華工2011土木工程概論試題答案及詞匯

一、填空題（30*2=60）1.港口由水域和陸域兩大部份組成。2.港口安全用途可分為商港、軍港、漁港、工業(yè)港、和避風(fēng)港。3.普通混凝土是由水泥、?粗骨料（碎石或卵石）、?細(xì)骨料和水拌合，經(jīng)硬化而成的一種人造石材。4.淺基礎(chǔ)有剛性基礎(chǔ)和擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)。5.深基礎(chǔ)有樁基、?地下連續(xù)墻、?墩基和沉井。6.基本構(gòu)件有板、?梁、??柱、?拱。7.板是指平面尺寸較大而厚度較小的受彎構(gòu)件，通常水平放置。8.橋的結(jié)構(gòu)形式有：梁式橋、?拱式橋、?鋼架橋、?斜拉橋、?懸索橋。9.懸索橋?qū)儆谧藻^結(jié)構(gòu)，斜拉橋?qū)儆谒^結(jié)構(gòu)。二、中譯英（2*10=20）?三、英譯中（2*10=20）附：詞匯1.土木工程CivilEngineering2.軍事工程MilitaryEnginering3.機(jī)械工程MechanicalEngineering）4.電氣工程ElectricalEngineering5.化工工程ChemicalEngineering6.結(jié)構(gòu)工程StructuralEngineering7.巖土工程GeotechnicalEngineering8.流體力學(xué)FluidMechanics9.水力學(xué)HydraulicsorHydraulicMachines10.運(yùn)輸工程TransportationEngineering11.供水WaterSupply,12.衛(wèi)生及環(huán)境工程SanitaryandEnvironmentalEngineering13.灌溉工程IrrigationEngineering14.測量Surveying,15.水準(zhǔn)社量Leveling16.遙感RemoteSensing17.紅磚redbrick18.青磚blackbrick19.實(shí)心磚solidbrick20.空心磚hollowbrick21.水泥cement22.鋼筋steelbar23.混凝土concrete24.密度Bulkdensity25.強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)Strengthindex26.變形指標(biāo)Deformationindex27.耐化學(xué)性Chemicalresistance28.軟化系數(shù)Coefficientofsoftening29.耐久性Durability30.孔隙率Porosity31.熱傳導(dǎo)Thermalconductivity32.熱容量、熱功率Thermalcapacity33.吸水性Waterabsorption34.滲透性Permeability35.粗骨料coarseaggregate、36.細(xì)骨料fineaggregate37.砂sand38.木材timber,lumber39.瓦tile40.基礎(chǔ)工程FoundationEngineering41.工程地質(zhì)勘查Geologicalsurvey42.淺基礎(chǔ)Shallowfoundation43.深基礎(chǔ)Deepfoundation44.不均勻沉降Unevensettlement45.地基處理Groundtreatment46.地基sub-soil47.剛性基礎(chǔ)rigidfoundation48.擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)Spreadfooting49.單獨(dú)基礎(chǔ)Pad,Isolatedfooting50.條形基礎(chǔ)Stripfooting51.筏板基礎(chǔ)Raft52.箱形基礎(chǔ)Boxfooting53.殼體基礎(chǔ)Shellfooting54.樁基礎(chǔ)Pilefoundation55.地下連續(xù)墻Undergroundretainingwall56.墩基礎(chǔ)Pierfoundation57.沉井基礎(chǔ)Sunkwell58.沉箱基礎(chǔ)Caisson59.預(yù)制樁Prefabricatedpile60.鉆孔灌注樁Boredpile61.端承型樁Endbearingpile62.摩擦型樁Frictionalpile63.建筑工程BuildingEngineering64.規(guī)劃Planning,65.設(shè)計(jì)Design66.建設(shè)、施工Construction67.操作Operation68.修理Renovation69.維修Maintenance70.建筑Architecture71.基本構(gòu)件Basicmembers72.單層建筑Singlestoreybuilding73.多層建筑Multi-storeybuilding74.高層建筑Highrisebuilding75.超高層建筑Superhighrisebuilding76.特種結(jié)構(gòu)Specialstructures77.板Slab78.梁Beam79.簡支梁Simplysupportedbeam80.連續(xù)梁Continuousbeam81.懸臂梁Cantileverbeam82.拱Arch83.大跨度建筑Largespanbuilding84.框架結(jié)構(gòu)Framestructure85.框架－剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)Frame-Shearwallstructure86.剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)Shearwallstructure87.框支剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)Framesupportshearwallstructure88.筒體結(jié)構(gòu)Tubestructure89.框筒體系Frame-tubestructuresystem90.筒中筒體系Tubeintubestructuresystem91.桁架筒體系Tressestubestructuresystem92.成束筒體系Bundledtubestructuresystem93.冷卻塔CoolingTower94.筒倉Silo95.核電站Nuclearpowerstation96.道路工程Roads97.鐵路工程Railway98.飛機(jī)場Airport99.隧道工程Tunneling100.公路建設(shè)Constructionofhighway101.高速公路Expressway102.跑道Runway103.梁式橋GirderBridges104.桁架橋Trussbridges。105.拱式橋ArchBridges106.剛架橋RigidFrames107.斜拉橋CableStayedBridges108.懸索橋SuspendedBridges109.橋臺Abutment110.橋墩Pier111.港口Harbour112.港口分類Classificationofharbour113.港口規(guī)劃與布置Planingandlayoutofharbour114.碼頭建筑Dockconstruction115.防波堤Mole116.護(hù)岸建筑Shore-protectionstructure港口倉庫與貨場Warehouseandgoodsyardinharbour118.地下電站UndergroundPowerStation119.地下倉庫UndergroundWarehouse120.城市地下綜合體Multi-FunctionUndergroundSpaceunderCity121.地下水電站UndergroundHydraulicPowerStation122.給排水工程WaterSupplyandSewerageWorks123.城市給水系統(tǒng)Watersupplysystemincity124.統(tǒng)一給水系統(tǒng)Unifiedwatersupplysystem125.分質(zhì)給水系統(tǒng)Partialqualitywatersupplysystem126.分壓給水系統(tǒng)Partialpressurewatersupplysystem127.分區(qū)給水系統(tǒng)Separatewatersupplysystem128.循環(huán)和循序給水系統(tǒng)Circulationandsequentialwatersupplysystem129.區(qū)域給水系統(tǒng)Districtwatersupplysystem130.中水系統(tǒng)Intermediatewatersystem131.增壓、貯水設(shè)備Boosterandstoragefacilities132.水泵Pump133.水箱Tank134.貯水池StoragetankScopeofCIVILENGINEERINGincludethefollowing:StructuralengineeringGeotechnicalengineeringFluidMechanics,hydraulicsandhydraulicmachinesTransportationengineeringWatersupply,sanitaryandenvironmentalengineeringIrrigationengineeringSurveying,levelingandremotesensingCivilengineeringisthatbranchofengineeringwhichaimstoprovideacomfortableandsafelivingforthepeople.Shelter,oneoftheprimaryneedsofmankind,isprovidedbycivilengineers.Theefficientplanningofwatersupplyandirrigationsystemsincreasesthefoodproductioninacountry.Shelters,apartfromjustbeingshelters,havebeenconstructedbycivilengineerstoprovideapeacefulandcomfortablelife.Theengineersmarvelsoftheworld,startingfromthepyramidstotoday’sthinshellstructures,aretheresultsofthedevelopmentincivilengineering.Communicationlineslikeroads,railways,bridges,etc.withoutwhichdevelopmentisimpossible,arefruitsofcivilengineers’work.Propertiesofbuildingmaterialsincludethefollowing:（1）Bulkdensity（2）Strengthindex（3）Deformationindex（4）Chemicalresistance（5）Coefficientofsoftening（6）Durability（7）Porosity（8）Thermalconductivity（9）Thermalcapacity（10）Waterabsorption（11）PermeabilityDefinitionofshallowfooting:Whenthedepthofthefootingislessthanorequaltoitswidth,itisdefinedasashallowfooing.WhatisBuildingEngineering?BuildingEngineeringisaninterdisciplinaryprogramthatdrawsupontheexpertiseofcivil,mechanical,electrical,andchemicalengineering,aswellasarchitecture.Asabuildingengineeryouacquireknowledgeintheplanning,design,construction,operation,renovation,andmaintenanceofbuildings,togetherwithanunderstandingoftheirimpactonthesurroundingenvironment.Thebuildingengineerexploresallphasesofthelifecycleofabuildinganddevelopsanappreciationofthebuildingasanadvancedtechnologicalsystem.Problemsareidentifiedandappropriatesolutionsfoundtoimprovetheperformanceofthebuildinginareassuchasthefollowing:energyefficiency,indoorairquality,constructionmanagement,heating,ventilation,air-conditioningandcontrolsystems,advancedbuildingmaterials,buildingenvelope,earthquakeresistance,windeffectsonbuildings,computer-aideddesign,passivesolarengineering,andlightingandacoustics.WhatisTransportationEngineering?Thetransportationsystemisabasiccomponentofanyarea'sphysical,economic,andsocialstructure.Notonlydoesthedesignandperformanceofthetransportationsystemprovideopportunitiesformobility;butoverthelongterm,itinfluencespatternsofgrowthandthelevelofeconomicactivitythroughtheaccessibilityitprovidestheland.Theabilityofroadstonabletrafficflowfreelyandsafelybetweentheindustrialandcommercialcentrescontributesenormouslytowardsaprogressiveeconomy.Highwaysareconsideredthemostimportantsystembecauseofthefollowingadditionalreasons:TheycanbeusedbyallkindsofvehiclesTheyreachallplaces,hillstotinyvillagesHighwayscanbelaidaspereconomicconditionsandasperimportancefrommudroadstoconcreteroadsAchangeinspecificationfromanordinarytoanimprovedversioncanbeeffectedwitheaseClassificationofhighways(Accordingtoitstrafficcapacity,locationandthetypesofpavementused):NationalhighwaysStatehighwaysMayerdistrictroadsOtherdistrictroadsVillageroadsClassificationasperroadstructure:WaterboundmacadamroadsBitumentoproadsConcreteroadsAbridgeisastructureprovidingpassageoveranobstacleasavalley,road,railway,canal,river,withoutclosingthewaybeneath.Therequiredpassagemaybeforroad,railway,canal,pipeline,cycletrackorpedestrians.Thebranchofcivilengineeringwhichdealwiththedesign,planningconstructionandmaintenanceofbridgeisknownasbridgeengineering.Awatersupplyfor