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1、高三英語復(fù)習(xí)與訓(xùn)練九分詞 9. 分詞 分詞既有動(dòng)詞的特征,由有形容詞和副詞的特征。分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種?,F(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式,過去分詞沒有這種區(qū)別。及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞還有主動(dòng)形式和被動(dòng)形式的區(qū)別。分詞常用的形式如表所示(以及物動(dòng)詞do 和不及物動(dòng)詞go為例): dogo主動(dòng)被動(dòng)現(xiàn)在分詞doingbeing donegoing過去分詞/donegone完成式having donehaving been done/ 9.1 分詞作定語 不及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)完成;及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng),過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)。分詞

2、的完成式一般不作定語。分詞作其他成分時(shí),也是如此。分詞作定語,單個(gè)的分詞作定語一般前置;分詞詞組,個(gè)別分詞如given, left等,修飾不定代詞等的分詞,作定語需后置。例如:we can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日he is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人there was a girl sitting there.有個(gè)女孩坐在那里this is the question given. 這是所給的問題there is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西分詞作定語相當(dāng)于定語從句,如most of the peopl

3、e invited to the party were famous scientists. = most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.典型例題 1) the first textbook _ for teaching english as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. a. have written b. to be written c. being written d. written答案d. 書與寫作是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)用過

4、去分詞做定語表被動(dòng),相當(dāng)于定語從句 which was written 2)what's the language _ in germany?a. speakingb. spoken c. be spokend. to speak答案b. 主語language與謂語動(dòng)詞之間有被動(dòng)的含義。spoken,在句中作定語,修飾主語language, spoken 與 language有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。該句可以理解為:what's the language (which is) spoken in german? 9.2 分詞作狀語 分詞作狀語,可以表示時(shí)間,原因,理由,條件,讓步,

5、連續(xù)等,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。例如:not receiving any letter from him, i gave him a call. 由于沒有收到他的信,我給他打了個(gè)電話。 as i didn't receive any letter from him, i gave him a call. given more attention,the trees could have grown better. 多給些照顧,那些樹會(huì)長得更好。 if more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.典型例題1)_ so

6、me officials, napoleon inspected his army. a. followed b. followed by c. being followed d. having been followed答案b. napoleon 與follow 之間有被動(dòng)的含義。being followed除表達(dá)被動(dòng)之外,還有動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行之意。 followed by(被跟隨)。本題可改為: with some officials following, napoleon inspected his army.2)there was a terrible noise _ the sudden

7、 burst of light.a. followed b. following c. to be followed d. being followed答案b. 由于聲音在閃電后,因此為聲跟隨著光,聲音為跟隨的發(fā)出者,為主動(dòng)。用現(xiàn)在分詞。3)_, liquids can be changed into gases.a. heating b. to be heated c. heated d. heat答案c. 本題要選分詞作為狀語?,F(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行的;過去分詞表被動(dòng)的,已經(jīng)完成的。對于液體來說是加熱的受動(dòng)者,是被動(dòng)的,因而選c。它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句 when it is heated,

8、注意:選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞,關(guān)鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動(dòng)作是主句的主語發(fā)出,分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞,反之就用過去分詞。例如:used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很長時(shí)間,這本書看上去很舊。 using the book, i find it useful. 在使用的過程中,我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。 9.3 連詞+分詞(短語) 有時(shí)為使分詞短語與主句關(guān)系更清楚,可在分詞前加連詞。 連詞有: when,while,if though,after, before, as.但分詞的主語和主句的主語必須為同一個(gè)。例如:while waiting the

9、re, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. 等在那兒時(shí),他看見兩個(gè)靚妹走出大樓。(waiting 和saw 的主語相同)9.4 分詞作補(bǔ)語 通常在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞之后。例如: i found my car missing.我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車不見了。 'll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。 9.5 分詞作表語 表示主語的狀態(tài)等。例如: she looked tired with cooking.她由于忙著做飯,看上去有些疲倦。 he remained standing beside the

10、table.他依然站在桌旁。 9.6 分詞作插入語 分詞作插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的,意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。例如: generally speaking一般說來 talking of (speaking of) 說道 strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格的說 judging from 從判斷 all things considered 從整體來看 taking all things into consideration全面看來 例如:judging from his face, he must be ill.從他的臉色看,他一定是病了。 generally speaking, dogs

11、can run faster than pigs. 總的來說,狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 不是dogs 的動(dòng)作) 9.7 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)1)一般式表示與主語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如: hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 聽到這一消息,他高興得手舞足蹈。 arriving there, they found the boy dead.一到那兒,他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。典型例題the secretary worked late into the night, _a long speech for the president. a. to prepare

12、 b. preparing c. prepared d. was preparing答案b. 此處沒有連詞,不能選d,否則出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞worked和was preparing。 只能在b,c中選一個(gè)。又因前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,且與主語為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞。2)完成時(shí)表示先于主語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生。例如:while walking in the garden,he hurt his leg. 在花園里散步時(shí)他傷了腿。分詞作時(shí)間狀語,如果先與主動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作,且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后, 要用having done。having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作業(yè)后,他出

13、去了。 =as he had finished his homework, he went out.典型例題_ a reply, he decided to write again. a. not receivingb. receiving not c. not having received d. having not received 答案c. 本題考查分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與分詞的否定式。根據(jù)題意判斷,分詞的動(dòng)作(接信)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作(決心再寫信)之前,因此用分詞的完成式。分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成為not +分詞,故選c。該句可理解為:because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again. 9.8 分詞的語態(tài) 1)通常,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng),過去分詞表示被動(dòng)。例如:he is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you)他就是給你錢的那個(gè)人。he is the man stopped

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