語(yǔ)法專題五：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.doc

語(yǔ)法專題五：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（一）動(dòng)詞不定式1. 結(jié)構(gòu)： 一般式：to do (to be done) 進(jìn)行式：to be doing (表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作） 完成式：to have done (表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前） 否定式：not + to do2. 作用(成份)：不定式常用作以下成分：1) 主語(yǔ)：亦可用it作形式主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成 It is/was + adj (for/of sb)to do sth的句型。 2) 賓語(yǔ)：可以接不定式的常見動(dòng)詞有：hope, wish, decide, intend, expect, plan, determine, manage, refuse, fail, pretend, promise等；也可用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，常與feel, consider, find, believe, think, suppose, regard等連用。 3) 賓補(bǔ)：主要用于解釋、說明賓語(yǔ)，常與動(dòng)詞ask, tell, teach, get, force, want, need, allow, forbid, permit, advise, persuade等連用。 4) 定語(yǔ)：主要用于對(duì)名詞的修飾，如：have sth. to do; there be sth. to do等，表“要做”。 5) 表語(yǔ)：be動(dòng)詞之后；表計(jì)劃或安排等。6) 狀語(yǔ)：表示目的，原因，結(jié)果等。7) 作獨(dú)立成分：常用的這類短語(yǔ)有：to tell you the truth , to be frank（坦白地說）, to be exact（確切地說）, to begin with（首先）, to make things worse（使事情更糟糕 的是）等。3. 注意： 1) 不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式常用于：(1) 使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have之后或感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, notice, observe等后面，但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中須還原to。 (2) would rather, had better, why (not), may /might as well, cant help but等后面用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。(3) 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)中是或含all, what等引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí)，且有do或其其它時(shí)態(tài)形式，后作表語(yǔ)的不定式常省略to。2) only/never to do sth 表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。 3) 當(dāng)不定式和句子中的賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，和句中的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯主謂關(guān)系，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式；如不定式表示的動(dòng)作不是主語(yǔ)發(fā)出，則不定式用被動(dòng)形式。 4) 為了避免重復(fù)，可以省略不定式后的內(nèi)容但保留不定式符號(hào)to，但當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be，have時(shí)則不可省略。 5) 不定式與疑問詞連用, 在句中起名詞作用,可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ)等。鞏固練習(xí)：1. I am sorry _ written you a letter at the time. A. to have not B. to not have C. not to have D. not having 2. The meeting _next week is sure to be a great success. A. to take place B. to be taken place C. to have taken place D. being taken place3. I feel it an honor _ to speak here. A. to be asked B. to ask C. having asked D. asked4. With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled5. Helen had to shout _above the sound of the music. A. making her heard B. to make her hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard6. I dont know whether you happen _, but I am going to study in the U.S.A this September. A. to be heard B. to be bearing C. to hear D. to have heard7. We have no idea about _ next. A. how doing B. what doing C. what to do D. to do8. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 9. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_ in broad daylight yesterday. A. to rob B. to have been robbed C. being robbed D. having been robbed10. - You should have thanked her before you left. - I meant _, but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere. A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing so11. _, he had a car accident and was seriously injured. A. Make things worse B. To make things worse C. Make things bad D. To make things bad12. Who will you get _ the project for us? A. design B. to design C. designed D. designing13. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to buy. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing14. The students expected there _ more reviewing classes before the exam. A. is B. to be C. being D. have been15. She would rather leave for New York _ in Los Angeles. A. to stay B. than stay C. than staying D. to staying16. - Are the problems easy? - No, in fact I found _. A. them hard to solve B. it hard to solve C. it hard to be solved D. hard to solve them.17. To get the job, _. A. it is required that one should be qualified B. a bachelors degree is necessary C. one needs to have basic knowledge in electricity D. some requirements should be met18. In the end, the poor man found a shabby cottage _. A. to live B. to live in C. live D. living in19. All she did was _ to her parents expectation. A. to live up B. live up C. living up D. lived up20. He was seen _ the house by the back door that morning. A. enter B. to enter C. entering D. to be entering21. Do you have any clothes _ today, Sir? A. wash B. to be washed C. to wash D. to be washing22. He loves parties. He is always the first _ and the last _. A. of coming; of leaving B. comes; leaves C. to come; to leave D. coming; leaving23. I regret _ you that they are unable to come to your wedding tomorrow. A. informing B. having informed C. to inform D. to have inform24. What does the librarian permit _ out of the library? A. taking B. to take C. to be taken D. being taken25. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness _.A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made（二）動(dòng)名詞1. 結(jié)構(gòu)：一般式：doing, being done(被動(dòng)式)完成式：having done, having been done(被動(dòng)式)否定式：not + doing2. 作用(成份)：主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞、介詞賓語(yǔ)）、定語(yǔ)（表功能、類別）、表語(yǔ)3. 注意：1) 只跟v-ing作賓語(yǔ)的常見動(dòng)詞有：admit, appreciate, avoid, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, quit, suggest, understand, be worth, stand, give up, feel like, insist on, succeed in, set about等。2) 下列動(dòng)詞跟v-ing作賓語(yǔ)；但如果已有n. / pron.作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，后則跟to do結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如：advise, allow, consider, forbid, permit, recommend等。3) 下列動(dòng)詞可跟v-ing或to do結(jié)構(gòu)，但意義上有區(qū)別： forget / remember: + doing (忘記/記得已做過) ；+ to do（還未做） go on: + doing（繼續(xù)同一件事）；+ to do （繼續(xù)另一件事） cant help: + doing（禁不?。? (to) do（不能幫助） mean: + doing（意味著）；+ to do（打算、故意做） regret: + doing（后悔做了）；+ to say / tell / inform（遺憾告知） stop: + doing（停止做）；+ to do（停下來做另一件事） try: + doing（嘗試）；+ to do（盡力做）4) “to”在下列詞組中為介詞，故須跟v-ing: be used to / be accustomed to, pay attention to, look forward to, lead to, contributeto, devote / dedicateto, object to, be opposed to, get down to, be equal to, turn to 等。5) 物+ need, require, want（需要）/ deserve（值得）：+ v.ing（主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)）/ to be done皆可。6) It is no use / good, not any use / good, useless：+ doing7) 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：如果動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致，則要在動(dòng)名詞前加一個(gè)物主代詞，或名詞所有格，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。鞏固練習(xí)：1. I would appreciate _ back this afternoon. A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. youre calling2. - What should we do with the empty bottles?- Our teacher advises _ them. A. to sell B. selling C. having sold D. sell3. When he knocked at the door, my mother was busy _ supper.A. preparing for B. in preparing C. to prepare for D. to prepare 4. It is no good _ todays work for tomorrow. A. to leave B. leaving C. that you leave D. leave5. You will soon get used to _ a large breakfast in England. A. eat B. that you eat C. eating D. you eat 6. Excuse me for _ in without _. A. coming, asking B. coming, being asked C. to come, asking D. to come, being asked7. People couldnt help _ the foolish girl. A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing 8. “What do you think of the book?” “Oh, excellent, its worth _ a second time.” A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read9. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them. A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct10. I must have eaten something wrong. I feel like _. A. throw up B. throwing up C. to throw up D. threw up11. Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut12. I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make13. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _ the exam. A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing14. He devoted the whole day to _ the English grammar. A. review B. reviewing C. be reviewed D. being reviewing15. I cant get my car _ on cold mornings, so I have to try _ the radiator with some hot water. A. run; to fill B. running; filling C. running; to fill D. ran; filling16. - What made Susan so angry? - _ in the rain for a long time. A. Being kept waiting B. Being kept to wait C. Because of waiting D. She was kept waiting17. How about the three of us _ a walk down the street? A. to take B. taken C. taking D. to be taken18. He always dream of _ a chance for him to bring into full play his potential. A. there being B. there to be C. there is D. being19. I prefer staying at home _ the theater. A. to go to B. for going to C. to going to D. rather than go20. I dont think it any use _ for the spilt milk. A. to cry B. crying C. to be crying D. being crying21. Tony was unhappy for _ to the party. A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited22. My younger sister suggested _ the Summer Palace first. A. me to visit B. mine visiting C. I visiting D. me visiting23. _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed24. We should think of ways to stop the waste from the factory _ our living environment. A. being polluted B. polluting C. from being polluted D. polluted25. Isnt it time you got down to _ the papers?A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking（三）分詞1. 結(jié)構(gòu)：一般式：doing (現(xiàn)在分詞：表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行) done (過去分詞：表示被動(dòng)、完成) 完成式：having done / having been done（表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前） 否定式：not + 分詞2. 作用(成分)：1) 定語(yǔ)：前置定語(yǔ)：常為一個(gè)單詞，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行；過去分詞主要表示被動(dòng)，亦可表示完成。 后置定語(yǔ)：常為分詞短語(yǔ)，等同于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)進(jìn)行；過去分詞主要表示被動(dòng)。 注意：過去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)有三種形式，分別代表不同時(shí)態(tài)：to be done(將來)；being done(進(jìn)行)；done(其它)。 2) 狀語(yǔ)：表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式和伴隨等。 注意：(1) 邏輯主語(yǔ)的一致性：即分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)須與主句的主語(yǔ)存在主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)的一致，主動(dòng)一致用doing；被動(dòng)一致用done。 (2) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，分詞須有自己的主語(yǔ)，即：主語(yǔ) + 分詞，等同于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。 (3) 分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：即在句中獨(dú)立于主句之外，作狀語(yǔ)，不須與主句主語(yǔ)保持一致性。常見分詞短語(yǔ)有：generally speaking, considering / seeing that (鑒于，考慮到), judging from / by (由判斷), providing / provided / given that (如果), supposing / suppose that (假設(shè))等。(4) with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，即： doing (與賓語(yǔ)主動(dòng)關(guān)系) with + 賓語(yǔ) + done (與賓語(yǔ)被動(dòng)關(guān)系) to do (表將來) There be + n. + doing / done / to do: (同上)3) 賓補(bǔ)：置于賓語(yǔ)后，解釋、說明賓語(yǔ)。若與賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行關(guān)系則用doing；若構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系用done。 4) 表語(yǔ)：現(xiàn)在分詞表示進(jìn)行或描述；過去分詞表示被動(dòng)或人的心理感受。鞏固練習(xí)：1. The houses _ by the workers now will be completed next week. A. built B. being builtC. to be built D. having been building2. _ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rain D. There being no rain3. _ his age, the little boy read quite well. A. Considering B. Considered C. Consider D. Having considered4. _ the lab, we were taken to the library. A. Showing B. Being shown C. To be shown D. Having been shown5. What he has done _ all of us; he is really _. A. disappointing; disappointed B. disappoints; disappointing C. disappointed; disappointing D. disappointed; disappointed6. Hearing the news, _. A. tears came to her eyes B. her eyes were filled with tears C. she burst into tears D. she broke out tears7. China is a developing country _ to the Third World. A. belongs B. belonged C. belonging D. is belonged8. _, Ill go over all these lessons before the exam. A. If time permitting B. Time permitting C. If time permitted D. Time permits9. The watch _ last night was found _ under the bed. A. losing; lying B. lost; lying C. lost; lain D. losing; laid10. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _ he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished11. _ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face12. _ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising13. _ nice, the food was sold out soon.A. Tasted B. Tasting C. To taste D. Being tasted 14. _ from space, the earth, with water _seventy percent of its surface, looks like a blue ball.A. Seen, covered B. Seen, covering C. Seeing, coveringD. Seeing, covered15.He had his leg _in the match yesterday.A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking16._in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose17