初中需掌握的英語從句.doc

英語語法總結(jié)從句1、 賓語從句1、 概念在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語的句子。2、 位置緊隨在主句動詞、介詞、間接賓語or形容詞的后面。3、 連詞v That從句為陳述句，that引導(dǎo)，無詞義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，可省略E.g: She said (that)she wanted to go home.v If/whether從句為一般疑問句，If/whether引導(dǎo)E.g: Do you know if/whether he hae been to Japan?v 連接代詞：what, who, whom, whose, which連接副詞：when, where, how, why, how much, how much, how old, how long等從句為特殊疑問句，由連接副詞or連接代詞引導(dǎo)，有詞義，要充當(dāng)句子成分E.g: Can you tell us what they are doing?(作賓語)4、 語序陳述句語序：主句+連接詞+陳述句語序的句子賓語從句5、 時態(tài)和主句一致。6、 特殊用法1) 主句為過去時態(tài)，從句說明的是客觀真理or客觀事實時，從句時態(tài)不受主句限制。E.g: The teacher said that light travels much faster than sound.2) 從句有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語，時態(tài)不變，即從句時態(tài)不受主句限制。E.g: He said he was born on April 21,1980.3) 原句如果是祈使句，要改為tell(ask, order, beg 等) sb. (not) to do sth. 句型E.g: “Bring me a cup of tea, please.”said she.改為：She said him to bring her a cup of tea.4) 賓語從句的否定v 一般情況下，賓語從句的否定和一般句子的否定一樣v 動詞think, believe, suppose等后跟賓語從句時，從句的否定前移至主句中E.g: I dont think you are right.5) 從句與反意疑問句連用v 反意部分和主句謂語動詞呼應(yīng)E.g: He said that he is wrong,doesnt he?v 若主語為I 且動詞為think, believe, suppose等，反意部分和從句謂語動詞呼應(yīng)E.g: I think he is right, isnt he?2、 定語從句1. 概念在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語的句子，修飾名詞或代詞（即先行詞）。2. 位置緊隨在先行詞的后面，由關(guān)系詞引出。3. 關(guān)系詞v 關(guān)系代詞：that, who, whom, whose, which等關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞Or代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主、賓、定等成分。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。 that, who, whom代替的先行詞是人的名詞Or代詞，在從句中作主語和賓語E.g: He is the man that/whom I saw yesterday. whose用來指人或物（只用作定語，若指物，還可以和of which 互換）E.g: Please pass me the book whose(of which) cover is green. Which, that代替的先行詞是事物的名詞Or代詞，在從句中作主語和賓語等E.g: The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(作賓語)v 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why等關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點or理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語 when, where, why含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)，兩者可交替使用E.g: Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born. that代替關(guān)系副詞，可用于表示時間、地點、方式or理由的名詞后，取代when, where, why和“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語從句E.g: His father died the year (that/ when/ in which)he was born.4. 判斷法1：取決于從句中的謂語動詞。Vt 后面無賓語，用關(guān)系代詞；Vi 用關(guān)系副詞。法2：判斷先行詞在主句中的成分（主謂賓定狀）。作主、賓、定，用關(guān)系代詞；作狀語時，用關(guān)系副詞（時間狀語when, 地點狀語where, 原因狀語 why）5. 分類v 限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉后往往主句意思不明確。E.g: This is the house which we bought last month.v 非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉后不影響主句意思，與主句之間通常用逗號分開。 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞or物主代詞和指示代詞修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性定語從句。E.g: The house , which we bought last month, has got a lovely garden . 非限制性定語從句可將整個主句作為先行詞，對其進(jìn)行修飾，則從句謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。E.g: Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation(蒸發(fā)). 由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，as,與which 指代整個主句，相當(dāng)于as this, 或as that。As在句首，且從句的謂語為系動詞，which在句中，且從句的謂語行為動詞。E.g: As we know , smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.注意：that ，why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。6. 特殊用法1) 先行詞和關(guān)系詞合二為一。E.g: Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(whoever = anyone who)2) What=the thing which; whatever=anythingE.g: What you want has been sent here.Whatever you want makes no difference to me.Who=the person that ; whoever=anyone whoE.g: Whoever breaks the law will be punished.Who robbed the bank is not clear.That/what當(dāng)that 引導(dǎo)定語從句時，用作關(guān)系代詞，而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時，是個不充當(dāng)任何成分的連接詞，賓語從句和表語從句中的that可省略。E.g: I think (that)you will like the stamps.What只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。E.g: What you need is more practice.3) That的用法v 不用that的情況 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時 介詞后不能用v 只能用that作定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況 在there be 句型中 在不定代詞（anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等）作先行詞時 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時 先行詞即有人又有物時E.g: All that is needed is a supply of oil.三、狀語從句1. 概念修飾主句中的謂語動詞、形容詞or副詞等的從句。2. 位置可以在主句前面或后面。在主句前面時，用逗號隔開；主句若是疑問句時，在主句的后面。3. 語序從句為陳述句語序：主語+謂語+其他成分4. 分類v 時間狀語從句時間狀語從句由when, while, after, before, since, as soon as, till, until等連詞引導(dǎo)。E.g: I went to bed after the TV play was over.注意：若主句是一般將來時，則表示將來的時間狀語只用一般現(xiàn)在時E.g: I will write to you as soon as I get to Beijing.v 原因狀語從句原因狀語從句由because, since, as等連詞引導(dǎo)。E.g: He sold the car because it was too small. Because多表示所敘述的理由為本句的重點，在句末E.g: He did not go to school because he was badly ill. As, since用于表示理由是已知，而理由以外才是敘述的重點，用于句首。前者多表示理由以外的才是重點，后者則重形式。E.g: As it is raining, let us stay at home.Since you have no license,you are not allowed to drive. For用于主句之后，補充說明理由；主句表推測時，用for說明原因。E.g: Ill follow his advice,for he is a doctor. Because of 也是表示原因狀語，但后面只能跟短語E.g: I stayed at home because of the bad weather.v 比較狀語從句比較狀語從句由than,as連詞引導(dǎo)。E.g: He writes as well as you(do).v 條件狀語從句條件狀語從句由if,unless(=if not)等連詞引導(dǎo)。從句中的動詞多用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。E.g: I shall go if he asks me.由and連接的簡單句，可以用條件狀語從句來改寫。E.g: Run faster and you will catch up with him.=If you run faster ,you will catch up with him.v 結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句由so that ,sothat連詞引導(dǎo)。E.g: He has lost his bike so that he cant come to school on time.Your shirt were so dirty that you mast wash it.注意：由sothat連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句若是表示否定意思，可以用tooto（太而不能）來代替。E.g: She was so angry that she could not say a word.=She was too angry to say a word.v 讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句由though(雖然), although(雖然), even though(即使) 引導(dǎo)。E.g: Though/Although he tried hard, he was not successful.注意：1)雖然但是：though/but。不能同時使用E.g: Though I like looking after my sisters baby, she doesnt let me do it.=I like looking after my sisters baby, but she doesnt let me do it.2) though可以與yet（副詞）連用E.g: Though it was cold, yet he went out without a coat.v 地點狀語從句地點狀語從句由where, wherever引導(dǎo)。E.g: Where I live there are plenty of trees.Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.v 目的狀語從句目的狀語從句由that, so that, in order to, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導(dǎo)。E.g: You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.v 方式狀語從句方式狀語從句由as, (just)asso, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。 as, (just)asso引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在(just)asso結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，此時as從句帶有比喻含義，“正如”，“就像”，多用于正式文體E.g: As water is to fish, so air is to man. as if, as though用法和意義相同。引導(dǎo)的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反；有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大，“