高考名詞性從句精析(語法重點(diǎn)、解題步驟、易犯錯誤).doc

2008屆高考名詞從句精析一. 基本概念:A. 什么是名詞性從句 當(dāng)一個正確的連詞+完整的主語和謂語構(gòu)成的句子放在一個名詞可以充當(dāng)?shù)某煞值奈恢?起到一個名詞的作用時,這個從句就是名詞性從句.B. 哪些從句是名詞性從句(如何判斷名詞性從句) 1.S + P (系動詞) + 表語( + 其他 ):當(dāng)一個從句放在系動詞后面時,這個從句就是表語從句.1.)That is(系動詞) a book / what he said/why he didnt come. S + P 表語 表語從句2.)The fact is that he has lied to us S + P 表語從句 2.S + P (vt:及物動詞) + 賓語( + 其他 ):當(dāng)一個從句放在vt后面時就是賓語從句1.)He said(vt) nothing at the meeting.S + P 賓語2.)He said (that) he would help us without hesitation.S+ P 賓語從句3.)He asked (vt) what we would like to have for breakfast.S+ P 賓語從句3. S(主語) + P + 其他:當(dāng)一個從句放在主語位置時,這個從句就是主語從句1.)His mistakes made his teacher angry. 主語 + P2.)That he made so many mistakes made his teacher angry.主語從句 P3.) What he said made his teacher angry.主語從句 P*名詞性從句是一個重要的考點(diǎn),難點(diǎn),因此必須記牢哪些連詞可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句及其功能:引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連詞及功能:從 句連 詞備 注表 語 從 句that,what,who,which,whomwhose(+n),how,why,wherewhen,because,whether,that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,但不可省略.其他wh-詞在從句中一定要充當(dāng)一個正確的成分(whether除外),所以不可省略. (if不可用與該從句)賓 語 從 句that,what,who,which,whom,whose(+n),how,why,where,when,whether,if(是否)That在從句不充當(dāng)成分,可省. 其他wh-詞在從句中一定要充當(dāng)一個正確的成分(whether,if除外),所以不可省略.主 語 從 句that,what,who,which,whom,whose(+n),how,why,where,when,whether,(if不可用于該從句That在從句不充當(dāng)成分,但不可省. 其他wh-詞在從句中一定要充當(dāng)一個正確的成分(whether除外)所以不可省略.(if不可用于該從句*特別注意:(1) what,which,who,whose(+n)在從句中可充當(dāng)主語,賓語或表語 (2)whom 在從句中只可做賓語. (3)how,when,where,why在從句中只可做相應(yīng)的狀語 (4)使用名詞性從句時,從句與主句之間不能用逗號隔開. (5)一些含有內(nèi)容/信息的名詞(fact,news,hope,idea,thought,desire,suggestion,doubt,truth,question,problem,order等)后面可用that或wh-詞引導(dǎo)一個同位語從句,對其前面的名詞的內(nèi)容做補(bǔ)充說明:The announcement that a new airport was to be built nearby made us excited.S1 同位語從句 P1 We heard the news that the war had broken out between America and Iraq. S1 P1 同位語從句 (6)同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別是:1.) 定語從句前面的名詞沒有內(nèi)容或信息含義.2.) 引導(dǎo)定語從句的that在從句中一定要做成分,做賓語時可省略引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that在從句中不做成分,但不可省略.*名詞性從句的重要解題步驟:1.)認(rèn)真讀題,分清從句類別2.)根據(jù)從句類別,判斷適用連詞3.)特別注意連詞在從句中的作用, 即:連詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?.)特別注意哪些連詞在哪些從句中不充當(dāng)成分.5.)特別注意哪些連詞在哪些從句中的哪些情況下可以省略.*如何判斷名詞性從句的類別之圖表記憶法:1.主語從句: That / Wh-詞 + S1 + P2 + P1 + 其他 S1(主語從句) 2.表語從句: S1 + P1(系動詞be / seem / appear) + that / wh-詞 + S2 + P2 + 其他表語(從句)3.賓語從句: S1 + P1(vt) + that / wh-詞 / whether / if (是否) + S2 + P2 + 其他 賓語(從句) 另需注意:由動詞+介詞構(gòu)成的動詞詞組后面的從句及一些介詞,介詞詞組后面的從句,也是賓語從句: v+prep + wh-詞+ S + P + 其他 賓語(從句) prep + wh-詞 + S + P + 其他 賓語(從句)如:You must pay enough attention to what the teacher has told you. (what在從句中作_語) The poll will give us information about who is likely to be elected president this time. (who在從句中作_語) The film is set in what was once called “the Long Beach” (what在從句中作_語)4.同位語從句: 名詞(有內(nèi)容或信息含義) + that / wh-詞 + S + P +其他 同位語從句(補(bǔ)充說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容)*名詞性從句解題時易犯的錯誤:錯誤類型一： that 與what 的混用1. That they are going to discuss at the meeting is how to increase food supply in the world.(錯誤)What they are going to discuss at the meeting is how to increase food supply in the world. (正確)注：that在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時本身沒有意義，也不在從句中充當(dāng)任何成分；而what則表示“什么”“的東西或事情”，在從句中充當(dāng)主語，賓語或表語等。上句中的what 應(yīng)充當(dāng)discuss的賓語。錯誤類型二：if 與whether的混用2. If we will visit the Great Wall tomorrow has not been decided yet. (錯誤)Whether we will visit the Great Wall tomorrow has not been decided yet. （正確）注：if 與whether 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時往往可換，但在下面情況時常使用whether：作介詞的賓語時，見例；在從句中提出兩種選擇時，見例；從句提前時，見例；引導(dǎo)主語從句，表語從句及同位語從句時，見例。I worry about whether I hurt his feelings.She wasnt sure whether she should laugh or cry.Whether he will come or not I dont quite know.What many people are worried about is whether we will be able to build a better future. We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.錯誤類型三：that 與because 的混用3. The reason why he was late for school was because he got up late. (錯誤)The reason why he was late for school was that he got up late. (正確)Why farmland here is being lost is because farmers have cut down too many trees in recent years.(錯誤)Why farmland here is being lost is because farmers have cut down too many trees in recent years. (正確)注：reason作主語時引導(dǎo)的表語從句或why引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時常用that不用because.錯誤類型四：忽略連詞that4. These old languages are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain. (錯誤)That these old languages are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain. (正確)注：that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時常常可省，但在下面情況時不可省去：賓語從句不止一個時，見例；賓語從句與主句之間有插入語時，見例；賓語從句為一個主從復(fù)合句時，見例；引導(dǎo)主語從句，表語從句或同位語從句時，見例。They complain (that) they have to work from morning till night, that it is hard to earn money, that they are bullied (欺負(fù)) by the policemen, or that the corporation leaders are seated lazily and enjoy the fruits of otherswork.The teacher said, pleasantly and firmly , that we must overcome the difficulties.We believe that if we work harder, I will pass the National College Entrance Examination.The trouble is that she has lost his address. (表語從句)Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct.15,2003. （同位語從句）錯誤類型五：no matter whowhatwhichhowwhere與whoeverwhateverwhicheverhoweverwherever5. No matter who breaks the rules will be punished. (錯誤)Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. (正確)注：whoever,whatever,whichever,however,wherever等連詞可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，而no matter whowhatwhichhowwhere只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。例如，No matter how great the difficulty is, we ought to keep on.Or: However great the difficulty is, we ought to keep on .錯誤類型六：相似句型的混淆6As is known to all that science plays an important part in the development of industry and agriculture. (錯誤)As is known to all, science plays an important part in the development of industry and agriculture. ( 正確)It is known to all that science plays an important part in the development of industry and agriculture. (正確)注：as作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句位于主句之前時，從句與主句之間要用逗號隔開。It作為形式主語將that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句后置時，that常常不能省。*名詞性從句解題時應(yīng)特別關(guān)注“what”的用法：一、 what用作關(guān)系代詞，也即連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句, 可以作主語、賓語、定語1.引導(dǎo)主語從句例1 What made the school proud was that more than 90 of the students had been admitted to key universities. 使學(xué)校驕傲的是90的學(xué)生被重點(diǎn) 大學(xué)錄取。例2 What makes the matter worse is that it begins to rain. 更糟糕的是開始下起雨來了。2.引導(dǎo)表語從句例3 -Are you still thinking about yesterdays game -Oh, thats what makes me feel excited.例4 The city is not what it used to be. 這個城市不再是先前的模樣了。3.引導(dǎo)賓語從句例5 A mans worth lays not so much in what he has as in what he is. 人的價值不在于他有什么，而在于他是怎樣的人。例6 After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile. 好像過了幾個小時以后，他面帶苦笑走了出來。二、 what 用作關(guān)系形容詞，作定語。意為“所 的全部,任何的”；與little、few 連用時，其含義多為“雖然少，但把所有的都 ”例7 The home improvements have taken what little there is of my spare time. 家庭環(huán)境的改善占去了我僅有的一點(diǎn)業(yè)余時間。例8 Dont worry. I will give you what help I can. 別擔(dān)心，我一定盡我所能幫你。例9 I will lend you what few reference books I can spare. 我愿把我用不著的雖然為數(shù)不多的參考書全部借給你。三、 what慣用句式：A is to B what C is to D （比喻結(jié)構(gòu)）A對B之關(guān)系猶如C對D之關(guān)系例10 Air is to us what water is to fish. 空氣對于我們猶如水對于魚。例11 What salt is to the food, wit and humour are to conversation and literature. 雋語與幽默之于會話與文學(xué)，恰象鹽之于食物一樣。四、 what引導(dǎo)插入語,意為“還有的是，加之”例12 He is handsome, and what is more, very rich. 他長得很英俊，而且還很富有。例13 He is, what is called , a living dictionary. 他就是所謂的活詞典。五、 what的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式whatever(anything that)例14 Whatever she does is ridiculous. 她的所作所為都是謊謬的。例15 Take whatever magazines you want to read. 任何你想讀的雜志都可以取閱。六、有關(guān)what的某些習(xí)語1. What about？(表建議或征求對方意見) 怎么樣 例16 What about going to the movies 2. What for (=why) (口語) 為何,為什么 ？例17 -Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer -What for 3. So what？ (表示不感興趣或認(rèn)為不重要) 那又怎么樣 (口語)4. what if /what though (表示建議或疑慮等) 倘使將會怎么樣; 即使又怎么樣 例18 - What if I move the picture over here - I suppose it will look better.5. What with and (what with ). 部分因為, 部分因為(后面通常接不好的事情)。例19 What with overwork and what with hunger, he became sick at last. 一半由于工作過度，一半由于饑餓，他終于病倒了。典題直擊：1. The other day , my brother drove his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed.（2004上海春季）A. as B. which C. what D. that2. It is pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. （2003上海）A that B. when C. what D. how3. -Are you still thinking about yesterdays game -Oh, thats_.（NMET2003北京春季）A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about itD. when I feel excited4. _ made the school proud was_ more than 90 of the students had been admitted to key universities. （2003上海春季）A. What; because B. What ; thatC. That ; what D. That ; because5. Perseverance is a kind of quality - and thats _ it takes to do anything well. （2002上海）A. what B. thatC. which D. why6. -I think its going to be a big problem.-Yes, it could be.-I wonder _ we can do about it. （2002北京春季）A. If B. howC. what D. that7. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly _ he wants. (2002上海春季)A. what B. which C. when D. that8. A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to do. （NMET2001）A. how B. after C. what D. when9. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster _ he had done the day before. （2001上海春季）A. that B. how C. where D. what10. _ she couldnt understand was_ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. （2000 上海）A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that自我檢測：1 The hurricane destroyed _ was in the village.A. all B. what C. that D. all what2 These pictures will show you _.A. what our hometown looks like B. what does our hometown looks likeC. how our hometown looks like D. how does our hometown looks like3. A mans worth lays not so much in _ he has as in _ he is.A. that; what B. what; what C. that; that D. what; that4. Our city is no longer _ it used to be.A. which B. that C. as D. what5._we cant get seems better than_we have.A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what6. Please let me know _you want me _.A. whether; to do B. what; doing C. that; done D. what; to do7It is commonly believed unwise to give a child _ he or she wants.A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever8. -Susan, will yo