中考英語閱讀理解解題技巧點撥(打印).doc

此文檔收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除中考英語閱讀理解解題技巧點撥一、中考英語閱讀題目的考查類型和解題技巧 中考英語閱讀題目主要有以下四種類型,現(xiàn)將每一種類型的考查要點和解題技巧分析如下：1.主旨題（ To find out the main idea) 其目的是考查對短文中心思想或作者意圖的掌握。 解題技巧為：找主題句。 應(yīng)先通讀全文，理解大意，充分理解主題句的意義。主題句通常出現(xiàn)在短文第一句或最后一句。主旨題常見題式為：1.Which is the best title of this passage?2.The main idea of this passage is_3.The passage mainly tells us：_例題1Happiness is for everyoneIn fact, happiness is always around you, if you put your heart into itHappiness is not the same as money, it is a feeling of your heartWhich of the following is this passage about?A.Bad luck B. Good luck C. Happiness D.Life（答案為C）例題2Its so crowded in Florida! We had to wait a long time to go on the rides sometimes.The paragraph mainly tells us: A. Its so crowded in Florida. B. We had to wait a long time . (答案為A)2. 細(xì)節(jié)題( To look for details) 細(xì)節(jié)題是用來進(jìn)一步表達(dá)主題，體現(xiàn)中心思想的，往往針對短文某個細(xì)節(jié)來設(shè)題。 解題技巧為：快速捕捉信息，尤其是一些事例、數(shù)字等，劃出相關(guān)句子，進(jìn)行對照。例題1：Peter started playing for the local club when he was only 10 years old in 1948. In 1970,he was in the team that won the World Cup for Brazil again. He finally stopped playing in1977.How many years did Peter play football?_(答案為29 years.抓住兩個年份數(shù)字1977-1948)細(xì)節(jié)題中的難點常為此類問題：Which of the followingis True/Not True?這類題目要求從文中不同的地方挑出信息對事實進(jìn)行判斷。選項之間沒有聯(lián)系。 解題技巧為：仔細(xì)回讀相關(guān)信息。針對選項，逐個判斷正誤，1道等于3道。例題2It seems that everybody tells lies well, not big lies, but what we call “white lies” .Telling white lies isnt that bad. Most of the time ,people do it because they want to protect a friendship.( )Which of the following is not True? A. White lies are not big lies. B. In fact, everybody tells lies . C. People tell white lies to protect a friendship. D. White lies are harmful to friendship. （答案為D. 答題時要求對每個選項進(jìn)行回讀確認(rèn)信息，然后判斷。）3. 推斷題（ To infer a conclusion) 推斷題就是根據(jù)某個事實推斷結(jié)論。包括：數(shù)據(jù)事實推斷、常識推斷以及作者的寫作目的、態(tài)度和傾向等的推斷。 解題技巧為：尋找線索，悟出字里行間的意思。常見題式：1）From the passage we know that_2）From the passage we can infer(推斷）that_ 注意：此類題目無法從原文中找到一模一樣的句子。如：The doctor gave my sister some medicine, but it did nothing to her.( )From this sentence know_. A. my sister didnt like this medicine B. my sister took the medicine C. the medicine made my sister sick D. my sister got better now （答案為B. 根據(jù)后半句的but it did nothing to her推斷得出我姐姐吃了這個藥。）4.猜測詞義題( To guess the meaning) 猜測詞義題主要考查根據(jù)上下文正確判斷靈活變化的詞義能力。 解題技巧為：通過閱讀上下文，斷定該詞的真正含義。 常見題式如下：1）The word “” in the passage probably means_.2）What does the word “”mean_.3）The underlined(劃線的) word means_例題3 Besides the usual classrooms and laboatories, the boarding schools have lots of other facilities for their students, including music rooms, borts, swimming pools, cinemas and theaters. The underlined word means _. A.教師 B. 設(shè)施 C. 活動 D. 課程二、書面回答問題的特點和解題誤區(qū) 書面回答問題在設(shè)置問題時通常針對文中的5W和How即who, when, where, what, why,和how(how long, how far, how fast)?；緦儆诩?xì)節(jié)題，能在原文中找到。通常最后一個問題屬于開放性題目。做這種題目時，必須看懂有關(guān)內(nèi)容及前因后果，因為開放性題目的答案可以有許多，只要言之有理，都能得分。書面回答問題時，必須指導(dǎo)學(xué)生了解不同問題類型的回答方式，如一般疑問句用yes/no回答，選擇疑問句不能用yes/no回答等。在書面回答時還要注意文字的書寫，意思表述的簡單明了，單詞的大小寫、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、動詞的人稱、時態(tài)、語態(tài)等。在平時教學(xué)中， 經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生能看懂文章， 也能正確地找出原文中的句子，但在書面回答時卻出錯，這是很可惜的。現(xiàn)在我來分析一下回答問題存在的幾個誤區(qū)和產(chǎn)生的原因，期望通過分析后能幫助學(xué)生提高回答問題的得分率?；卮饐栴}解題誤區(qū)1: 回答不完整例1. Where do the writer and his grandpa go every Saturday?回答：The nursing home. (文中原句為：Every Saturday, Grandpa and I walk to the nursing home to )正確答案為：To the nursing home例2. Where was the exhibition held?回答： A hall. (文中原句為:He hired(租用) a hall.)正確答案為：In a hall 解題技巧點撥: Where =介詞+地方例3. How many sheep are coming?回答： Two hundred. (文中原句為: There were about two hundred sheep coming towards us down the hill.) 解題技巧點撥: 數(shù)字前的修飾詞，如more than, less than, almost, nearly, about等一定不能忘例4. How long has he stayed in Beijing?回答：Ten days. （正確答案為：For ten days）對比：5. How long did it take Mr. Smith to reach the ground floor one morning?回答：For almost 10 minutes.(文中原句為:All this took him almost 10 minutes.) 正確答案為：Almost 10 minutes. 解題技巧點撥: How long 應(yīng)用“for+一段時間 ”來回答，但在“it takes sb. some time to do sth.” 這個句型中是沒有”for”的?；卮饐栴}解題誤區(qū)2:時態(tài)錯誤例1. What did you think of the holiday?回答：Its terrible. 正確答案為：It was terrible.例2What do you think of Tom?(故事發(fā)生在過去)回答：He is kind. 正確答案為：He was kind. 解題技巧點撥: 回答問題時看清楚問題的時態(tài)是很重要的?；卮饐栴}解題誤區(qū)3:句法（人稱）錯誤例1. What did Robert and John want James to do? (文中原句為: “ What you have to do is to give us the car keys.” Robert and Adam said to James.)回答：They wanted to give us the car keys.正確回答：They wanted James/him to give them the car keys. 解題技巧點撥: : 人稱轉(zhuǎn)換是回答問題中容易忽視的環(huán)節(jié)。六、提高閱讀能力的其他必備條件 閱讀能力的提高不是一朝一夕的事，除了掌握一定的閱讀技巧之外，詞匯量起著決定性的作用。因此，我們要不斷擴大詞匯量，學(xué)會利用詞綴來猜測詞義。另外，我們還要擴大知識面，增加背景知識。背景知識材料多樣，包括天文地理、風(fēng)土人情、政治歷史、人物傳略、科學(xué)技術(shù)等等。一旦對文章有了背景知識，就會提高我們對文章的理解能力。詞匯題解題技巧 詞匯題一般會明確地告訴考生出題點在哪里，不需要考生查找所考查內(nèi)容。它可以考一個單詞的含義，一個詞組的意思，或者考一個句子的弦外之音。詞匯題常見提問方式如下： The word “accentuate” (Line 4, Para.3) most probably means _. What is the meaning of ?The word “colonies” (Line 2, Para.4) refers to _. The statement “The business of America is business” probably means “_”. The phrase “puts it down to” (Line 1, Para3) is closest in meaning to “_”. By “white elephant” the author refers to _.實例講解：原文：This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.題目：60. “Shadowland” in the last sentence refers to_ .A) the wonderland one often dreams aboutB) the bright future that one is looking forward toC) the state of uncertainty before ones final goal is reachedD) a world that exists only in ones imagination 此題可以利用并列關(guān)系來求解。首先，and后面的句子告訴我們“任何有夢想的人必須要學(xué)會在那里生活”，這暗含了“那里”不好的環(huán)境。再從and可知，兩個分句的邏輯是一致的，據(jù)此Shadowland也應(yīng)該是不利的環(huán)境，故選擇C項。 考句子含義的，如果句子簡單，一般在上下文中尋找答案；如果句子復(fù)雜，則更加傾向于在句子內(nèi)部找答案。下面介紹一些常用的根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義的技巧。 第一，針對性解釋。針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或詞匯等所作的解釋。對術(shù)語下定義的句子往往出現(xiàn)在段首，也是主題句。有時整個段落、甚至整篇文章都圍繞這一定義展開。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對性，因而，借助作者的定義或釋義推斷詞義是最直接的辦法。這1根據(jù)定義猜測詞義如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。例如：Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定義可知，anthropology就是“研究人類的科學(xué)”。2.根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測詞義1) 同位語Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.此例逗號中短語意為“對詞意義進(jìn)行研究的學(xué)科”。該短語與前面生詞semantics是同位關(guān)系，因此我們不難猜出semantics指“語義學(xué)”。2) 定語從句Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.根據(jù)生詞SAD后面定語從句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位語syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我們可以推斷出SAD含義，即“季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥”。3. 根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義例如：There is little furniture in the room. For example, there is no TV set, no fridge, no electric fan. There is even no desk in it. There is only a bed and a chair and piles of books on the floor.可通過下文的列舉，猜出furniture是“家具”。 第二，內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。1. 根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義。例如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest. 該例中supercilious對許多人來說可能是個生詞，但是句中短語in contrast，（相對照的，相對比的）可以提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest（謙卑又謙虛）是對比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后，我們便能猜出supercilious意為“目空一切的，傲慢的”。2. 根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義 例如：Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為“健談的”。3. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義例如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指“獨斷專行的”。4. 根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測詞義為使自己的意思表達(dá)得更清楚，作者通常用其同義詞或近義詞來解釋難詞。 例如：1.Mother was tall, fat and middle -aged. The principal of the school was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.作者把學(xué)校校長和他的母親相比，母親是胖的，根據(jù)as.as結(jié)構(gòu)可推知plump和fat為近義詞，也是肥胖之意。2.All the members are of the same opinions. They are unanimous.用the same opinion 理解unanimous，意思為“一致同意的”。同義詞或近義詞標(biāo)志詞有or, like, as.as, the same as 等，可根據(jù)已知詞推斷出生詞詞義。第三，外部相關(guān)因素。運用生活經(jīng)驗和普通常識確定詞義。例如：Husband：its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace? 根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗，天氣寒冷時，手肯定是“凍僵的，凍得麻木的”。 第四，構(gòu)詞法知識。1. 根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義。 例如：He fell into a ditch（溝） and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.根據(jù)詞根conscious（清醒的，有意識的），結(jié)合前綴semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。 2. 根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義 例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后綴-cide表示“殺者，殺滅劑”，結(jié)合大家熟悉的詞根insect（昆蟲），不難猜出insecticide意為“殺蟲劑”。 3. 根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義 例如：Bullfight is very popular in Spain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結(jié)合在一起，指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運動斗牛。英語閱讀中詞義猜測的方法和技巧一、巧借生詞本身在英語文章中，一些人名、地名、節(jié)日等專有名詞不影響理解，對它們可就詞論詞，不必猜測詞義。例如： 1.The largest spider in the world is the goliathtarantula. 由下文知the goliathtarantula 是世界上最大的蜘蛛的名字，至于漢語怎么說則不必深究，不妨直接稱之為the goliathtarantula。2.Held on a farm, the Glastonbury festival is the most well -known and popular in the United Kingdom. 由festival可知Glastonbury只是英國一個節(jié)日的名稱而已。對于類似表示專有事物名稱的詞，閱讀時只需了解它是哪類事物即可，不必翻譯。再如：Naruto is a story about.，只需知道Naruto是一個故事即可；從Cooper, an American geologist（地質(zhì)學(xué)家）中可知Cooper是一個地質(zhì)學(xué)家的名字。二、巧用上下文信息在閱讀中，可根據(jù)上下文的語境暗示，運用邏輯推理來猜測生詞詞義。例如：（1）He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give up easily. 作者用含有once引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，描述了“他”的個性：一旦樹立目標(biāo)， 就不會放棄。因此可推出resolute應(yīng)為“堅決的， 有決心的”之意。（2）The female（女性的）mosquito（蚊子） is a vampire and lives on blood. 從下文lives on blood可知vampire 詞義為“吸血昆蟲”。三、利用同義詞或近義詞為使自己的意思表達(dá)得更清楚，作者通常用其同義詞或近義詞來解釋難詞。例如：1.Be punctual when you are going to a party. Never be late.文中punctual一詞的含義，可通過上下文間的邏輯關(guān)系判定late為其反義詞，既而猜出其意為“準(zhǔn)時的”。2.All the members are of the same opinions. They are unanimous.用the same opinion 理解unanimous，意思為“一致同意的”。同義詞或近義詞標(biāo)志詞有or, like, as.as, the same as 等，可根據(jù)已知詞推斷出生詞詞義。3.You must stop dreaming and face reality.通過上文的dreaming，可以猜出reality是“現(xiàn)實”。4.I like making friends with anybody. I hate making opponents.通過上文的friends，可以猜出opponents是“敵人，對手”。四、運用定義或釋義閱讀中會遇到一些不熟悉的術(shù)語。為幫助讀者理解，作者常用一個句子或一個段落來說明其內(nèi)涵。對術(shù)語下定義的句子往往出現(xiàn)在段首，也是主題句。有時整個段落、甚至整篇文章都圍繞這一定義展開。因而，借助作者的定義或釋義推斷詞義是最直接的辦法。用來表示定義或釋義的提示語有：mean, refer to, be defined as, be described as, be known as, be called, that is, that is to say（即; 就是; 換句話說; 更確切地說）, namely（即，也就是; 換句話說; 亦即; 就是說）, or, similarly（類似地）, in other words（換句話說; 就是說）。要讓學(xué)生熟知這些提示語，為以后推測詞義奠定基礎(chǔ)。例如：1.The enemy soldiers surrendered, that is, threw their weapons（武器）and walked out with their hands above their heads. 短語that is后面就是對surrendered 的釋義：扔出武器，雙手舉過頭頂走出來?？芍?，surrender是“投降”之意。2.The word ecology means the study of the relationship between living things and their surroundings. 根據(jù)動詞means給出的含義，可推知ecology為“生態(tài)學(xué)”。五、巧用構(gòu)詞法閱讀中可運用合成、轉(zhuǎn)化、派生等構(gòu)詞法知識來猜測詞義。通過分析詞綴及詞根，不僅可猜測單詞含義，還有利于擴大詞匯量。例如： 1.They overestimate the interviewers ability and asked him many difficult questions.詞綴over的意思為“過分”，而estimate意為“估計”。因此可推測overestimate意為“過高估計”。2.Take out all removable parts and wash them with warm water. “removable”一詞由詞根move+前綴re+ 后綴able 構(gòu)成，可推知意為“可移動的，可拆裝的”。教學(xué)中要讓學(xué)生掌握一些常見詞綴及含義。如：形容詞后綴有-ful, -less, -y, -ing,-able等；名詞后綴有- or, - er, - tion, - ist,- th, -ment, -age, -ness等；構(gòu)成反義詞的前綴有un-, dis-. in-,im-, ir-, non-等。有特定意義的詞綴有re-（ 重新，再），co-（合作的），anti-（反對的），over-（過高的），micro-（微型的），fore-（超前的），inter-（國際的,相互的），pre-（先前的,提前的），super-（超級的），tele-（遠(yuǎn)）等。六、巧借標(biāo)點符號有時為了讓讀者更清楚文中某個詞或短語的含義，作者經(jīng)常借助標(biāo)點符號（ 如括號、破折號、冒號、逗號等）直接為生詞提供定義或解釋。例如：1.In Russia if we give flowers as a present, we have to give an odd number of them （one, three, five, etc） because even number of flowers （two, four, six,etc）are for funerals.通過括號里的例子可知odd number為奇數(shù), even number為偶數(shù)。2.One of the tourists has just been bluejackedsecretly sent a test message using short-range wireless technology called bluetooth. 通過破折號后面的內(nèi)容可知bluejack的意思是“運用藍(lán)牙這種短程天線技術(shù)秘密發(fā)送手機短信”。七、妙用對比詞在文章中， 作者有時會運用一些相互對應(yīng)、互為反義的詞語，使不同事物的特點更為突出。我們可以通過上下文的邏輯關(guān)系， 透過兩種事物或現(xiàn)象的對比描述， 從其中一個熟悉的詞反推出生詞詞義。例如：1.Most of us agreed, however, Bill dissented.大部分人同意，從however 一詞可推知dissent 意思為“不同意”。2.Her voice was usually soft and sweet, but now it is hoarse.她現(xiàn)在的狀況與過去相對比，過去她的聲音是soft and sweet, 那么現(xiàn)在就是hoarse（沙啞的）了。表示對比、轉(zhuǎn)折的標(biāo)志詞通常有yet, but, however, otherwise（否則）, even though（即使）, unlike（不像）, instead（相反；替代；而不是）, rather than（而不是）, on the other hand（在另一方面）, on the contrary（相反）等。八、找準(zhǔn)信號詞通常情況下，某些單詞或短語所引出的內(nèi)容可起到解釋說明的作用，能助我們理解生詞含義。此類信號詞有：for example, for instance, such as（例如）, namely（即）, and, like（像）, especially（特別，尤其）,include, consist of（包括）等。 1.Many United Nations employees（雇員；職工）are polyglots, Mrs. White, for example, speaks five languages.根據(jù)for example后面的例證不難猜出polyglot是“會說多種語言的人”。2.But, on the other hand, we have such compound words