MBA英語(yǔ)閱讀K哥法寶.doc

每每課間游走于教室時(shí)，總能見(jiàn)勤勉刻苦的同學(xué)會(huì)努力的在每一個(gè)他們不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞的上方標(biāo)出漢語(yǔ)意思，字跡工整，詳實(shí)豐富。這可謂之正確的做事。但是每次我都會(huì)告誡同學(xué)們以后切不可如此，因?yàn)檫@樣的標(biāo)注會(huì)使自己下次復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)，視線呈波浪狀起伏，閱讀到認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞時(shí)視線是平的，到不認(rèn)識(shí)處，視線自然上升。這樣其實(shí)不是在閱讀英文而是在閱讀中文，以后再看到滿頁(yè)的英文時(shí)還是會(huì)覺(jué)得恐懼。閱讀的能力依然很難提高。所以我們雖然在正確的做事，卻沒(méi)有做正確的事。英語(yǔ)考研閱讀理解A節(jié)中30%的考題是含有考研英語(yǔ)特有思路的，也就是說(shuō)：“即使掌握了英語(yǔ)的基本技能（詞匯，句子和語(yǔ)篇分析能力），如果不了解考研的出題思路，在面對(duì)選項(xiàng)時(shí)，考生依然很難做出正確的選擇。”1所以盲目的對(duì)句子進(jìn)行分析，而不從出題人的設(shè)計(jì)思路上入手，這樣很容易掉入出題人設(shè)計(jì)的陷阱?！耙凰掖蠛Ｖ袥](méi)有目標(biāo)的航船，來(lái)自任何一個(gè)方向的風(fēng)都是逆風(fēng)。”“任何偉大的勝利都是思維的勝利”。所以我們必須首先找準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)，理清思路這樣才能無(wú)往而不利，在萬(wàn)千化境中保持那份“大好河山都陷了，至少這理還在的”從容。（一）考研的文體到底是什么？這個(gè)話題是被很多學(xué)生忽視的問(wèn)題，甚至包括很多老師對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的重視程度都不夠。我們往往就是停留在知道Economist（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人）上的很多文章是考研出題人所青睞的。但在分類的時(shí)候還是將文章分為：說(shuō)明文和議論文?！懊鎸?duì)議論文時(shí)我們要關(guān)注作者和文中其他人所談到的觀點(diǎn)。面對(duì)說(shuō)明文時(shí)我們重點(diǎn)是考察重要細(xì)節(jié)和概念性的描述?！边@是常識(shí)。而在考研的科普文中，我們一旦陷入關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)的和概念性描述的常識(shí)性認(rèn)識(shí)之中，我們就很難將一些題目作對(duì)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人在英文世界中的地位很像我國(guó)的讀書(shū)雜志，在上面發(fā)表文章的人都是英文世界中的文膽級(jí)的人物，而考研出題人所選取的文章也更多的是偏向人文社科和經(jīng)濟(jì)類的文章，和針砭時(shí)弊，嬉笑怒罵，自成一派的反思性文章。即使選取的是科普類的文章，文中更多的也是對(duì)人物觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)論，所以我們必須形成清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)：考研閱讀的文體就是議論文，哪怕是科普性的文章也是側(cè)重對(duì)文中觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行考察。（二）題干的作用是什么？ 在閱讀的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化試題中，我們都可以把閱讀分為三個(gè)部分：原文，題干和選項(xiàng)。原文是解題的依據(jù)，題干是解題的路標(biāo)，選項(xiàng)是解題的關(guān)鍵。而對(duì)于考研閱讀中題干的路標(biāo)作用同學(xué)們的理解并不深刻，很多時(shí)候老師在解析的時(shí)候也更多在關(guān)注選項(xiàng)間的區(qū)別，以及和原文的對(duì)應(yīng)。認(rèn)真關(guān)注題干，才是我們要做的正確的事。首先看第一個(gè)例子： And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.（2005年passage3）34.Cartwright seems to suggest that _.A）waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB）visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC）dreams should be left to their natural progressionD）dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious這是一篇寫如何控制夢(mèng)的文章，從題材上講是科普類的文章，但是整個(gè)文章都在講述一個(gè)核心的觀點(diǎn)。如果能從觀點(diǎn)議論的角度出發(fā)，這篇文章中的很多難題都能迎刃而解。34題當(dāng)年的難度系數(shù)為：0.371，也就是只有37.1%的同學(xué)作對(duì)了這個(gè)題，屬于考研典型題目。首先看一下題干：卡特萊特似乎在暗示_.問(wèn)題是在問(wèn)文中人物的觀點(diǎn)，因此這個(gè)題干直接就把我們帶到了段落的第二句：Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.（卡特萊特認(rèn)為人們可以練習(xí)有意識(shí)地控制噩夢(mèng)的重演）believe就是題干中suggest的同意表述。如果我們牢記觀點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)觀點(diǎn)的法則，這個(gè)題很容易選出D選項(xiàng)-夢(mèng)可能并不完全的是無(wú)意識(shí)的。而如果仔細(xì)閱讀后面的內(nèi)容你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其他選項(xiàng)有極強(qiáng)的迷惑性。A)waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.及時(shí)的醒來(lái)對(duì)于擺脫噩夢(mèng)非常重要。文中有談到 try to wake up just enough to control its course，但只是說(shuō)到這個(gè)事實(shí)，Cartwright沒(méi)有對(duì)這個(gè)事實(shí)的性質(zhì)做出評(píng)價(jià)，所以essential是錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)。B）visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control想象噩夢(mèng)有助于我們控制它們。文中談到的是Visualize how you would like it to end instead;想象一下噩夢(mèng)是怎么結(jié)束的，而不是想象噩夢(mèng)本身。所以bad dream成為錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)。C）dreams should be left to their natural progression應(yīng)該讓夢(mèng)自然推進(jìn)。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)干擾性不強(qiáng)，可以直接排除。而A,B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)卻是讓人在短時(shí)間內(nèi)很難排除，但如果我們緊扣題干，相信路標(biāo)，先做正確的事，那么我們就能避過(guò)考試出題人的干擾陷阱，直擊正確選項(xiàng)D。2009年考研第二篇文章再次出現(xiàn)了這樣的題目，并且思路和意圖更加明顯。But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to _.A）trace distant ancestorsB）rebuild reliable bloodlinesC）fully use genetic informationD）achieve the claimed accuracy依然先看一下題干：持懷疑態(tài)度的觀察家認(rèn)為家譜檢測(cè)未能_.問(wèn)題同樣是在問(wèn)文中人物的觀點(diǎn)，因此這個(gè)題干直接就把我們帶到了段落的第一句But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist.但有些觀察家對(duì)此表示懷疑的。紐約大學(xué)的社會(huì)學(xué)家特洛伊.達(dá)斯特說(shuō)，“聲稱自己在做家譜測(cè)試的人正在吹噓一種虛假的精確性?！蓖瑯拥览韇elieve就是題干中的says，這個(gè)社會(huì)學(xué)家就是懷疑者中的一個(gè)，他的觀點(diǎn)代表的就是懷疑者的觀點(diǎn)，因此我們很清晰可以看出D選項(xiàng)-達(dá)到（檢測(cè)者）所聲稱的精確度，為對(duì)剛才那句話的同意替換，是正確答案。我們要是以后面的內(nèi)容作為選擇依據(jù)我們將被迷惑項(xiàng)搞得痛苦不堪，尤其是選項(xiàng)C。我們先解決到A和BA）trace distant ancestors追溯年代久遠(yuǎn)的祖先文中說(shuō)most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage只考慮了單線的祖先，而不是說(shuō)找不到年代久遠(yuǎn)的祖先，輕松排除。B）rebuild reliable bloodlines重建可靠的血統(tǒng)譜系文中說(shuō)This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors，這種測(cè)試只能告知不完全的血統(tǒng)譜系，而不是說(shuō)不能重建可靠的血統(tǒng)譜系。最后看看C選項(xiàng)，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)在教育部的考試分析中我們可以看到這個(gè)選項(xiàng)時(shí)是錯(cuò)選率最高的，在錯(cuò)選答案中占到了89% 3也就是這個(gè)題做錯(cuò)的同學(xué)幾乎都是錯(cuò)選的這個(gè)選項(xiàng)。Fail to C）fully use genetic information(未能)完整的利用基因信息文章中Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage只考慮了單線的祖先；This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors，這種測(cè)試只能告知不完全的血統(tǒng)譜系；幾乎所有的線索都指向了答案C。但先仔細(xì)對(duì)比一下這兩種說(shuō)法：1)Fully use genetic information ; 2）use full genetic information;前一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是使用這個(gè)動(dòng)作的完整性；后一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是使用對(duì)象的完整性。顯然你就知道C選項(xiàng)是不對(duì)的了。但是在考場(chǎng)上很少有同學(xué)能思考到這個(gè)層次，在D和C之間徘徊的時(shí)候請(qǐng)牢牢地記住了，問(wèn)題在問(wèn)觀點(diǎn)是什么，就不要去選對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的分析了。再次強(qiáng)調(diào)：緊扣題干，找準(zhǔn)路標(biāo)，問(wèn)觀點(diǎn)就找觀點(diǎn)，先做正確的事，再正確的去做事。一切有為法，應(yīng)作如是觀 把握命題命脈，直擊選項(xiàng)本質(zhì)“世尊說(shuō)我見(jiàn)，人見(jiàn)，眾生見(jiàn)，壽者見(jiàn)，即非我見(jiàn)，人見(jiàn)，眾生見(jiàn)，壽者見(jiàn)，是名我見(jiàn)，人見(jiàn)，眾生見(jiàn)，壽者見(jiàn)?！兵F摩羅什法師所譯金剛般若波羅蜜經(jīng)中精髓即在于此，表面所見(jiàn)的像只是緣起在世間的呈現(xiàn)而已，重要的是去找到這個(gè)表象后的緣，即表象后的真正原因?？佳袌?chǎng)上我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到這樣的情況，通過(guò)回文章定位，根據(jù)對(duì)原文的理解我們能很快的排除兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，而剩下的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)會(huì)把我們折磨的死去活來(lái)。也就正是這種選項(xiàng)間微小區(qū)分度構(gòu)成了考研英語(yǔ)的特色。每每在甄別選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候，我們總會(huì)覺(jué)得這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)都對(duì)，并且會(huì)覺(jué)得自己的答案比給出的正確答案更為合理。而考研英語(yǔ)作為全國(guó)人才選拔性的考試，并且會(huì)向社會(huì)公布標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案的考試，在答案的設(shè)置上一定是合理且正確的，并且這種答案的設(shè)置是有一定邏輯線索的。否則，這種人才的遴選是沒(méi)有意義的。而這種線索就是我們?cè)跇?biāo)題中提到的命題命脈，這種命脈就會(huì)體現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)之上。本文正是要帶領(lǐng)考研戰(zhàn)士們?nèi)ヌ角筮@種命題命脈在選項(xiàng)上的體現(xiàn)。首先來(lái)看幾道例題：2009年考研閱讀第四篇文章第一題The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-centuryNew England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonialAmerica was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles,New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.1. The author holds that in the seventeenth-centuryNew England_.APuritan tradition dominated political life.Bintellectual interests were encouraged.CPolitics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.Dintellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.根據(jù)題干中的seventeenth century和New England我們不難定位到文章的第一段，選項(xiàng)A中的Puritan tradition（清教傳統(tǒng)）在倒數(shù)第一句中出現(xiàn)，但是倒數(shù)第一句是這樣說(shuō)道：“大量的文章和書(shū)籍都記載道，新英格蘭的領(lǐng)袖們確立了美國(guó)知識(shí)生活中的基本話題，其最關(guān)注的就是一直在知識(shí)生活中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，并不斷演進(jìn)的清教傳統(tǒng)?！蔽闹忻鞔_說(shuō)到了in American intellectual life.而不是選項(xiàng)A中的in political life，可以直接排除A。同樣，C選項(xiàng)說(shuō)：政治從學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)中受益匪淺，而整個(gè)段落沒(méi)有提及學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)對(duì)于政治的影響。同樣可以輕松排除。而B(niǎo)和D卻相當(dāng)難排除了。一個(gè)說(shuō)“學(xué)術(shù)的興趣被鼓勵(lì)”，一個(gè)說(shuō)“享用寬松自由的求知環(huán)境”。兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)和段落中所涉及的知識(shí)生活話題都有關(guān)系。文中只有這樣的相關(guān)敘述：“so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.”“知識(shí)的追求是如此的受重視”。而就這點(diǎn)來(lái)講我們分別認(rèn)為B和D都對(duì)也是合理的，但是當(dāng)B和D放在一起的時(shí)候，我們就必須重新理清我們的邏輯思維鏈條了。我們首先承認(rèn)的是：知識(shí)的追求是受到重視的。如果要選D的話，那么我們必須先承認(rèn)B，也就是說(shuō)，要是沒(méi)有B就不可能有D。在這種情況下我們就很容易得出一個(gè)結(jié)論：當(dāng)一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是以另一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為前提的時(shí)候，只能選后一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。也就是你必須首先承認(rèn)的那個(gè)選項(xiàng)。用公式來(lái)講就是：因?yàn)锳所以B，選A不選B。因?yàn)槭艿搅斯膭?lì)，所以環(huán)境很寬松。所以選擇受到鼓勵(lì)。但是這個(gè)公式有一個(gè)重要的前提就是：兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)都必須有原文的依據(jù)。這就是我們考試出題人的命題思路，他希望找出的最直接的，對(duì)原文的解釋最根本的選項(xiàng)。而我們?cè)谂懦x項(xiàng)的時(shí)候就可以用上面的公式來(lái)做出選擇。再看一個(gè)例子：2009年考研閱讀第三篇第四題What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it. After all, thats how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged_.Awhen people had enough timeBprior to better ways of finding foodCwhen people on longer went hungryDas a result of pressure on government這個(gè)題是一個(gè)例證題目，題干中的關(guān)鍵詞our ancestors可以把我們帶到段落的第三行：當(dāng)我們的祖先一千多年前正打獵和采集食物，根本沒(méi)有時(shí)間去思考除開(kāi)覓食之外的其他事情。而答案中就有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)：A）當(dāng)人們有足夠的時(shí)間的時(shí)候。A選項(xiàng)和題干連在一起就是：當(dāng)人們有足夠的時(shí)間的時(shí)候，教育就出現(xiàn)了。而這個(gè)時(shí)候我們往下看一句：只有人們找到一種更多產(chǎn)的獲得食物的方法時(shí)，我們才有時(shí)間來(lái)做其他的事情。選項(xiàng)中對(duì)應(yīng)了：C）當(dāng)人們不再挨餓的時(shí)候。A和C就很難區(qū)分了，在原文中A和C都有依據(jù)。這個(gè)時(shí)候我們可以套用公式了：因?yàn)锳所以B，選A不選B。因?yàn)椴话ゐI，有了足夠的時(shí)間。答案當(dāng)然就選不挨餓了2003年passage 4第一題：It is said that inEngland death is pressing, inCanada inevitable and inCalifornia optional. Smallwonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death - and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.（2003年passage 4）。56.What is implied in the first sentence?A Americans are better prepared for death than other people.B Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.C Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.D Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.同學(xué)經(jīng)常會(huì)徘徊在C和D之間。因?yàn)镃對(duì)應(yīng)文章：Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure.而D對(duì)應(yīng)文章：Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有依據(jù)，只能套用公式：因?yàn)锳所以B，選A不選B。因?yàn)槊绹?guó)人對(duì)自己的醫(yī)療技術(shù)過(guò)分的自信，所以對(duì)他們的長(zhǎng)壽盲目的驕傲。答案為C我們?cè)賮?lái)看一個(gè)例子：2006年passage3最后一題：Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back onl