2024年高考英語(yǔ)考綱解讀與熱點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)突破專題16追本溯源　閱讀理解之推理判斷與主旨大意熱點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)突破

PAGEPAGE1專題16追本溯源閱讀理解之推理推斷與主旨大意一、“CanIseemybaby？”askedthehappynewmother.Thebundle(嬰兒包)wasplacedinherarmsandwhenshemovedthefoldofclothtolookuponhistinyface，shegasped—thebabyhadbeenbornwithoutears.Time，however，provedthatthebaby’shearingwasperfectexcepthisappearance.Onedaywhenherushedhomefromschoolandthrewhimselfintohismother’sarms，hecriedoutbitterly，“Aboy，abigboy...calledme—afreak.”Shesighed，knowingthathislifewastobeendlessofheartbreaks.Hegrewup，handsomeforhismisfortune.Afavoritewithhisfellowstudents，hemighthavebeenclasspresident，butforthat.Hedevelopedagiftforliteratureandmusic.Theboy’sfatherhadatalkwiththefamilydoctor.“Couldnothingbedone？”“Ibelievewecouldgraft(移植)onapairofouterears，iftheycouldbedonated，”thedoctordecided.Sothesearchbeganforapersonwhowouldmakesuchasacrificeforayoungman.Twoyearswentby.Then，“You’regoingtothehospital，son.MotherandIhavesomeonewhowilldonatetheearsyouneed.Butit’sasecret.”saidthefather.Theoperationwasabrilliantsuccess.Histalentsblossomedintogenius.Schoolandcollegebecameaseriesofsuccesses.Later，hemarriedandenteredthediplomatic(外交)service.“ButImustknow！”heurgedhisfather.“Whogavesomuchforme?Icouldneverdoenoughforhim.”“Idonotbelieveyoucould，”saidthefather，“buttheagreementwasthatyouarenottoknow...notyet.”Theyearskeptthesecret，butthedaydidcome—oneofthedarkestdaysthateverpassedthroughason.Hestoodwithhisfatheroverhismother’scasket(棺材).Slowlyandtenderly，thefatherstretchedforthahandandraisedthethick，reddish-brownhairtoletoutthesecret.1.Thestoryismainlyabout.A.howaboyhadnewearsthroughanoperationB.whatadevotedparentprivatelydidforthechildC.howadisabledboyturnedintoausefulpersonD.whyadonatormadeasacrificetoabrightboy答案B解析主旨大意題。本文主要講了一位宏大無(wú)私的母親把自己的耳朵捐給自己的孩子的故事。故選B。2.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthatthemother.A.wasdeterminedtodonateherearstoperfecthersonB.keptherhusbandunknownaboutthebaby’ssituationC.feltshockedanddisappointedtoseehernewbabyDplainedofherbadlucktohaveadisabledchild答案C解析細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段中的“whenshemovedthefoldofclothtolookuponhistinyface，shegasped—thebabyhadbeenbornwithoutears”可知，母親看到她的新生兒沒(méi)有耳朵感到震驚和悲觀。3.Theunderlinedword“freak”inParagraph2istheclosestinmeaningto“”.A.slow-actingpersonB.ugly-lookingchildC.badly-behavedstudentD.strangely-shapedcreature答案D4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Theagreementwasbetweenthedonatorandthefamily.B.Theboywassopopularthathewasmadeclasspresident.C.Finallytheboycametoknowwhothedonatorwas.D.Themotherdonatedherearstohersonaftershedied.答案C解析推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段可知，那個(gè)男孩在母親去世，父親撩開(kāi)母親的頭發(fā)時(shí)最終知道了是母親把耳朵給了他。故選C。5.Whatmorallessoncanwedrawfromthisreading?A.Realloveliesinwhatisdoneunknownratherthanwhatisdoneknown.B.Itisuptoparentstohelptheirchildrenheartandsoul.C.Truebeautyliesonlyintheheartnotinappearance.D.Itisavirtueforyounggenerationstolearntobegrateful.答案A解析推理推斷題。本文通過(guò)講解并描述一位宏大的母親為兒子捐獻(xiàn)耳朵并對(duì)兒子保守隱私，讓我們感受到了母愛(ài)的宏大，有時(shí)真愛(ài)隱藏在深處而不是流露于外表。二、Askmostpeopleanywhereintheworldwhattheywantoutoflifeandthereplywillprobablybe：“tobehappy”.EdDeiner，anAmericanpsychologyprofessor，hasspenthiswholeprofessionallifestudyingwhatmakespeoplehappy，comparinglevelsofhappinessbetweenculturesandtryingtofindoutexactlywhyweenjoyourselves.Manypeoplewouldsaythatthisquestiondoesnotneedananswer.ButProfessorDeinerhasoneanyway.“Ifyou’reacheerful，happyperson，yourmarriageismorelikelytolast，andyou’remorelikelytomakemoneyandbesuccessfulatyourjob.Onaverage，happypeoplehavestrongerimmunesystems，andthereissomeevidencethattheylivelonger.”Sowhoaretheworld’shappiestpeople？Itdependsonhowthewordisdefined.Thereisindividualhappiness，thesenseofjoywegetwhenwedosomethingwelike.Butthereisalsothefeelingofsatisfactionwegetwhenweknowthatothersrespectusandapproveofhowwebehave.AccordingtoProfessorDeiner，theWesternworldpursuesindividualhappinesswhileAsiaprefersmutualsatisfaction.“IntheWest，theindividualisticculturemeansthatyourmoodmattersmuchmorethanitdoesintheEast.Peopleaskthemselvesiftheyaredoingwhatisfunorinteresting.Theybecomeunhappywhentheycan’tdoanyofthesethings.IfyouaskpeoplefromJapanorChinaiftheyarehappy，theytendtolookatwhathasgonewrongintheirlives.Ifnotmuchhasgonewrong，thentheyaresatisfied.”P(pán)eoplefromSpainandotherSpanish-speakingcountrieshadthehappiestculture，ProfessorDeinerfound.“Thebiggestculturaldifferenceistodowithprideandshame.Hispanic(西班牙語(yǔ)的)culturesreportmuchmoreprideandmuchlessshamethanothers.”Incomealsomadeabigdifferencetopeople’shappiness，butonlyatthelowestlevels.AverageincomeearnersintheUSweremuchhappierthanpeopleinpoverty.Butmillionaireswereonlyalittlebithappierthanpeopleonaverageincomes.Itseemsthatmoneymakesushappywhenwehaveenoughtofeelsecure.6.Accordingtothepassage，happypeopleenjoythefollowingbenefitsEXCEPT.A.alongmarriage B.respectfromothersC.professionsuccess D.betterhealth答案B解析細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。由其次段第三、四句“Ifyou’reacheerful，happyperson，yourmarriageismorelikelytolast，andyou’remorelikelytomakemoneyandbesuccessfulatyourjob.Onaverage，happypeoplehavestrongerimmunesystems，andthereissomeevidencethattheylivelonger.”可知，快樂(lè)的人婚姻更許久，工作更勝利，壽命也更長(zhǎng)。即許久的婚姻、健康、事業(yè)勝利都屬于快樂(lè)帶來(lái)的好處。文中并未提到快樂(lè)可以給人帶來(lái)敬重。7.InProfessorDeiner’sopinion，.A.AsianshaveaculturetoenjoyindividualhappinessB.WesternerscaremoreaboutmutualsatisfactionthanAsiansC.Asiansfocusmoreonothers’respectandapprovalthanWesternersD.Westernersvalueindividualhappinessasmuchasmutualsatisfaction答案C解析推理推斷題。由第三段最終一句“AccordingtoProfessorDeiner，theWesternworldpursuesindividualhappinesswhileAsiaprefersmutualsatisfaction.”可知，Deiner認(rèn)為西方人更追求個(gè)人的快樂(lè)，而亞洲人卻追求雙向滿足。由此可推知，亞洲人比西方人更在意別人的敬重和認(rèn)同。8.Whatcanbeinferredfromthefifthparagraph?A.AttitudetowardsprideandshameresultsinSpanishhappiness.B.Spanishpeopletaketoomuchprideinthemselves.C.Hispaniccultureslaystressonprideandshame.D.IfyouarefromSpain，youarethehappiest.答案A解析推理推斷題。第五段大意為“來(lái)自西班牙和以西班牙語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)國(guó)家的人擁有最快樂(lè)的文化，Deiner發(fā)覺(jué)最大的文化差別在于對(duì)傲慢和恥辱的看法，西班牙文化比其他文化更強(qiáng)調(diào)傲慢而非恥辱”。由此可推知，對(duì)傲慢和恥辱的看法造就了西班牙語(yǔ)文化的快樂(lè)屬性，所以A項(xiàng)正確。9.Inthelastparagraph，theauthorseemstotellus.A.poorpeopleenjoythesamehappinessasmillionairesB.thehigherincomeonegets，thehappierlifehelivesC.averageincomeearnerslivethehappiestlifeD.enoughmoneycanmakeusfeelsafeandhappy答案D解析推理推斷題。最終一段大意為“收入也會(huì)導(dǎo)致快樂(lè)程度的不同，美國(guó)中產(chǎn)階層比貧困階層過(guò)得更快樂(lè)，但百萬(wàn)富翁只比中產(chǎn)階層快樂(lè)一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，錢(qián)會(huì)使人快樂(lè)是因?yàn)楫?dāng)我們擁有足夠的錢(qián)時(shí)我們會(huì)有平安感。”由此可知，作者在最終一段表達(dá)了“足夠多的錢(qián)會(huì)讓人們感到快樂(lè)和平安”這樣一種看法，所以D項(xiàng)正確；但此段并無(wú)“錢(qián)越多人就越快樂(lè)”之意，B項(xiàng)將“足夠多的錢(qián)能讓人快樂(lè)”和“錢(qián)越多人越快樂(lè)”混為一談，所以B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。10.Thepassageismainlyabout.A.culturaldifferencesinhappinessB.thehappiestcultureC.reasonsforhappinessD.benefitsofhappiness答案C三、ManypublicfiguresfromIT，showbusiness，andsportshavejoinedtheIceBucketChallengetoraisemoneyforamyotrophiclateralsclerosis(ALS)(肌萎縮性側(cè)索硬化)research.Anumberofinternationalfamouspeoplehavealreadytakenthechallenge，includingMicrosoftco-founderBillGates，F(xiàn)acebookCEOMarkZuckerberg，AmazonfounderandCEOJeffBezos，andAppleInc.CEOTimCook.TroubledmusicianJustinBieberevenchallengedUSPresidentBarackObama.TheALSIceBucketChallengerequiresthatparticipantspourabucketoficewateronthemselvesandthenpostavideoofitonsocialmediawhilenominatingoneormorepeopletodothesamewithin24hours.Peoplewhofailtotakethechallengewillhavetodonate100toTheALSAssociation，whichadvocatesfindingtreatmentandacureforALS.Andmanyofthosewho’vetakenthechallengedonatedaswell.ALSisararediseasethatgraduallyreducespatients’musclestrength，finallymakingthembecomeunabletospeak，move，swallowandbreathe.InNorthAmerica，ALSiscommonlyknownasLouGehrig’sdisease，afterthestarbaseballplayerwhodiedofthediseasein1941attheageof38.Thebest-knownALSpatienttodayisBritishscientistStephenHawking.WhilemostpeoplewithALSsurviveonlytwotofiveyearsafterdiagnosis(診斷)，Hawkinghashadthediseasefordecades.ThemedicaltreatmentforALSisveryexpensiveandcannotbecoveredbymostsocialwelfareprograms.ThiscreatesdifficultiesformanyALSpatientsandtheirfamilies，bothphysicallyandmentally.“Duetotheicebucketcampaign，manypeoplearebeginningtoknowaboutALS.WithmorepeopleawareandmorepeopletakingpartinthefightagainstALS，wecancalmlyworkwithnotonlyotherALSorganizations，butalsowithmedicalcompaniestospeedupnewtreatmentsforpeopleaffectedbythedisease，”saidBarbaraNewhouse，PresidentandCEOofTheALSAssociation.31.WhydoestheauthormentionmanyfamouspeopleinParagraph1?A.TostressthepopularityoftheIceBucketChallenge.B.Toadviseustolearnfromthem.C.Toprovetheyaregenerous.D.TointroducethetargetgroupoftheIceBucketChallenge.答案A解析推理推斷題。文章第一段主要介紹很多名人都參與了冰桶挑戰(zhàn)，故可推知作者意在通過(guò)列舉名人吸引讀者留意，突出強(qiáng)調(diào)冰桶挑戰(zhàn)的流行，進(jìn)而引出下文對(duì)冰桶挑戰(zhàn)及背景的介紹，故A項(xiàng)正確。32.Paragraph2ismainlyabouttheIceBucketchallenge’s.A.influence B.purposeC.rules D.development答案C解析段落大意題。其次段主要講的是冰桶挑戰(zhàn)要求參與者要將一桶冰水倒在自己身上，并在社交媒體上發(fā)布一個(gè)視頻，提名一個(gè)或更多的人在24小時(shí)內(nèi)做同樣的事情，那些沒(méi)有完成挑戰(zhàn)的人要捐100美元給ALS機(jī)構(gòu)。因此，其次段主要講的是冰桶挑戰(zhàn)的規(guī)則，rules符合文意。influence意為“影響”；purpose意為“目的”；development意為“發(fā)展”，均不符合文意。33.Thepersonwhoisnominatedforthechallengeisrequiredto.A.donate100toTheALSAssociationB.watchothersvideosonsocialmediaC.helpfindeffectivetreatmentsforALSD.pouricewateronhimselfwithintime答案D解析細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段中的“TheALSIceBucketChallengerequiresthatparticipantspourabucketoficewateronthemselvesandthenpostavideoofitonsocialmediawhilenominatingoneormorepeopletodothesamewithin24hours.”可知，被提名參與冰桶挑戰(zhàn)的人要在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)把冰水倒在自己身上。34.WhatdoweknowaboutALSfromthetext?A.ALSisfairlycommonnow.B.LouGehrigwasfirstcuredofALS.C.ItisrareforpeoplewithALStosurvivedecades.D.SocialwelfareprogramsprovidemedicaltreatmentsforALS.答案C解析推理推斷題。依據(jù)第三段第四句“WhilemostpeoplewithALSsurviveonlytwotofiveyearsafterdiagnosis(診斷)...”可知，大多數(shù)患有ALS的人在確診后一般只活了2到5年。故可推知，很少患有ALS的人能夠活數(shù)十年，故C項(xiàng)正確。35.AccordingtoBarbaraNewhouse，theIceBucketChallenge.A.makesmorepeoplewellawareofALSB.teachespeoplehowtofightagainstALSC.makesmedicalcompanieshelpALSpatientsD.attractsmanypeopletojoinALSorganizations答案A解析細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)最終一段第一句Duetotheicebucketcampaign，manypeoplearebeginningtoknowaboutALS.可知，冰桶挑戰(zhàn)使很多人了解了AL四、Onehundredgrandmotherswereaskedhowgoodmannershadchangedsincetheywerechildren，whattheyexpectedoftheirownchildrenwhentheyweregrowingupandhowtheirgrandchildrenbehavetoday.Althoughthegrannieswereunitedinthebeliefthatgoodmannerscostnothing，theyunwillinglycametotheconclusionthatalltheoldlittlecourtesies(禮節(jié))aregraduallybeingerased.Somechildrenarenottaughtsimplegoodmannersbytheirparents，inthebeliefthattheyshouldbefreetoexpressthemselves.Mannersatmealtimesrevealedthegreatestinter-generationaldifference.While92percentofgrandparentsand87percentoftheirchildrensatdownatthetablewithallthefamilytoeatatleastonceaday，nowadaysthisappliestojust54percentofchildren.Traditionalfamilymealtimeshavebeenonaslipperyslopeformanyyearsandthissurveyrevealsanapparentcorrespondingdeclineintablemanners.Onegrandmothersaid：“Mygrandchildrenhavebadtablemannersastheyhaven’tbeentaughtbytheirparents.”O(jiān)nly49percentofchildrentodayhavetoasktogetdownfromthetablecomparedwith89percentoftheirgrandparentsand80percentoftheirparents.Keepingyourelbowsoffthetableisalmosttotallyunnecessary，withjust19percentofgrandchildrenstillexpectedtosticktotheoldrule.However，someparentsarestillkeepingfamilymealtimesalive，witheventhesmallestchildrenjoiningthematthetableintheirhighchairswhetheritistheirmealtimeornot.Althoughsomelittlecourtesiesmaynolongerbeencouragedtoday，goodoldfashioned“please”and“thankyou”seemtohaveweatheredthestorm.Nevertheless，therehasbeenabigdownturninwritingthank-youletters，from86percentofgrandparentstojust35percentofgrandchildrenputtingpentopapertoday.Afinalwordfromonewisegrandmother：“Ifthereweren’trulestherewouldbenothingforkidstobreak，norisktotake，noscarstoshowformistakes.Rulesletyoufly.”1.Whichofthefollowingwouldsomemodernparentsmostprobablyagreewith?A.Goodmannersareveryimportant.B.Kidsshouldshowwhotheytrulyare.C.Itiseasyforkidstolearngoodmanners.D.Kidsshouldlearnfromtheirgrandparents.答案B2.Accordingtothesurvey,81percentofkids.A.puttheirelbowsonthetableB.usuallyeatintheirhighchairsC.havemealswithallthefamilyD.askpermissiontoleavethetable答案A解析細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第四段第四句“Keepingyourelbowsoffthetableisalmosttotallyunnecessary，withjust19percentofgrandchildrenstillexpectedtosticktotheoldrule.”可知，依據(jù)調(diào)查，只有19%的孩子仍希望遵守舊規(guī)則，而剩下81%的孩子把胳膊肘放在桌子上。3.Whatmightmanykidsbeencouragedtodo?A.Apologizesincerelyfacetoface.B.Showappreciationbywritingletters.C.Talkabouttheweatherwithstrangers.D.Expressthankfulnessinspokenwords.答案D解析推理推斷題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段最終一句“Nevertheless，therehasbeenabigdownturninwritingthank-youletters，from86percentofgrandparentstojust35percentofgrandchildrenputtingpentopapertoday.”可知，被要求寫(xiě)感謝信的比例有所下降。故可以推想出，孩子被激勵(lì)口頭表達(dá)謝意。4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsstickingtotraditionalcourtesies?A.Heisuncertainaboutit.B.Heismildlycritical.C.Heapprovesofit.D.Heisstronglyagainstit.答案C解析觀點(diǎn)看法題。閱讀全文，依據(jù)文章最終一段“Afinalwordfromonewisegrandmother：‘Ifthereweren’trulestherewouldbenothingforkidstobreak，norisktotake，noscarstoshowformistakes.Rulesletyoufly.’”可以看出，作者對(duì)于堅(jiān)持傳統(tǒng)的禮節(jié)是支持的。5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.HowtoExpressYourself?B.ChangetheUnnecessaryRulesC.AreGoodMannersaThingofthePast?D.GrandmothersCaringforGrandkids答案C解析標(biāo)題歸納題。閱讀全文，依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，有一百位祖母被問(wèn)到，從她們小時(shí)候至今，禮貌有多大變更，她們對(duì)自己的孩子成長(zhǎng)中的期望以及她們的子孫們今日的行為如何。本文以此綻開(kāi)，主要講解并描述了禮節(jié)不只是過(guò)去的事情。五、CharityCyclingUKrecentlylaunchedacampaigntoraiseawarenessofdooringafterdiscoveringthatmanypeopledon’tknowwhatitis.Dooringiswhenadriverorpassengeropensthedoorintoanotherroaduser—typicallyacyclist—withoutlookingforotherroadusers.CyclingUKChiefExecutivePaulTuohytoldGloucestershireLive：“Somepeopleseemtoseecardooringasabitofajoke，butit’snotandcanhaveseriousconsequences.CyclingUKwantstoseegreatawarenessmadeaboutthedangersofopeningyourcardoornegligently，andpeopletobeencouragedtolookbeforetheyopen.”Thecharitysays2,009ofthe3,000injuriesweresustainedbycyclists，resultinginfivefatalitiesbutsaysthismightnotbethefullextentofthedanger.CyclingUKsaysnotallcardooringincidentswillbeattendedbypolice，sothecharityhaswrittentotransportministerJesseNormancallingforapublicawarenesscampaignurgingallcaroccupants，notjustdrivers，tolookbeforeopeningvehicledoors.Oneofthewaysthecharitysuggestsisthe“Dutchreach”，wherepeopleleavingavehiclereachoverandusethenon-doorsidehandtoopenthedoor.CyclingUKalsosuggestsharsherlawsandadviceonsaferroadpositioningforpeoplewhocycle.MrTuohysaid：“IntheNetherlandstheyareknownforpractisingamethod，knownsometimesasthe‘Dutchreach’，whichwethinkcouldbesuccessfullyencouragedintheUK.”“CyclingUKhaswrittentotheDepartmentforTransportaskingthemtolookintothis，andhighlightthedangersof‘cardooring’throughapublicawarenessTHINKstylecampaign.”Ifyou’rereallyconcernedaboutopeningadoorintothepathofacyclistcomingbehindyou，considerusingwhat’sknownasthe‘Dutchreach’toopenthedoor.Thatwillnaturallyturnyouinyourseatandgiveyouamuchbetterviewofwhat’scomingupalongsidethecar.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了cardooring因開(kāi)車門(mén)造成的撞人事故的危害以及解決問(wèn)題的可行方法。6.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Cardooring.B.Trafficawareness.C.The“Dutchreach”.D.Thecharity’scampaign.答案A解析主旨大意題。通讀文章可知，全文圍繞話題cardooring綻開(kāi)，介紹了cardooring的危害以及解決問(wèn)題的方法。所以A正確。7.WhydoestheauthormentionthefiguresinParagraph3?A.Tocausepublicconcern.B.Toreporttheterribleaccidents.C.Toshowthedangersofcardooring.D.Tostresstheimportanceoftrafficsafety.答案C8.Whiledoingthe“Dutchreach”，youshould.A.sitstillinyourseatB.openthecardoorpolitelyC.usetheinsidehandtoopenthedoorD.usethelefthandtoopenthecardoor答案C解析細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第四段中的“wherepeopleleavingavehiclereachoverandusethenon-doorsidehandtoopenthedoor”可知，應(yīng)當(dāng)用不靠近車門(mén)的手開(kāi)門(mén)。故選C。9.Whatcanbelearnedfromthetext?A.Manypeopleareignorantofcardooring.B.The“Dutchreach”iswellreceivedinEngland.C.Dooringincidentsareallattendedbypolice.D.Driversaretoblamefordooringincidents.答案A解析推理推斷題。依據(jù)第一段中的“CharityCyclingUKrecentlylaunchedacampaigntoraiseawarenessofdooringafterdiscoveringthatmanypeopledon’tknowwhatitis...”以及文中多次出現(xiàn)的“publicawareness”可知，很多人對(duì)cardooring這個(gè)問(wèn)題重視不夠。10.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardscardooring?A.Enthusiastic. B.Ridiculous.C.Neutral. D.Concerned.答案D解析觀點(diǎn)看法題。cardooring導(dǎo)致諸多事故，而人們對(duì)此又了解不多，作者在字里行間表達(dá)了對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象的擔(dān)憂。故選D。六、Earthwormslyingonsidewalksorstreetsafteraheavyspringrainhasbecomeacommonplace，butwhydotheydothis...andcouldthatbeatravelriskiness?Researcherssupposeseveralreasonswhyheavyrainstormsbringearthwormsoutoftheirsoilhomes.Foryearsscientistsseemedtothinktheonlyreasonearthwormscametothesoilsurfaceafteragoodrainwastopreventdrowningintheirwater-filledholesintheground.“Thisisnottrueasearthwormsbreathethroughtheirskinsandactuallyrequirewetinthesoiltodoso.”saidDrChrisLowe，thelecturerinWasteandEnvironmentalManagement.Earthwormsareunabletodrownlikeahumanwould，andtheycanevensurviveseveraldaysfullygounderthesurfaceofwater.Soilexpertsnowthinkearthwormssurfaceduringrainstormsformigrationpurposes.“Itgivesthemanopportunitytomovegreaterdistancesacrossthesoilsurfacethantheycoulddothroughsoil.”saidDrLowe.“Theycan’tdothiswhenitisdrybecauseoftheirwetrequirements，butduringunwateredconditions，lifeiscertainlymoredifficultforaworm.”“Earthwormsdigdeeperintothesoilwhereitiswetterwhenconditionsaredry，”saidProfessorMaryAnnBruns.Anotherexplanationinvolvesraindropvibrations(振動(dòng))onthesoilsurfacesoundingsimilartovibrationofanimalswhoeatorkillearthworms，likethoseofmoles(鼴鼠).Earthwormsoftencometothesurfacetoescapemoles.“Raincansetupvibrationsontopofthesoillikemolevibrations.”saidProfessorJosefGorres.“Similartohowearthwormsmoveupwardsandoutofthewaywhenpredatorvibrationsarefelt，theycouldmoveinasimilarwayforrainvibrations.”Similarly，humanscreatevibrationstobilkwormsoutoftheirholesintheground；fishermenrunapieceofsteelorahandsaw(手鋸)acrossthetopofastake，whichcausesarubbingsoundtooccurasthestakevibrates.Earthwormsarethenmovedtothesurface，muchtothefishermen’sdelight.Earthwormsusetouchtocommunicateandinteract.Researchconfirmedthatsocialcuesamongearthwormsinfluencebehavior.Exactlywhyearthwormshavecometoformgroupsisstillbeinginvestigated，butitispossiblethatwormsgathertoprotectthemselves.Protectionfromweatherelementshasn’tbeenruledout.16.Whichmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.HowDoEarthwormsGetRidofBeingAttacked?B.HowDoEarthwormsCommunicateandInteract?C.WhyDoEarthwormsSurfaceAfterRain?D.HowDoEarthwormsSurfaceAfterRain?答案C解析標(biāo)題歸納題。依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，本文講解并描述的是為什么蚯蚓會(huì)在雨后浮出來(lái)。故C項(xiàng)作本文標(biāo)題最佳。17.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Earthwormsprotectthemselvesbyvibrations.B.Earthworms’behaviorisinfluencedbytheirlivingplaces.C.Earthwormssurfaceafterrainforsurvival.D.It’snotsuitableforearthwormstobreatheindrysoil.答案D解析細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段中的“Thisisnottrueasearthwormsbreathethroughtheirskinsandactuallyrequirewetinthesoiltodoso.”可知，蚯蚓不能在干燥的土壤中呼吸。18.Accordingtothepassage，heavyraincan.A.destroyearthworms’homeB.makeearthwormsmovefartherC.inspireearthwormstokeepfoodD.makeearthwormslivedeeper答案B解析細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第三段中的“Itgivesthemanopportunitytomovegreaterdistanceacrossthesoilsurface”可知，大雨會(huì)使蚯蚓移動(dòng)得更遠(yuǎn)。19.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.A.molesliketoeatearthwormsB.earthwormsgetfoodthroughvibrationsfromeachotherC.toowetenvironmentscanmakeearthwormsdieD.molevibrationsarethesameasearthwormvibrations答案A解析推理推斷題。依據(jù)第四段第一句可知，鼴鼠喜愛(ài)吃蚯蚓。20.Theunderlinedword“bilk”canbereplacedby.A.beat B.cheatC.prevent D.pull答案B解析詞義揣測(cè)題。依據(jù)句意可知，人類創(chuàng)建振動(dòng)，把蟲(chóng)子從洞里誘騙出來(lái)，所以該詞的意思是“騙”。故選B。七、Areyousickofgoingtobedlateandwakinguptired?Thengrabyourhikingbootsandatent.Anewstudysuggeststhatacoupledaysofcampinginthegreatoutdoorscanresetyourcircadianclockandhelpyougetmoresleep.Thecircadianclock，morecommonlyknownasthebodyclock，isaninternalsystemthattellsourbodieswhenit’stimetogotosleepandwhenit’stimetogotowakeup.Scientiststrackthisclockbymeasuringtheamountofmelatonin(褪黑激素)circulatinginaperson’sbloodatanygiventime.Inahealthysleeper，melatoninlevelsriseafewhoursbeforebedtime，stayhighthroughthenight，andthensettlebackdownwhenit’stimetowakeup.Inourmodernsociety，however，mostofusstayupmanyhourspastsunsetandwouldprobablysleepinmanyhoursaftersunriseifwecould.Andthetroubleis，yourmelatoninlevelsmaystillbehighwhenyouralarmclockgoesoffinthemorning，whichleadstogrogginess.Itmayalsohaveotherhealthconsequencesaswell，suchasdiabetes(糖尿病)，overweightandheartdisease.ProfessorKennethWrightoftheUniversityofColoradointheUSwantedtoseeifourbodyclockscanberesetbyashortstayinnature.Histeamrecruited14physicallyactivevolunteersintheir20sand30s.Ninewentonaweekendcampingtrip，whiletheotherfivestayedhome.Attheendoftheweekend，theresearchersreportedthatinjusttwodays，thecampers’bodyclockshadshiftedsothattheirmelatoninlevelsbegantorisemorethananhourearlierthantheydidbeforetheyleftonthetrip.Bycontrast，thebodyclocksofthegroupthatstayedhomeshiftedevenlateroverthecourseoftheweekend.“Thistellsuswecanresetourclocksfast，”Wrightsaid.Therefore，ifyouwanttochangeyoursleeppatterns，youcouldtrytoincreaseyourexposuretonaturelightduringthedayanddecreasetheamountofartificiallightyouseeatnight.Andifthatdoesn’twork，there’salwayscamping.1.Theauthorwrotethisarticlemainlyto.A.explainwhyitisbadforourhealthnottosleepenoughB.informusofapossiblewaytoadjustthecircadianclockC.analyzehowthecircadianclockinfluencesoursleepinghabitsD.explorehowthecircadianclockisconnectedwithmelatoninlevels答案B解析寫(xiě)作意圖題。依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容“Anewstudysuggeststhatacoupledaysofcampinginthegreatoutdoorscanresetyourcircadianclockandhelpyougetmoresleep.”可知，作者寫(xiě)作本文主要是告知我們一種調(diào)整生物鐘的可行的方法。2.Theunderlinedword“grogginess”inParagraph4probablymeans“”.A.tiredness B.excitementC.refreshment D.pressure答案A3.Howdoestheauthordevelopthepassage?A.Bycategorization.B.Bycomparison.C.Bytheorderoftime.D.Bytheorderofspace.答案B解析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，作者是將待在室內(nèi)與待在室外的人進(jìn)行比較，得出的結(jié)論。bycategorization歸類；bycomparison比較；bytheorderoftime按時(shí)間依次；bytheorderofspace按空間依次。4.WhatdidWright’steamdiscoverfromtheirexperiment?A.Thebodyclocksofthetwogroupsdidn’tshowmuchdifference.B.Thebodyclocksofthosewhostayedhomeremainedthesame.C.Thosestayingoutdoorsresettheclockinsidetheirbodiesoverashortperiod.D.Changestothecircadianclockdon’tnecessarilyaffectmelatoninlevelsinourbodies.答案C解析細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章第六段的內(nèi)容可知，通過(guò)對(duì)比兩組人群的睡眠表現(xiàn)發(fā)覺(jué)，那些待在戶外的人可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)調(diào)整好生物鐘。5.Accordingtothearticle，we’dbettertoimproveoursleepinghabit.A.spendweekssleepingoutdoorsB.trytoreducemelatoninlevelsatnightC.setanalarmclocktogooffeverymorningD.exposeourselvestomorenaturelightinthedayandlessartificiallightatnight答案D解析細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)最終一段可知，我們可以通過(guò)待在戶外，接觸更多的自然光以及夜晚削減照耀人造光來(lái)變更我們的睡眠習(xí)慣。八、OneeveningIwentoutandleftmy17-year-oldsoninchargeofhis8-year-oldbrotherand4-year-oldsister.Onthisoccasion，theworkwasmadelesstroublesomebythepresenceofhisgirlfriend.Ileftwithcompleteconfidencethattheolderchildrenwoulddoawonderfuljobofbabysittingtheyoungerchildren.Later，IdiscoveredthatcompleteconfidencewasthelastthingIshouldhavelefthomewith.Ihaddecidedtoreturnhomeearlierthanplannedsothatmysonandhisgirlfriendcouldgoout.Icalledhomewiththishappynews.Butinsteadofhearinghischeerful，gratefulvoiceontheotherendoftheline，allIheardwasthesoundofatelephoneringing.Itwas，Ishouldpointout，after10p.m.，whenthetwoyoungerchildrenshouldhavebeeninbed，andwhenthetwoolderchildrenshouldhavebeenansweringthephone.“I’llgivehimalesson，”Isaid.Idecidedtheymustbeoutside.Whytheymightbeoutsideat10∶30onawinternight？Ihadnoidea，butitwastheonlyexplanationIcouldcomeupwith.Finally，indesperation，Icalledhisgirlfriend’shouse.Afterwhatseemedlikecountlessrings，hisgirlfriendanswered.“Yes，”shesaidbrightly，“He’srighthere.”Hecametothephone.Iwasnotmyusualcalm，rationalself.Afterall，oneoftherulesofsurvivalformodernparentsisthatyoucan’ttrustmodernteenagers.“Wherearethechildren？”Isaid.Hesaidtheywerewithhim.Theyhaddonenothingwrong.Mysonhadtakentheyoungerchildrenovertohisgirlfriend’shousejustforicecreamandcake.Thiswastoogoodtobebelieved.Well，itturnedoutthatIshouldn’thavebelievedit.Itwasonlypartofthetruth.ThefollowingSaturdayeveningwewereatmyparents’home，celebratingmybirthday.Myoldestsongavemethe