestackchasinghasbeendisappointingformanycommunities.Thecompetitionformanufacturingplantsisintenseandaslongasmanufacturingemploymentcontinuesitsdownwardtrend,competitionfortheremainingplantswillonlyincrease.Also,tourismisperceivedasacleanerindustryfortheenvironmentthanismanufacturing.Fourth,ruraltourismhavenstendtobegrowth.ThisdecadebecameknownasthepopulationturnaroundasitwasthefirsttimeinthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesthepopulationofruralareasgrewatfasterratesthanurbanareas.InBehindtheGlitter,Smithfoundthat65ofthe84ruraltourismcountiesinherstudyoftheSoutheasthadpopulationgrowthequaltoorexceedingthenationalrateofgrowthinthe1970s.,thesenonmetropolitancountiesgrew37.9%andinthe1980s,theygrewatastillimpressiverateof24.6%.Fifth,tourismisalabor-intensiveindustry,creatinglargenumbersofjobsthatemploylow-skillworkersandyouths,whomayotherwiseremainunemployed.Thelow-skillednatureoftourismjobsisidealforeconomieswithpoorlyeducatedortrainedlaborforces.Theseaddedjobshelpcutwelfarerollsandprovideasourceoftaxrevenue.Finally,tourismdevelopmentmeansmoreincomeandprofitsfortourist-relatedbusinesses.Localincomefromtouristexpendituresismostlyspentagaininthelocalarea,whichleadstomorelocalincome,andperhaps,tomorelocaljobs.Suchindirectbenefitsoftourismaremeasuredviaregionaleconomicimpactsoftourism.Ryan’sbookhasasectionthatintroducestechniquesusedtomeasuretheeconomicimpactsoftourism.Manyotherstudiesalsofocusonmeasuringeconomiceffectsoftourism.Incontrast,othersourcesofeconomicactivity,particularlyforremotecounties,createrelativelyfewdirectandindirectbenefits.Forexample,nuclearpowerplants,wastedisposalsites,andmanymanufacturingplantscreaterelativelyfewjobsandgeneratesmallamountsoflocalpurchases.Asidefromthefactthatnotallcommunitiescanbetouristhavens,tourismdevelopmenthasitscosts.Itseemsthateverybenefitoftourismdevelopmenthasacorrespondingcost.譯文：鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展作者：弗雷德里克國籍：美國出處：SAGE出版社旅游業(yè)是一種十分受歡迎的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。作者審查三本不同的書籍，研究了旅游業(yè)的各種社會科學觀點——經(jīng)濟，社會學，心理學，人類學。賴安的新書是綜合性的，涵蓋幾乎所有主要議題例如旅游；旅游體驗；銷售。米哈烏詳細的描述了美國東南部的鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展所帶來的負面影響。最后，纈草烯的書介紹了因鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展導致鄉(xiāng)村文化發(fā)生改變的國際研究案例。盡管他們有不同的側(cè)重，但是三本書全部都認為，旅游開發(fā)具有的成本效益和改變目的地的環(huán)境是不可避免的，精心的策劃和營銷可以減輕旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展對鄉(xiāng)村造成的影響。鄉(xiāng)村旅游作為經(jīng)濟農(nóng)村和城市發(fā)展的靈藥越來越受到人們的歡迎。目前較為突出的地方經(jīng)濟發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中可以追溯到幾個工業(yè)旅游的特點。旅游相關(guān)工作大多是低技能的工作，這是一個適合許多農(nóng)村居民的較好的工作。此外，旅游業(yè)有潛力創(chuàng)造出一個具有有利條件的、氣候宜人的，擁有古跡使人產(chǎn)生興趣的出口基地。更重要的是，旅游業(yè)策略與當代政治哲學和減少政府預算參與投資有關(guān)。伴隨旅游產(chǎn)生的住宿，餐飲，娛樂活動，被認為是必然由私營部門提供的。批評發(fā)展旅游業(yè)中工資低及沒錢途的工作及對當?shù)刈匀画h(huán)境和腐敗的當?shù)匚幕傲曀住４送?，并不是每一個管轄地區(qū)或納稅區(qū)域都具有發(fā)展旅游的潛力。旅游業(yè)的研究，正如經(jīng)濟方面的文獻研究，借鑒了一定范圍廣泛的學科。福特的經(jīng)濟學課運用在處理旅游業(yè)對當?shù)亟?jīng)濟的影響；然而，經(jīng)濟學家無法描述誰是游客或他們?yōu)槭裁绰眯小Ｈ祟悓W家的最大貢獻是確定和研究旅游發(fā)展開發(fā)對當?shù)匚幕斐傻挠绊?。心理學家可能對于旅游動機更為關(guān)注，卻忽視了旅游發(fā)展的影響。顯然，完整的旅游業(yè)定義包括經(jīng)濟，社會，人類學，和心理的觀點。一個有力的休閑旅游：克里斯瑞安法是以社會科學的角度觀察并以多學科的方法來研究旅游。與此相反，在對世界各地的案例研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，主人與客人：纈草烯編輯的旅游人類學，旅游從歷史和人類學的角度，發(fā)現(xiàn)重點是旅游的影響文化和涵化過程。背后亮點：米歇爾認為鄉(xiāng)村旅游對東南亞當?shù)剞r(nóng)村婦女產(chǎn)生了影響，旅游業(yè)在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的影響側(cè)重于經(jīng)濟和文化影響。旅游的好處：也許是旅游的優(yōu)勢是它被視為即使是最小的社區(qū)公共資源。大多數(shù)社區(qū)考慮的就是較細微的公共投資等例如新的道路，歷史標志，鎮(zhèn)清理，店面康復，銷售。人們期望私營部門能提供酒店，汽車旅館，餐飲，娛樂，和其他旅游住宿。其次，旅游對于公眾來說是一個比