《英語修辭學(xué)》課件 3. Figures of Opposition

EnglishRhetoricFiguresofOppositionFiguresofOpposition16.Paradox反論、雋語17.Oxymoron矛盾修辭法16.Paradox反論、雋語

Definition:Aparadoxisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,

absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhich，Paradox反論、雋語onfurtherthinkingandstudy，mayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinct/concisepoint.（雋語或似非而是的雋語，“自相矛盾的話”。表面看來自相矛盾,不合邏輯,荒謬,與常理有悖，但仔細(xì)想來，實際上含有真理，意味深長。）Examples1)Morehaste,

lessspeed.2)Youareintruefreedomonlywhenyouare

bound.3)Themoreweread,thelessweknow.Examples4)Idlenessisaluxury.(Adviseusnottoidleawayourtime,foreitheridlenessorluxuryisawaste.)Examples5)Thewaterthatbearstheboatisthesamethatswallowsitup.(Watercanbeusedtoservepeople,butitcanalsobeadisaster.)Examples6)Youthiswastedontheyoung.(ByBernardShaw)(Adviseustoseizeeverydayandhourwhenweareyoung,foritisveryeasyforyoungpeopletowastetime.)Examples7)Homeless,wetrytomakehomeeverywhere.8)Ican’tagreewithyoumore.Examples9)Infact,itappearsthattheteachersofEnglishteachEnglishsopoorlylargelybecausetheyteachgrammarsowell.10)Mistakesareoftenthebestteachers.Examplesfromourtext1)AgoodexampleofaparadoxisinthispassagefromShakespeare’sRomeoandJuliet.WhenJuliet,findingoutwhoRomeois,expressesherfeelingsinthisway:Examplesfromourtext:Nurse:HisnameisRomeo,andaMontague,Theonlysonofyourgreatenemy.Juliet:MyonlylovesprungfrommyonlyhateTooearlyseenunknown,andknowntoolate!Examplesfromourtext2)Myheartleapsup

whenIbehold(lookat)arainbowinthesky:Sowasitwhenmylifebegan,SoisitwhenIamaman,SobeitwhenIshallgrowold

Orletmedie!Myheartleapsup(continued)TheChildisfatheroftheManAndIcouldwishmydaysbeBoundeachtoeachbynaturalpiety.Translation:

當(dāng)我看到天上的彩虹，我的心情激蕩；我幼年時曾這樣，現(xiàn)在我成年了還是這樣，當(dāng)我年老了也這樣，否則讓我死亡！

孩子是成人的父親，但愿我的一生永遠(yuǎn)不失自然虔誠。Analysisofthepoem:

Atthefirstreading,oneisstruckbytheabsurdityofthestatement:

TheChildisfatheroftheMan.

Howisthatpossible?

AnalysisofthepoemOndeeperstudyofthepoem,however,onecandeducethatWordsworthmeantthatone’sspiritualloveofthingsnaturalbeginsfrominfancyanddevelopsthroughmanhoodtodeath.17.Oxymoron矛盾修辭法

Anoxymoronisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoiningoftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruousterms,asin:Oxymoron矛盾修辭法bitter-sweetmemories痛苦而又甜蜜的記憶

proudhumility驕傲的謙虛Orderlychaos有秩序的混亂Oxymoron矛盾修辭法

Anoxymoroncanbeformedinvariousways,themostcommonbeingthefollowing.Adj.+noun(1)cowardlyhero(2)sweetsorrow(3)Heisacleverfool.(4)Loveisasweettorment.(5)Thisishisfeaturelessfeature.1)adj.+noun(6)alivingdeath活著的死人(7)conspicuousabsence顯而易見的缺勤(8)tearfuljoy含淚的喜悅(9)jarringconcord不和諧的一致1)adj.+noun(10)Healthyjunkfoods健康垃圾食物(11)Disciplinedmob訓(xùn)練有素的暴民(12)Intimateenemies情密的敵人(13)avictoriousdefeat勝利的失敗1)adj.+noun(14)busyidleness(15)painfulpleasure(16)carefulcarelessness(17)successfulfailure1)adj.+noun(18)thunderoussilence(19)sweetsuffering(20)publicsecret(21)friendlyhostility(22)coldpoliteness2)adj.+adj.(1)coldpleasantmanner(2)bitter-sweetX’masshopping(3)poorrichguys(4)stupidandcleverlies(5)cruelsweetmenory3)adv.+adj.(1)dullybright(2)mercifullyfatal(3)quietlyactivee.g.Thekidsarequietlyactive.4)Verb+adv.(1)hastenslowly(2)shinedarkly5)noun+noun(1)alove-haterelationshipExercisesThefollowingstatementscontainexamplesofepigram(警句),paradox,oxymoron.Identifythem.Exercises1)Inyourvoice,therewassweetsadnessandsorrow.2)Afoolisafinecounsellorforawiseman.3)Experienceisthenameeveryonegivestohismistakes.Exercises4)Ostrongandlong-liveddeath,howcamestthouin?(byDonne)5)Itisnousedoingwhatyoulike;youhavegottolikewhatyoudo.(byChurchill)Exercises6)Oneman’sterroristisanotherman’sfreedomfighter.7)Heplayedinacrudelyskilfulsortofway.8)Themorewomenlookintheirglass,thelessthelooktotheirhouse.(proverb)Answers1)oxymoron2)paradox/epigram3)epigram4)oxymoronAnswers6)epigram7)paradox/epigram(警句)8)oxymoronEnglishRhetoricFiguresofOppositionFiguresofOpposition18.Antithesis對偶,反對,對照Antithesis反對，對照

Antithesis：fromGreek,meaning‘opposite’.Definition:Antithesisisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveforceandemphasis.Antithesis反對，對照1)More

haste,less

speed.2)AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.AnymanorstatewhomarcheswithHitlerisourfoe.Examples3)Artislong,lifeisshort.

學(xué)無涯，而生有涯。4)NotthatIloveCaesarless,butthatIloveRomemore.

不是因為我不愛凱撒，而是因為我更愛羅馬。Examples5)Penny

wise,pound

foolish.

小事精明，大事糊涂。6)Speech

silver,silence

golden.

言語是銀，沉默是金。Examples7)Itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness;itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofdoubtfulness;Continueditwastheseasonoflight,itwastheseasonofdarkness;itwasthespringofHope,itwasthewinterofDespair.CharlesDickens:

ATaleofTwoCitiesmetaphor,antithesis這是智慧的年代，這是愚蠢的年代；這是信仰的時期，這是懷疑的時期；這是光明的季節(jié)，這是黑暗的季節(jié)；這是希望之春，這是失望之冬。ExercisesThefollowingstatementscontainexamplesofantithesis.Identifythem.Exercises1)Hisfacewashigh,hislessonswerelight…(byO.Henry)2)Hethathasneverhopedcanneverdespair.(byShaw)3)...wheretheyhaveleftnosignthattheyhadexistedaworldwhichwilllamentthemadayandforgetthemforever.EnglishRhetoricFiguresofOppositionFiguresofOpposition19.Irony反語

1)SocraticIrony蘇格拉底式的反語

2)VerbalIrony字面式反語

3)SituationalIrony

情景式反語

4)DramaticIrony戲劇式反語20.

Sarcasm譏諷

17.Irony反語1)SocraticIrony蘇格拉底式的反語

2)VerbalIrony字面式反語

3)SituationalIrony

情景式反語

4)DramaticIrony戲劇式反語DefinitionofIrony1)Ironyis“the‘drymock’,inwhichthecontentandintentofthewordsemployed

areopposite;thatis,thecontraryofwhatissaidtobeunderstood”(byArthurZeiger).

DefinitionofIrony2)Itisadeviceofspeakingorwritinginwhichthemeaningliterallyexpressesisthe

opposite

ofthemeaningintendedandwhichaimsatridicule,humororsarcasm.Therearefourcategoriesofirony1)SocraticIrony蘇格拉底式的反語

2)VerbalIrony字面式反語

3)SituationalIrony

情景式反語

4)DramaticIrony戲劇式反語SocraticIrony

蘇格拉底式的反語1)Socratesalwaysunderstatedhisownknowledgeandwisdom,andheoftenpretendedcompleteignorance.Hetaughthisyoungstudents,notbytellingthemhisthought,butbyaskingandgoading/stimulatingthemfortheirs,SocraticIrony

蘇格拉底式的反語sothattheyseemedtobeteachingthemselves.Socraticironythusreceiveditsname,whichwasdescribedas“Socrates’dialect”.2)VerbalIrony字面式反語2)VerbalIronyisthesayingoftheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.e.g.:(1)Whentheseatyouhavetoseatonisbrokenandyousay“Ilikeit.”(Actuallyyoudon’tlikeit.)2)VerbalIrony字面式反語(2)Inourdailylife,wemayhearsomeonesay“Youareafinegoalkeeper,allowingtheothersidetoscoresixgoals”,thenheisusinganirony.2)VerbalIrony字面式反語(3)AfamousexampleofheavyironyisMarkAntony’sspeechattheburialceremonyofCaesarinShakespeare’sJuliusCaesar:

SeeP.230inthetextbook.

2)VerbalIrony字面式反語Friends,Romans,Countrymen,lendmeyourears;IcometoburyCaesar,nottopraisehim.Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem,Thegoodisoftinterred/buriedwiththeirbones;2)VerbalIrony字面式反語

SoletitbewithCaesar.ThenobleBrutusHathtoldyouCaesarwasambitious.Ifitwereso,itwasagrievousfault;

2)VerbalIrony字面式反語

AndgrievouslyhathCaesaransweredit.Here,underleaveofBrutusandtherestForBrutusisanhonorableman;

(infact,hemeanttheopposite,heusedirony.)

3)SituationalIrony

情景式反語Alsocalledcircumstantialirony.InTheStoryofanHourbyKateChopin,whenMrs.Mallardheardthatherhusbandwaskilledinthetrafficaccident,shecriedloudly,andthenwhisperedtoherselfinabitterlypleasanttone:“free!Bodyandsoulfree!”,foritwaswhatshehadexpected.3)SituationalIrony

情景式反語Shewaspleasedwithherhusband’sdeathwhenhestoodatthedoorunexpectedly,whichcausedhertosufferherheartattack,anddied.4)DramaticIrony戲劇式反語DramaticIronyisadevicebywhichtheaudienceismadeawareofthingsthatcertaincharactersdonotknow.e.g.TheDevotedFriend,writtenbyOscarWilde,showsustwoleadingcharacters:richMillerandpoorHans,whohasasmallgarden.

4)DramaticIrony戲劇式反語Whenrosesandliliesareinbloom,MillercomestovisitHansbysaying“Realfriendsmustshareeverything”.ButwhenwintercomesandHansstaysathomehungry,Millersays,4)DramaticIrony戲劇式反語“itisnousegoingtoseeHans…Whenpeopleareintrouble,wemustleavethemaloneandnotbotherthem.That’smyideaoffriendship,andI’msureI’mright.SoIwillwaittillspringcomes…”.20.Sarcasm譏諷

Sarcasmistheuseofascornful,taunting,contemptuousexpressiontoridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.

20.Sarcasm譏諷Itistheuseofremarkwhichclearlymeantheoppositeofwhattheysay,andwhicharemadeinordertohurtsomeone’sfeelingsortocriticizesth.Inanamusingway.20.Sarcasm譏諷ItisdefinedbyLongmanModernEnglishDictionaryas“acruellyhumorousstatementorremarkmadewiththeintentionofinjuringtheself-respectofthepersontowhom20.Sarcasm譏諷Itisaddressed,usuallybydrawingattentiontooneofhisweaknessandoftenassociatedwithirony.”20.Sarcasm譏諷Sarcasmisclassifiedintotwocategories:1)Abitterstatementthatmocksormeanstheoppositeofwhatissaid.Examples(1)“Oh,thisisverygoodwork,”hesaidwithobvioussarcasm,staringatthetestgradeof55%.(2)“Youhavebeenworkinghard,”hesaidwithheavysarcasm,ashelookedattheemptypage.20.Sarcasm譏諷2)Acruellyhumorousandstraightforwardstatementthatinjuresone’sself-respectusuallybydrawingattentiontohisweaknessExamples:(1)Whenaboywhowearsglassesiscalled“foureyes”,itisacaseofthiskindofsarcasm.CompareSarcasmwithLitotesLitotes:twotypes1)Understatementbydenyingitsopposite,usuallybyusingnegatives,oremphaticexpressionthroughanegative.e.g.:(1)Sheisnotbeautiful.(meaningsheisugly.)Litotes(2)Mylife,whichhasbeenlongandnotentirelyuneventful.(3)Itisnotsmallmatter.(bigmatter)(4)Itisnolaughingmatter.(Itisaseriousmatter.)(5)Heisawriterofnotsmalltalent.Litotes:twotypes2)Understatement,whetherornotaffectedbynegatives.Thiskindoflitotesinthepastwas“Meiosis”,whichisnowincludedunderlitotes.Examples(1)Therewasaslightdisturbanceinthec