英國文學(xué)教案

1、參考書目1.教材英國文學(xué)史及選讀 外研社 vol i.ii 吳偉仁2.英國文學(xué)簡史 河南人民社 劉炳善3.英國文學(xué)史 商務(wù) vol 1-3 陳嘉4.英國文學(xué)名篇選讀 商務(wù) 王佐良5.英詩選 上海譯文社 王佐良6. jane austen pride and prejudice7. charlotte bronte jane eyre8. joseph conrad heart of darkness9. daniel defoe robinson crusoe10. e. m. foster a passage to india11. john galsworthy the man of pr

2、operty12. thomas hardy tess of the d urbervilles13. charles dickens oliver twist14. james joyce dubliners 15. d.h. lawrence sons and lovers16. w.s. maugham moon and six pence17. w.m. thackeray vanity fair18. v. woolf mrs. dalloway general introduction the history of english literature, as well as th

3、e history of any other literature reflects the history of the people that created it. therefore it is natural and highly expedient (convenient) to classify the periods of literary history in conformity with the periods of the history of the nation.thus the outline of english literature conveniently

4、falls into the following historical divisions: ( take notes ,please)a.middle agesa. anglo-saxon period 449-1066b. anglo-norman period 1066-cir. 1350 (cir. =circum , latin; meaning :approximately) c. preparation of renaissance cir. 1350-cir 1500b. renaissance cir. 1500- cir 1640 c. literature of the

5、english revolution & restoration cir 1640-1688d. age of enlightenment 1688-1789e. romanticism （浪漫主義） 1789-cir.1835f. critical realism in the 19th century cir.1835-cir 1880g. critical realism at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries cir.1880 -1917function of literature: providin

6、g us with pleasure & enlightenment;best representatives of various languages;literature also lets us know peoples, nations, their way of thinking, sense of value;the development of literature is the development of a people, a nation.how to tackle（對付） this course: try to follow the outline of the his

7、tory of english literature.; memorize the characteristics of different periods; any literary movement or schools, representative writers, prevailing（盛行的） forms, famous works; since language of literature reflects the development of the society and language itself, literature can help us master a lan

8、guage much better. part i the anglo-saxon period (449-1066)i. the roman conquest and the english conquest: 55 b.c.britain was invaded by julius caesar, the roman conqueror. with the roman conquest came the roman mode of life. the early inhabitants in the island were britons, a tribe of celts. from t

9、he britons the island got its name of britainthe land of britons. the roman occupation lasted for 400 years, during which there were frequent battles between britons and romans.about 410 a.d. the roman troops were withdrawn. then the tentonic(條頓) tribes of angles（盎格魯）, saxons（撒克遜） and jutes （朱特）came

10、, naming the central part of the island anglia, or england. this is the english conquest. the language spoken by these tribes is generally called anglo-saxon or saxonold englishoe.theism (有神論)atheism（無神論者），theist（有神論者）ii. the literature: pagan（異教徒） & christian pagan: a person who is not a christian,

11、 moslem, or jew. pagan & heathen (異教徒) are both applied to non-monotheistic（非一神教） peoples, but pagan specifically refers to one of the ancient polytheistic（多神教） peoples, esp. the greeks and romans; heathen is applied to any of the peoples regarded as primitive idolaters (偶像崇拜者). 1early forms of engl

12、ish literature is poetryoral sagas（英雄傳奇）, then copied down and developed by monks, therefore，it has some religious coloring.(minstrels 游吟詩人)2among the early anglo-saxon poetscaedmon（凱德蒙 公元7世紀(jì)盎格魯-撒克遜基督教詩人) and cynewulf（基涅武甫(盎格魯-撒克遜詩人, 生活在公元9 世紀(jì)諾森伯里亞或麥西亞, 其古英語詩稿于10世紀(jì)被發(fā)現(xiàn), 有埃琳娜、使徒們的命運(yùn)、基督升天和朱莉安娜等）may dra

13、w our attention. the unknown scribes （抄寫員）passed down to later generations the great epic（史詩）the song of beowulf.beowulf: 3182 lines. its the earliest known english epic, written in anglo-saxon (old english). the written version（版本） appeared in the 10th century, but the poem may go back to the 7th c

14、; christian and heroic-pagan elements mingle（混合）. though the myth was introduced by the anglos, the events and characters are scandinavian. hrothgar, king of the danes had built a great hallheoret, but it is constantly ravaged（損壞） by the monster grendel. the swedish prince beowulf, nephew of the kin

15、g of the geats, slays（殺死） the monster by wrestling with it and wrenching of its arm. grendels mother then seeks vengeance by carrying off one of the danish nobles, but beowulf enters the mere (小湖，池沼) beneath which she lived and kills her too. beowulf returns home and in due course becomes king of th

16、e geats. when he has reigned（統(tǒng)治） for 50 years, his kingdom is invaded by a fiery dragon which he manages to kill with the aid of a young nobleman, wiglaf, when all the rest of his followers have fled. however, he receives his own death wound in the fight, and as he dies, he pronounces wiglaf his suc

17、cessor. his body is burnt on a great funeral pyre, and the dragons treasure is buried with his ashes; twelve of his followers ride round the funeral mound celebrating his greatness. this bare skeleton is amplified by many episodes and additional characters. although the material of the narrative is

18、norse (北歐語)rather than anglo-saxon, its spirit resembles that of contemporary anglo-saxon poems rather than the norse sagas, and its epic form has caused scholars to attribute virgilian（維吉爾的） influence. whatever its sources, the written form which we have received is probably the work of a northumbr

19、ian (諾森伯蘭，england) monk.3. virgil: 維吉爾 （70-19b.c.）ancient roman poet, major works: aeneid 埃涅伊德4.epic(史詩)：in ancient greek language e,a series narrative about heroes. a long narrative poem unified by a hero reflects the customs, mores（風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣）and aspirations of a nation or a race. 5. alliteration (頭韻) a

20、nd kenning（隱喻）are often used in b.a kenning is a kind of metaphor, in which the simple name of anything is replaced by a phrase describing one of its functions or qualities; thus, ring-giver is used for king, whales road, swans bath for sea, sea-wood for ship, life-destroyer for sword.6. the general

21、 mood and spirit of anglo-saxon epic poetry is both solemn and animated, the movement of incidentsvigorous, and the descriptions (double metaphors included)very picturesque and exact.major points of part i:1.the division of the history of english literature2.characteristics of the anglo-saxon litera

22、ture:pagan & christianthe song of beowulf ,the national epic is the outstanding representative of anglo-saxon literature. beowulf symbolizes mankinds fighting for existence against the forces of brute creation (the natural forces, or superstition etc.). beowulf is a cultural hero.the most popular li

23、terary form of anglo-saxon period is epic: a very long narrative poem presenting adventures on a grand, heroic scale united through a central figure of heroic proportions. the adventures are made up of episodes which contribute to the formation of a race or nation. the earliest epics were formed fro

24、m various works of unknown poets. among the best known epics in the world: homers iliad & odyssey(伊里亞特與奧德賽, beowulf（貝奧爾甫, song of roland羅蘭傳奇, niselungenlied（尼伯龍根之歌, divine comedy神曲, faerie queen仙后, paradise lost失樂園 etc.in beowulf alliteration and kenning are often used. questions for review:1.when w

25、as the roman conquest? (55 b.c.) who led the army to invade england?(julius caesar: i came, i saw, i conquered.)2.when was the english conquest? (about 410 a.d., angles, saxons, jutes came.)3.what do you know about early english literature? (beowulf ,3182 linesnational epic, written in oe)4.in beowu

26、lf what rhetorical devices are used? (alliteration and kenning.)5.what is epic? (a poem telling the deeds of one or more great heroes or of a nations past history, e.g. homers iliad.)homework: prepare part ii. read p.19-43. part ii the anglo-norman period (1066-1350)1. the norman conquest (諾曼底征服)：in

27、 the year of 1066, at the battle of hastings, the normans headed by williams, duke of normandy(called william the conqueror，征服者威廉), defeated the anglo-saxons. then for the following 3 centuries french culture dominated the english language and literature.results of this conquest (characteristics of

28、norman conquest):a. political: a. the fusion into one people and the growth of a unified national feeling were accelerated； b. the kings court became the vital center of english government. the feudal system was established； c. the conquest destroyed insular (島國的，與世隔絕的) narrowness by bringing closer

29、 englands relation with continental affairs, commercial, political, and religious； d. the normans began a change in the english machinery of government；b. social and cultural:a. the customs and ideals known as chivalry（騎士精神，騎士風(fēng)度） linked with feudal obligations was introduced by the normans: knightly

30、 code (禮法), romantic interest n women, religious exaltation etc.；b. a new relationship began to exist among the church, the government and the people；c. a style of architecture was introduced；d. founding of oxford university and cambridge university；c. literature:a. character of writing: after the c

31、onquest, literature became varied in interest and extensive in range. the feudal system, an aristocratic form of government promoted the growth of the romance of chivalry; the church system promoted the beginning and the development of the drama, and the guild system（幫會(huì)，行會(huì)） dependent on the common p

32、eople, possibly promoted the spread of the popular ballad；b. mood in writing: the anglo-saxon note of instinctive melancholy changed to that of animal hopefulness reflected from the french;c. form of meter: anglo-saxon regularity of accent, the use of alliteration were fused with anglo-french end ri

33、me, identical line length and a fixed number of syllables;d. the language: a. for the following 300 years, 3 tongues were spoken in england: norman-french, the official language of the conquerors; latin-the learned language of the clergy; english-the tongue of great mass of the people;b. growth of v

34、ocabulary: big numbers of french words came into english;c. simplification of grammar and syntax;d. development of spelling;e. representative works: geoffreys history, the arthurian legends were popular,(king arthur and his round table knights) riming chronicles, metrical romances.sir gawain and the

35、 green knight:a middle english poem in alliteration verse written by an unknown man called the pearl poet. two major motifs（母題:a situation, incident, idea, image, or character-type that is found in many different literary works, folklores, or myths; or any element of a work that is elaborated into a

36、 more general theme; e.g. the fever that drives away a characters false identity is a recurrent motif in victorian fiction.） are utilized in the unfolding action: the beheading game and the temptation to adultery. into the midst of new year festival at king arthurs court bursts a green giant on hors

37、eback. on condition that in one year he be allowed to return the blow, sir gawain accepts the challenge, wields the axe successfully, the green knight picks up his head and leaves. 12 months later sir gawain sets out in search for the green chapel where he is to keep the bargain. after a long, bitte

38、r journey, he comes to a marvelous castle where he is entertained by lord bercilak, his beautiful wife, and an ugly old lady who quietly hovers in the background. bercilak suggests to his guest an exchange-of-gifts game: every day he will bring to sir gawain what he gains hunting, and sir gawain wil

39、l give him what he has won in the castle during the absence of the host. for 2 days, sir gawain is tempted to adultery by the beautiful wife of bercilak ; he resists, and each night, in accordance with their game, exchanges with becilak the kisses of the lady for animals from the hunt. on the 3rd da

40、y, however, he accepts a supposedly magic sash of green silk from the lady, believing that it will save him from the green knight. that evening he fails to mention the sash during the exchange of gifts.at the appointed time, he leaves the castle and goes for his tryst at the green chapel. 3 times th

41、e green knight strikes at his neck. the 1st 2 strikes do not touch him because he twice resisted temptation, but the 3rd blow nicks his neck slightly marking his failure with regard to the green sash. the green knight turns out to be becilak, in the service of the ugly old lady who is really morgan

42、le fay and who planned the entire affair. returning to king arthurs court at camelot, sir gawain swears always to wear the green sash around his waist as a reminder of moral lapse. his fellow knights, in tribute to sir gawains courage, also place green sashes around their waist, to wear thereafter.

43、morgan le fay: sorceress having supernatural power. reviews questions:1.when was the norman conquest? what are the results of it?2.what do you know about the literature of the anglo-norman period?3.what do you know about the language during the period? part iii geoffrey chaucer (1340?-1400)i. chauce

44、rs life: father of english poetryborn in london, son of a wine merchant, chaucer began his life as a court page. at 19 he went to france on one of the campaigns of the 100 years war (百年戰(zhàn)爭, 1337-1453, france vs. england) and was taken prisoner for a year. on his return he served in the royal househol

45、d and married a maid of honor (英國女王的侍從官，需未婚) to the queen. he was sent many times to the european continent on diplomatic missions, 2 of his missions taking him to italy. he held various posts in london. in 1374 he was the comptroller(審計(jì)官) of customs in the port of london, and in 1382 he was the com

46、ptroller of the petty customs on wines and other merchandise. in 1385 he was appointed one of the justices of the peace (治安官)for kent. in 1386 he was elected member of parliament for kent. 3 years later he was appointed clerk of the kings works at westminster and windsor. after 1391 he received year

47、ly pension from his patron john of gaunt and then an annuity(年金) from richard ii and later henry iv.chaucer began his literary career by translating and imitating the works of the french poets. his chief works of this early period include his translation the romaunt of the rose from the french and h

48、is clergy the book of the duchess. during and after his two visits to italy, he got acquainted with the works of the great italian writers, dante（但?。? petrarch（彼得拉克）, and boccaccio（薄加丘）. the longer poems of his middle period were the parliament of fowls, the house of fame, troylus and criseyde, and

49、the legend of good woman. the last and most important is the canterbury tales（坎特伯雷故事集）. he died on the 25th of october 1400, buried in westminster abbey.ii. canterbury tales:it is chaucers masterpiece and one of the monumental works in english literature.1.outline of the story:the whole poem is a co

50、llection of tales and stories strung together according to a simple plan. one spring day, the poet is in the tabard inn in southwark at the south end of london bridge. here he meets 29 other pilgrims ready for a journey of sixty miles on horseback to canterbury. chaucer joins them. at the suggestion

51、 of the host of the inn, they agree to beguile the journey by story-telling. each is to tell 2 stories while going and two returning. the best story-teller shall be treated with a fine supper at general expense at the end. the hostthe judge of the contest planned 128 stories. actually only 24 were w

52、ritten. all but 2 of these tales are in verse. the host serves as a link to write all the tales together. he invites, criticizes, admires and denounces but always keep himself in evidence. the tales are varied: romances, folktales, animal stories, adventures etc. the prologue（序曲） provides a framewor

53、k for the tales. it is a general introduction to the collection of tales. it first tells how the poet preparing to go on a pilgrimage to the shrine of st. thomas becket at canterbury, meets at the tarbard inn in a london suburb.（sir thomas becket also know as st. thomas becket or thomas of london 11

54、18-1170，archbishop of canterbury. against the lay influence of henry ii, he defended the rights of the church without compromise. in 1164 he was forced to flee to france. papal pressure brought about the king reconciliation with him, but after his return to england in 1170,he was murdered on dec.29

55、in canterbury cathedral by 3 overzealous knights of henrys court. two years later he was canonized 追認(rèn)為圣徒.）then the poet gives leisurely descriptions of the pilgrims one after another, revealing not only their outward appearances and professions but also their ways of life and their diverse tastes an

56、d humors. at the close of the prologue, the host of the inn suggests to the pilgrims to entertain themselves on the journey to and from canterbury by telling stories. the host offers to accompany them on the pilgrimage. then the next day, after the drawing of lots (抽簽) the knight is the 1st to tell

57、a story. the 29 pilgrims representing almost all the classes and social groups of the poets day are portrayed very effectively with much humor and satire. the whole poem gives a vivid and comprehensive picture of the social conditions of 14th century england.2.the social significance of it:chaucers poetry is plainly narrative. everything is based on reality. taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, chaucer affirms men and womens right to pursue their happiness on earth and