語言學(xué)教程Metaphorppt課件

.,Metaphor,隱喻,.,Definition,Itisawordoraphraseusedinanimaginativewaytodescribesb/sthelse,inordertoshowthatthetwothingshavethesamequantitiesandtomakethedescriptionmorepowerful.WebstersNewworlddictionary：afigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.隱喻也是一種比喻，它不用比喻詞，直接把喻體當(dāng)作本體來描述，其比喻關(guān)系隱含在句意中，從而更生動(dòng)，更深刻地說明事理，增強(qiáng)語言的表現(xiàn)力。,.,Classification,1)NominalmetaphorNominalmetaphorreferstothemetaphorinwhichthemetaphoricalmeaningismainlyexpressedbynoun.*Timeismoney.2)VerbalmetaphorVerbalmetaphorreferstothemetaphorwhosemetaphoricalimplicationisexpressedbyverb.*Hereyesboredintohim.*Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.,.,Classification,3)AdjectivemetaphorAdjectivemetaphorreferstothemetaphorwhosemetaphoricalmeaningisindicatedbyadjective.*Icouldhardlyputupwithhisacidremarks.4)Quasi-metaphorQuasi-metaphorreferstothemetaphorwhoseimplicationisshownbythewordformedwithsomesuffixessuchas-ry,-ly,-sh,ic,etc.*Thefatmanlickedhislips.Hispiggyeyes,asifunbelieving,werefocuseduponherown.,.,Classification,5)IdiomicorproverbialmetaphorIdiomaticorproverbialmetaphorreferstoametaphorwhichcontainanidiomorproverb.*Hewasalmostattheendofhistetherwhenhestumbledonthesolutionofhisdifficulty.6)Denominative-verbmetaphorWhenanounservesasaverb,itbecomesadenominativeverb,whichhastwo-foldmeaning.Inthiscase,thismetaphoricalmeaningisexpressedbythedenominalverb,whichisknownasdenominative-verbmetaphor.*Misfortunedoggedhimateverycorner.,.,Classification,7)CondensedmetaphorInacondensedmetaphor,thetenorisusedtomodifythevehicle.*Hurstwoodcompliedandthecarshotaway,followedbyarattleofstonesandarainofcurses.8)AlphabeticmetaphorAlphabeticmetaphorreferstoametaphorinwhichaletterofalphabetservesasvehicle*Longlinesofwomen,bentdoublelikeinvertedcapitalLs,workingtheirwayslowingacrossthefields.T-shirt,V-neck,O-circle,U-magnet,.,Classification,9)MixedmetaphorMixedmetaphoristhethoughtlessuseofmorethanonemetaphorinacontextsothatincongruousimagesarebroughttomind.Itisthejunctionoftwoinconsistentmetaphors,whichcanproduceaspecialeffect,averyamusing,butillogicalimagery.*Hewassuchamarvellouspersonthatwheneverherecognizedasparkofgenius,hedwaterit.10)OrientationalmetaphorOrientationalmetaphorisproducedbyreferenceofspaceofdirection,itissupposedbysomepeople,largelybasedontheconceptofspace.*Heisamanofdeepinsight,senseandthought.*Hepassedinthefinalexaminationwithverylowgrade.,.,Classification,11)DeadmetaphorDeadmetaphorrefersametaphor,inwhichthemetaphoricalnoveltyorfreshnesshasfaded.*Whentheyreachedthefootofthemountain,theyfoundarunningrock.*Helitafreshcigar,andsaid,Nowwehavecometosomecommonpoints.,.,設(shè)喻方法,每一巧妙而令人難忘的比喻都來自生活的實(shí)踐和作者豐富的想象。盡管metaphor有千千萬萬，但在本體(noumenon)和喻體(implication)的關(guān)系方面，也就是metaphor的設(shè)喻方法，歸納起來大致有三種：1.以一種形象具體的事物去比喻另一形象具體的事物。Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewiththebloodofpatriotsandtyrants.Itisnaturalmanure.自由之樹常以志士和暴君的血來澆灌，這些鮮血是自由之樹的天然肥料。此例以肥料喻革命志士與暴君之血。,.,設(shè)喻方法,2.用形象具體的事物，比喻抽象的事物或概念。ItsthesamewithNegroinAmerica.Thatshoethewhitemanssystemhaspinchedandrubbedsqueezedhissouluntilithasalmostdestroyedhim.美國黑人的情況也是這樣，白人制度這只鞋夾緊了他的靈魂，使之受磨難，幾乎要把他毀掉了。用夾緊黑人的靈魂的一只鞋子來比喻美國的白人制度，這是典型的以具體事物比喻抽象事物。,.,設(shè)喻方法,3.以抽象概念(abstractconception)去比喻另一抽象概念。Itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,Itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofdoubtfulness,itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheseasonofdarkness,