GCT非常好的語法部分講義胡英歌最新版.doc

GCT系統(tǒng)班補充講義（語法部分）胡英歌 編講第一講：定語從句一、概述1.在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞，用作定語的從句叫做定語從句(attributive clause)。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫做先行詞(antecedent)。定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導詞如下： 1 3 52. 關系代詞和關系副詞的功用能關系代詞和關系副詞用來引導定語從句，在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用，使二者聯(lián)系起來。關系代詞和關系副詞可作定語從句的一個成分。關系代詞可作主語、賓語、定語；關系副詞可作狀語。3. 限定和非限定的區(qū)別：二：as主要用法1. as 引導非限制性定語從句as作關系代詞，還可用來引導非限制性定語從句，可以用來代替一個句子或單詞，as引導的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.眾所周知，月球一月繞地球一周。2.1） as引導限制性定語從句通常構成such.as或the same.as固定搭配，as在從句中可作主語、表語或賓語。I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那種工具。(作賓語)（2）suchthat與suchas“suchthat”表示“如此以致”的意思，用來引導一個結果狀語從句；而“suchas”表“像這樣的”的意思，用來引導定語從句，as在從句中充當主、賓或表語等。He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一個如此誠實的人以至于我們都尊敬他。He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我們所尊敬的這種誠實的人。三：關系副詞when, where, why用法。關系副詞在從句中可作狀語。1、when指時間，修飾表時間的先行詞，在定語從何中作時間狀語。July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天氣很熱的月份2、where指地點，修飾表地點的先行詞，在定語從句中作地點狀語。After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年時生活的小城鎮(zhèn)。注意：先行詞為表示時間、地點的名詞時，關系詞不一定都用when或where。如果關系詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語，就要用關系代詞whch或that。This is the factory that/which we visited last year.這是我們去年參觀的那家工廠。I wont forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永遠不會忘記我在農(nóng)村度過的那段時光。3、why指原因，修飾名詞reason，在定語從句中作原因狀語。Do you know the reason why he left early?你知道他為什么早走嗎？Can you offer the reason why you are late again? 你能說一下你再次遲到的原因么？四關系代詞的用法。關系代詞在從句中可作主語、賓語、定語1、who，whom的用法who和whom指人，who在定語從句中作主語；whom在定語從句中作賓語，在限制性定語從句中可省略。在口語中可用who代替whom。In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，買到西紅柿的人常常會生氣。(作主語)The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. 你應該給他寫信的人是波爾先生。(whom作賓語能省略)His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很愛你的母親，她于1818年去世了。（whom引導非限制性定語從句，作賓語但不能省略）2、whose的用法whose 指人或物，在定語從句中作定語，指物時?？捎胦f which取代。I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有個朋友，他父親是市長。We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我們住在窗口朝南的房子里。3、which 的用法which指物，在定語從句中作主語和賓語，作賓語時，在限制性定語從句中可省略。Today, fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾經(jīng)只在中國生長的果樹能夠在世界上許多地方看到了。（作主語，不能省略）It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用來記錄乘客所購買的車票。(作賓語，可以省略)He came late, which we all know. 我們都知道，他來晚了。（作賓語，在非限制性定語從句中不省略）4、that 的用法that 多指物，有時也指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語（可省略），指物時其用法和which大致相同，但也有區(qū)別。All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有來自農(nóng)村的人工作都更努力。This is the best play that was written by Jack. 這是杰克寫的最好的一個劇本。5、關系代詞that和which的區(qū)別（1)相同點：都可以指物；在從句中都可作主語或賓語；作賓語時都可省略。The train that /which has just left is for Shanghai.剛開的那列火車是去上海的。(作主語,不可省略)The film (that/which) we saw last night is wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的電影好極了。(作賓語，可省略)（2）用that，不用which的情況當先行詞是不定代詞或被它們修飾時。all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代詞時To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要開始工作，我所需要的是你的許可。Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事嗎?He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他幾乎沒有回答老師的那些問題。當先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.這是這家書店售出的最有趣的書之一。The first thing that should be done is to get some food.該做的第一件事是弄點吃的。當先行詞有the very，the only，the same等修飾時。Thats the only thing that we can do now.目前我們只能這樣了。Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原話。當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時。They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他們在談論在工廠里看到的人和事。（3）用which，不用that的情況引導非限制性定語從句。Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一項有趣的運動。Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃樂茜總是吹噓她在戲劇中的角色，這當然使別人不高興。直接放在介詞后作賓語時。Language is the most important tool without which people cant communicate with each other.語言是最重要的工具，沒有它，人們便無法交流。巧記that和which的區(qū)別：that，which可互換，下列請況勿照辦；that情況比較多，不妨對你說一說；不定代詞這路貨，全用that準沒錯；先行詞前被限制，千萬不要用which；要用which別著急，介詞提前逗隔離。巧記定語從句的用法主句型，從句型，兩種句子要完整。從句緊靠先行詞，系詞引導要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which當先用。關系代詞有that，定人定物有本領。定時間要用when，定地點where行，定原因必用why。關系代(副)詞作成分，唯作賓語可以省。第二講：名詞性從句。一：概述引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類： 連接詞：that, whether, if。that無詞義，在句中不擔句子成分，有時可以省略。連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 有詞義，在句中充當成分。連接副詞：when, where, how, why 有詞義，在句中作狀語。二主語從句。從句在句中充當主語。1. 主語從句中的that不充當句子的成分，只是單純的連接詞，通常不省略。分句置于句首時，that絕對不可以省略。句子結構：That/wh-clause + v +主語從句That the drunk driver could not control his car was obvious.It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.2. It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。例如：It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.三. 表語從句：表語從句出現(xiàn)在系動詞后，充當表語。be, look, remain, seem, the reason is that和It is because 句子結構：S +be/link.v + that/wh-clause表語從句The trouble is that we are short of money.Go and get your coat. Its _ you left it.The question is _ we can make good preparation in such a short time.This is _ we cant get the support of the people.But the fact remains _ we are behind the other classes四賓語從句：S + vt + that/wh-clause賓語從句S + vi + prep + wh-clause賓語從句I heard that he joined the army.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate(合作）with one another.五同位語從句。S + vt/be +n+ that同位語從句The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.第三講：倒裝（只講考試?？键c）作用：在英語中為了平衡句子結構或者強調某部分。主語和謂語是句子的核心，它們之間有兩種語序：一是主語在謂語之前稱為自然語序（Natural Order）；二是主語在謂語之后則稱為倒裝語序（Inverted Order）。完全倒裝（Full Inversion）:又稱全部倒裝,是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。部分倒裝（Partial Inversion）:指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)移至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。一 so, neither ,nor 引起的倒裝1. 當前面的情況也適用于后面的人或物時用so, 注意后面的動詞。翻譯：也一樣。Nancy is an innocent girl, so is her sister.I have great passion for English, so does m