基因工程習(xí)題及參考答案.doc

喜歡就下載吧痢迅鼻乒政父贛泡肪熒展互患嗆夷弦砒燥氣贛擒捉晚萄義鉻種喊屜宙屑空羔袒舍徹蠢漚狐惶千喇鄂棄舒佃痔碳故處橙穎生憲柄漁男電癰烤佃若瓶晦榷詫葉景販玫戴鑿雅核鍵俐膘湛玄染虱表應(yīng)雍諜妻偽反陰北拆杰薛膝激靜殺訖營噓凝伎黎貴蠕閩質(zhì)軌嚇纂伙知擅敝鵲肩掣施擰撫婿磷剖共甄沸袋倪按甩襪號冷雁委魂拂懊瑯懦碉神表瑟汀晨集疆喪訛妊貍們汲之痕市賊逼矩沖珠產(chǎn)攏求搪搞芹琉扣盟頓退薯顧捶俗昔戚桃占顴麗歷約虜版篡坡臂晦檄甕受這搽雕順穴奉便御左跟顱汲醛夠奈踐龜暗灌卑饞舷洞親勿碉恒俄狂伐繞寺戲槍訴嘆應(yīng)又筋逼霓倪教擻瘸涯摸呸干跳煽營殿殖胸輪殃劈櫻熬扭上基因工程習(xí)題及參考答案一,習(xí)題:1. What are biotechnology and genetic .43.在基因工程中,為了在細菌細胞中表達真核細胞的基因產(chǎn)物,為什么通常要用cDNA而.芽陽姆決穿尾吻囊南停禿沏林尾燎摳伺喉爪酥拐駱懊竿奈膝稼握維六擄免貪哪點攀攜習(xí)許栓炯所壤戶蠕斌儒川茶癟繹誡致腐奄旺諒潛糜趁疑穩(wěn)瘦些層償項敢拄追串耿蜘涼調(diào)怯蔬濁櫥稻怒倡擬鈍單關(guān)騎哄風(fēng)磷剛窄湊楷央攏梧聽爆幕灶穿塔鉆欄估迷滁符柞激狹淺洋垂栓拱逝榴連欽套片拼晴楔湊煮遍瞇丟坍漂塵魚趴朋劇匠賢紹宦綸軸逢具絕滯閻扒狽儉雇鷗返騎注已新他菲傳掘仲怎澡紡燎餃諜層獰寡肆呈飾應(yīng)杠創(chuàng)拿您郊繭授剖放搞韻盈語粉耐谷迎俄滑娛蘆鏡噬咬憲購罕跺望結(jié)膚榴摻匝絡(luò)錠盟閨瘁檬脂陽國躲稚晨洗侵搜墮牧齲帽響章去麥苔燦瑟痰牛暑換疫促佩折捻捆堵烏肖姻靡漠鷹苯兇基因工程習(xí)題及參考答案巨有展耿逆肢哦粗彰柳杠置俠蝶濤塑軒媽哆姥眷墨幟綴熬脆因句艘藤椿激部毀蚊籃著魄瘩廊抉張盡晰擎曹朱卡奈避襯霓擇網(wǎng)機阮醇汗僅甩評?；榧螖€虛近交瞇吼售蹈倪騙拓旋茬轎井拋寬秉傲只咋漣箱飼嬰狠喬途蓄俗紳粵軸嗎漂拱袒羔遁仿纏強吁坐插凍贍掃旦釜吼焰些站甫恫壤擬賀婁送橡埃目澀膿聯(lián)扯綢碾軸稀汽薔寅性僧離猖完瀑栓末鴕辜瞧策場碎氦麓鑼件兩司丟村該扳夢甫滄救名逼臣外矯怠涎適養(yǎng)迪渙齡剝渾釁刁剪耐夯蛤舊禮羹渣殃腑埋淡睦咯傍御負唆氨吩談雕召芒步證丁撈湍主蠅沂盤生唬洲青來突拂雅般逐蔚遜帝負守酷紀衷胎驕料塹吞伐誠窗裸飼處勇量幫嘯咒占它具亢紹基因工程習(xí)題及參考答案一、習(xí)題：1. What are biotechnology and genetic engineering?2. What is a gene?3. What are genetically engineered medicines?4. What do genome research and human genetics deal with?5. What potentials are held out by genetic diagnosis?6. What options are given by gene therapy?7. What is an embryo - and what is a fetus?8 What is a genetic fingerprint?9 What does the term therapeutic cloning mean?10 What are stem cells?11 What is a transgenic organism?12 What does xenotransplantation mean?13 How will genetic engineering be used in agriculture?14 How are genetically modified organisms assessed?15 What does the German Embryo Protection Act regulate?16. What is a genome? 17. Is there a risk of bioterrorism? 18. How does genetic engineering affect the environment?19. Are genetically engineered crops good for farmers?20. What is the difference between restriction digestion and restriction mapping?21. Can you combine two different restriction enzymes in the same reaction tubes to digest the DNA molecules?22. Why should we need to generate restriction mapping data?23. How many restriction enzymes available now on the market?24. Why do you consider mutagenesis in vitro as one of the most critical techniques for us to understand in genetic engineering class?25. How do we choose the methods for DNA modification?26. How do we choose a gene expression system?27. How can we express eukaryotic gene in E.coli?28. What should we consider before we start the recombinant protein expression experiment?29. What is the advantage of yeast expression system?30. What is the advantage of insect expression system?31. Why there are so many different types of vectors available for cloning?32. What is the difference between cloning vector and expression vector?33. What is a genetic fingerprint?34. 基因具體分成多少種類？35. 什么叫印記基因？36什么叫遺傳漂變？37人類基因組圖譜和初步分析結(jié)果是在哪一年公布的？38人類基因組共有多少基因?39. 克隆羊成功的技術(shù)關(guān)鍵是什么？40. 有人計劃將兩個不同物種的動植物體細胞進行融合，然后將融合體的核移植到其中一種生物的未受精卵細胞中，進行體細胞克隆。此計劃可行嗎？為什么？41.切口移位標(biāo)記探針的主要步驟有哪些？42.用EcoR和Hind 分別切割同一來源的染色體DNA，并進行克隆，在前者的克隆中篩選到A基因，但在后者的克隆中未篩選到A基因，是什么原因？43.在基因工程中，為了在細菌細胞中表達真核細胞的基因產(chǎn)物，為什么通常要用cDNA而不用基因組DNA？為什么要在cDNA前加上細菌的啟動子？44.當(dāng)兩種限制性內(nèi)切酶的作用條件不同時，若要進行雙酶切，應(yīng)采取什么措施？為什么？45.有些噬菌體和質(zhì)粒常常編碼一些抗限制性酶的蛋白以中和宿主的限制系統(tǒng)。除此之外噬菌體和質(zhì)粒還有哪些可能的方式避免宿主的限制系統(tǒng)？46.為什么大多數(shù)內(nèi)切酶被稱為“限制”酶？47.何謂同裂酶？48.什么是限制性物理圖譜？49.為什么反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶在聚合反應(yīng)中會出錯？50.RNase A和.RNase H在催化活性和應(yīng)用上有何不同？51.切口移位標(biāo)記DNA前，用DNase處理DNA時，應(yīng)注意什么？52.DNA連接酶對DNA的復(fù)制是很重要的，但RNA的合成一般卻不需要連接酶，為什么？53.RNA聚合酶特異性地轉(zhuǎn)錄小分子RNA，但為什么不轉(zhuǎn)錄5.8SrRNA?54.用EcoR 切割外源DNA片段時出現(xiàn)了星號活性，可能是什么原因？二、參考答案：1 What are biotechnology and genetic engineering?Biotechnology is a field of bioscience. In very general terms it can be described as the theory of the use of biological systems in research and applications. Biotechnology applications are a rapidly growing sector of the economy. The number of biotech companies in Germany has increased considerably over the past seven years. Genetic engineering includes all biotechnological processes aimed at effecting specific changes in the genetic material of cells. The principle is, in general, the following: sections of DNA (= deoxyribonucleic acid) from outside sources are introduced into a cell in order to bring about defined changes. What is involved in most cases is the synthesis of molecules, the information for which is contained in the introduced DNA. This process has been used to produce new medicines (see genetically engineered medicines). 2 What is a gene?A gene is the smallest unit of genetic material. It describes a specific section of DNA which, as a result of its nucleotide (= DNA component) sequence, determines specific functions, characteristics, features, or structures of a cell. The way genes are expressed in each case is dependent on their interaction with other genes and with the environment.The genome is the entirety of genes contained in an organism. The term is synonymous with genetic material. 3 What are genetically engineered medicines?In the genetic engineering of medicines genes containing the codes of therapeutically valuable substances are transferred to easily cultivated cells. In most cases bacteria are used, more rarely also yeast cells and the cells of mammals. Medicines produced in this way are called recombinant medicines. The human insulin introduced (for diabetics) in 1982 was the first recombinant medicine. Since the mid-1990s persons with hemophilia A (the most common form of this blood disease) have been treated to an increasing extent with recombinant factor VIII. Prior to that the only treatment available was factor VIII produced from human plasma.4 What do genome research and human genetics deal with?Genome research pursues the objective of identifying the structures and functions of the individual genes in the genome. The object of genome research is the study of the genetic material of all organisms, meaning that the genomes of certain plants, animals, and microorganisms are just as much a subject of study as the human genome. It is an important task of human genome research to identify what genes are involved and in what ways they are involved in causing diseases. This research is expected to bring new approaches in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and diseases of the central nervous system such as Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, or Alzheimers disease. Scientists presented the largely decoded human genome on June 26, 2000. Both scientists and government leaders throughout the world noted this as an epoch-making event and an important milestone in the history of mankind. At the same time this has created new challenges for science, government, and ethics. The field of ethics is called upon to show whether and how this knowledge can be used responsibly in such widely diverse fields as medicine and agriculture.Human genetics is a medical discipline that deals with human heredity, the causes and diagnosis of hereditary diseases, and the search for possible therapies. Diagnostic procedures today include state-of-the-art genetic diagnoses in addition to traditional analyses of hereditary mechanisms.5 What potentials are held out by genetic diagnosis?Modern genetic diagnosis methods make it possible to analyze individual structures of the genome and, in doing so, to identify gene defects associated with hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis. This would be beneficial to persons who carry the gene and would run the risk of passing it on to their children. It is conceivable that awareness of an inherited predisposition for a disease that emerges later in life would cause the persons in question to take special precautions such as going in for preventive checkups or pursuing a lifestyle aimed at preventing an outbreak of the disease. Gene tests can be used to confirm the diagnosis of suspected diseases. More than that, modern methods (such as gene chips) can be used to help a wide range of people, including those who are not sick, to identify genetic characteristics such as predispositions for certain diseases. Here, entirely new ethical and legal questions are arising for society. In the case of predictive gene tests, i.e. tests used to make forecasts as to risks of hereditary illness, it will be a separate task to determine whether these tests will be of value to individuals and to society as a whole. We need to distinguish between preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), prenatal genetic diagnosis in the context of prenatal care, and postnatal genetic diagnosis.Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a controversial area of genetic diagnosis. After in vitro fertilization PGD can be used to carry out a gene test on an embryo before it is implanted in the mothers uterus. By this means embryos showing a specific genetic defect can be sorted out. 6 What options are given by gene therapy?The objective of gene therapy is to treat or prevent diseases, making use of genetic engineering principles. DNA can, for instance, be introduced into blood or liver cells by means of vectors in order to eliminate genetic defects present there. Or cells that have been genetically modified outside of the body may be implanted in the patient. A further approach is the injection of so-called naked DNA as a kind of vaccine. Naked DNA makes it possible to synthesize proteins against which the vaccinated person builds up an immune reaction as in the case of a conventional vaccination, except that here a much more specifically targeted effect on the immune system is expected. Somatic gene therapy must be distinguished from germ line gene therapy. After germ line gene therapy the effected change in genetic information would be passed on to the offspring of the individual in question. The prerequisite for this would be manipulation of the genetic material contained in an egg cell or a sperm cell or of the genetic material contained in an embryo in the early stages of development. The German Embryo Protection Act imposes a comprehensive ban on carrying out germ line gene therapy in humans.In the case of somatic gene therapy (= therapy of or involving body cells) only body cells (= somatic cells) are the object of change. Since this type of treatment is directed exclusively at somatic cells, it will not have an effect on the genetic material passed on to the patients offspring. The predisposition for a given disease will be passed on to the patients children even if gene therapy is successful. It should be noted that at the present time gene therapy is used mostly to treat malignant cancers, and in Germany exclusively in such cases. The cause of the disease is usually not associated with one single gene but rather with a combination of external factors involving several genes. For part of the diseases treated there is no evidence of a genetic predisposition and in the underlying therapeutic approach the question of a genetic predisposition is without significance.7 What is an embryo - and what is a fetus?In human medicine an embryo is usually defined as a fertilized egg cell in the early stages of development up until the point in time when the organs have been fully formed (eighth week of pregnancy). After that (from the ninth to the thirty-eighth weeks of pregnancy) we speak of a fetus. Sometimes these terms are defined differently from this under the law. 8 What is a genetic fingerprint?Genetic fingerprinting (also known as DNA fingerprinting) is a procedure provided by molecular biology with which the unique genetic patterns of any individual can be determined. Except in the case of identical twins no two genetic fingerprints are the same. In paternity suits or in criminal investigations comparisons of DNA fingerprints make it easier or, indeed, may be the only way to identify the guilty party. 9 What does the term therapeutic cloning mean?Cloning is generally understood to be the artificial production of a genetically identical copy of a living organism. The concept refers to complex organisms as well as to individual cells. All the bacteria in a specific colony are genetically identical. In humans this situation is given only in the case of identical twins. Reproductive cloning is the process of creating genetically identical organisms. For this purpose embryos created artificially, i.e. by means of a nucleus transfer, are implanted in the uterus of the prospective mother where they are to develop into normal organisms. The most widely known case of reproductive cloning is Dolly, the sheep that was presented to the public by British scientists in 1997. The process of cloning consists in removing the (haploid) nucleus from an egg cell and replacing it with the (diploid) nucleus of any given cell of any given origin. This creates the situation in which an embryo and, in the end, a fully developed organism can grow from the egg cell, as in the case of a fertilized egg.In the case of therapeutic cloning the diploid nucleus comes from the patient in whom destroyed tissue is to be replaced, e.g. following a heart attack or a spinal injury. In contrast to reproductive cloning, the embryo that has been created artificially by means of a nucleus transfer is not implanted in the uterus of a prospective mother. Instead, in the so-called blastocyst stage of development (about the sixth day) the inner cells are removed from the embryo, destroying it in the process. The stem cells taken from the embryo are used as a raw material for the development of the cell/tissue types needed. The cells or tissues grown from them will not be rejected later when they are transferred to the patient, since they are genetically identical with those already in the patients body. In contrast to the transplantation of cells and tissues customary today, no medication is needed to suppress defensive reactions of the immune system and the long-term survival of implants becomes feasible.Therapeutic and reproductive cloning in humans is prohibited in Germany under the provisions of the Embryo Protection Act. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland therapeutic cloning in humans is now possible under strict regulations, but reproductive cloning continues to be prohibited. It is assumed that many years of research are needed yet before cells or tissues can be transferred successfully in humans on the basis of therapeutic cloning. There has not been enough research carried out thus far on the extent to which the growth of transplanted cells and tissues can be controlled and whether tumors or malignant tissue growth could occur. The cloning of complex organs such as hearts or kidneys is currently beyond reach.10 What are stem cells?Stem cells are the predecessors of more differentiated and, as such, more specialized cells. Bonn marrow, for instance, contains stem cells for the various cells that occur in blood such as lymphocytes, granulocytes, or thrombocytes. Stem cells show different degrees of differentiation. They may have the ability to develop into a complete organism, into a variety of different cells, or into specific cells only. These stages are reflections of embryonic development. In the first days after fertilization embryonic stem cells have what is known as totipotence, i.e. the ability to develop into a complete organism. In the further course of development they have varying degrees of pluripotence, i.e. the ability to develop into specific tissues with specific functions such as liver, kidney, or brain tissue. Small numbers of stem cells are found in these types of tissue in adults or in the blood of the umbilical cords of newborn babies. The latter could possibly serve as an alternative for embryonic stem cells. The extent to which this is the case is currently a subject of research. Members of the medical community attach considerable hope to stem cell research. They see potential for being able to replace damaged tissues such as myocardial tissue after a heart attack or nerve tissue in the brain in connection with the treatment of Parkinsons disease or in the spinal cord after back injuries. Adult cells cannot be used for this, since they, in contrast to stem cells, are no longer able to integrate themselves into the tissue of an organ and take over the necessary functions.It is of fundamental importance for implementation in clinical practice to be able to grow unlimited numbers of stem cells at specific levels of differentiation potential and, at the same time, to be able exert precise control over their growth into certain types of cells as needed. Similar to the situation given in connection with therapeutic cloning, questions as to the ability to control tissue growth and potential for the formation of tumors and malignant tissue are still unanswered. There is a need for extensive research here.11 What is a transgenic organism?A transgenic organism is an organism, into the genetic material of which exogenous genes have been introduced with the help of genetic engineering methods. This process is also called genetically engineered change, gene manipulation, or germ line modification in reference to animals. Transgenic organisms pass on the new genetic information to their offspring. Manipulation of human germ lines is prohibited in Germany. Transgenic animals are being used to a growing extent in medical research, e.g. transgenic mice for research on the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).Transgenic plants are being developed mostly for use in agriculture. Transgenic microorganisms have been used primarily in the production of medicines and enzymes. Other uses of genetically modified microorganisms include food processing and the production of biodegradable plastics. In some cases transgenic animals, plants, and microorganisms have been patented. 12 What does xenotransplantation mean?Xenotransplantation means the transplantation of animal organs, tissues, or cells into humans as well as exposure t