前后一致--主謂一致代詞指代一致yo16

1、1前后一致 AGREEMENT主謂一致特殊名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)主謂很近主語，插入語，謂語從前不從后兩個謂語單復(fù)一致，都是跟隨主語主語 of/for/with n 謂語,主語謂語1 and謂語2,代詞指代一致錯選的特征It第一次岀現(xiàn)卻沒有指代對象代詞指代不明確（指代對象有多個）難點 指代單復(fù)數(shù)指代用詞不準(zhǔn)確主謂一致特殊名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)OG12-77 The only way for growers to salvage froze n citrus is to have it quickly p rocessed into juice concen trate before warmer weather r

2、eturns and rots the fruitOG12-80 A report by the America n Academy for the Adva nceme nt of Scie nee has con cluded that many of the curren tly uncon trolled dioxins to which North America ns are exposed come from the incin erati on of wastes.OG12-5 Diabetes, together with its serious com pl icatio

3、ns, r anks as the nation ' s third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.主謂很近OG12-2 Although a surge in retail sales has r aised hopes that a recovery is ?n ally un der way, many econo mists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.OG12

4、-13 A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggestthat the economy might not be as weak as some an alysts p reviously thought.OG12-55 Many house builders offer ren t-to-buy p rograms that enable a family with in sufficie nt sav ings for a conventional down payment to move

5、 into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a purchase later.OG12-129 Cajuns sp eak a dialect brought to souther n Louisia na by the 4,000 Acadia ns who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added

6、主語四種語言，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)主語，插入語，謂語OG12-12Rising i nventories, if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales , can lead to productioncutbacks that would hamper econo mic growth.OG12-68 The fi rst trenches cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar. Syria, have yielded strong evidenee that centrally admini

7、stered com plex societies in nort hern regions of the Middle Fast arose simultaneously with butindependen tly of the more celebrated city-states of souther n Mesopo tamia, in what is now souther n Iraq.（社會R那些著名的美索不達(dá)米亞南部的城邦同時但獨立地興起，也就是在現(xiàn)在伊拉克南部。OG12-95 The p eaks of a mountain ran ge, acting like rock

8、s in a streambed, p roduce ripples in the air flow ing over them; the result ing flow p attern , with crests and troughs that rema in stati onary although the air that forms them is moving rap idly, is known as“ sta nding waves. ”主語of/for/with n謂語，從前不從后OG12-33 Because an oversupply of computer chips

9、 has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut p roduct ion by clos ing its factories for two days a mon th.錯選：because of plunging prices for computer chips, which is due to an oversupply,這里 which 修飾 prices，里面要 用areOG12-60 While all states face similar in dustrial waste p

10、 roblems, the p redominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determine the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of dis po sal.OG12-78 Fossilsof the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sl

11、oth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles IslandsOG12-27 P ale on tologists believe that fragments of a p rimate jawb one( un earthed in Burma and estimated to be 40to 44 million years old ) provide evidenee of a crucial step along the volutionary path that led to human beings.OG12-133 L

12、ast week local shri mpers held a n ews conference to take some credit for the resurge nee of the rare Kemp' s ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting adult sea turtles.主語 謂語1 and謂語2，兩個謂語單復(fù)一致，都是跟隨主語OG12-66 The 32 species

13、that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.OG12-126 The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions

14、 in an in dividual that, in turn, create uncon scious physiological resp on ses.OG12-140 Rock sam ples take n from the rema ins of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-mile-wide asteroid (that eradicated the dinosaurs) have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus are evidenee of the earli

15、est known asteroid imp act on Earth.代詞指代一致平行代詞指代一致，無論怎樣，代詞出現(xiàn)都不能破壞平行It第一次出現(xiàn)卻沒有指代對象-錯選的特征OG12-4 Of all the vast tides of migratio n that have swe pt through history, perhaps none was more concen trated tha n the wave that brought 12 millio n immigra nts on to America n shores in little more tha n thre

16、e decades.錯選：perhaps/maybe it is none that這里的it沒有指代任何東西，沒意義，去掉OG12-9 Like the Bront? s and Brow nin gs, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are ofte n subjected to the kind of ven eratio n that blurs the disti nction betwee n the artist and the huma n being.錯選：as it is ofit第一次出現(xiàn)，不知道指代什么OG12-29 The end of

17、 the eightee nth cen tury saw the emerge nee of p rize-stock breedi ng, with in dividual bulls and cows receivi ng awards, fetch ing unp recede nted p rices, and exciting eno rmous in terest whe never they were put on show.錯選：it excited/ it had excited這里it沒有指代對象，錯，而且破壞平行OG12-57 It can hardly be said

18、 that educators are at fault for not an tici pat ing the impact of microco mpu ter tech nology:Alvin Toffler, one of the most prominent stude nts of the future, did not even men ti on microco mpu ters in Future Shock, published in 1970.錯選：be said that it is their fault it/ be said that it is the fau

19、lt of it 這里 it 沒有指代對象OG12-71 Un like the origi nal Nati onal Museum of Scie nee and Tech no logy in Italy, where the models are en cased in glass or op erated only by staff members, the Virtual Leon ardo Project, an on li ne version of the museum, en courages visitors to“ touch "exhibchand ther

20、eby activate the animated functions of the piece.錯選 C exhibit, and it will activate 這里的 it沒有指代對象，因為前面的touch 是 V 的OG12-89 cen tury, but finan cially stra ined tow nships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do (to maintain dirt roads and paved roads)錯選： D maintainin

21、g dirt roads costs twice as much as it does for paved roads，這里的 it 沒有指代對象代詞指代不明確（指代對象有多個）難點-錯選的特征一般代詞和指代對象之間不要離得太遠(yuǎn)，或者之間不要出現(xiàn)其他名詞，容易導(dǎo)致指代對象不明確-詞和指代對象中間不能有其他名詞（換位置），或改成伴隨狀態(tài)/直接寫明去掉代詞（去it/they/one）當(dāng)出現(xiàn)“從句，主語”結(jié)構(gòu)時，注意從句的主語是誰， 主句的主語和賓語位置變換會影響到從句的主語 從句和主句邏輯主語和語法主語要一致（換位置）OG12-6 In late 1997, the chambers in sid

22、e the py ramid of the Pharaoh Men kaure at Giza were closed to visitors for clea ning and rep air because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls. 換位置C:because tourists were exhalin

23、g moisture,which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that 其中 which 從句如果修飾的 because從句（本身不對），就算可以這么修飾，其中的them變成指代tourists也改變了題意，變成游客提升了濕度。D:because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists rais ing the humidity with in them to levels so . 其中 rais in g.既可 以修飾tourists也可以跳躍修飾 moisture,如果是跳

24、躍修飾需要加連接詞that/which，然后them變成指代tourists不對。E中them清晰指chambersOG12-121 Sales of wines declined in the late 1980s, but they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate con sumpti on of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease.錯選they在原句中指代sales，如果換了位置，

25、并且前面出現(xiàn)大于一個的名詞時，就會出現(xiàn)修飾對象不明確的 情況。排除BD.而且CE caused them這里的them離sales好遠(yuǎn)，容易指代錯誤代詞換位置OG12-23 Once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, the discus used in track competition is now lined with lead around the p erimeter, thereby improving stability in fl ight and result ing in Ion ger thr

26、ows.換位置錯選：文中的主語是 discus，不是weight，而AB中第二句中主語it指的是weight，錯OG12-58 A leadi ng fi gure in the Scottish En lighte nment, Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democraticcapitalism what Marx ' s Das KapitaiS to socialism.未劃線部分 a leading figure 指人，即 Adam，所以 ABC 中緊跟 著books錯誤換位置OG12-47 Five fledgl

27、i ng sea eagles left their n ests in wester n Scotia nd this summer, bringing to 34 the nu mber of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway bega n in 1975.錯選：and it brings/brought這里的it不知道是指代 sea eagles還是Summer,nest反正指代不明確去itOG12-75 A proposal has been made to trim the horns from

28、rhinoceroses to discourage poachers： the question is _whether tourists will continue to visit game p arks to see rhino ceroses once the animalstrimmed. ' horns have錯選：AB中after their horns are,這里的their可以指代RHINOCEROSES和TOURISTS,歧義,要直接說明。BE 中see one里面的one很曖昧。寫明對象，去one寫明對象，去itit/this，要明確寫出 slothoOG1

29、2-78 Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Pu erto Rico in 1991, have bee n dated at 34 milli on years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles Islands錯選：代詞指代不明，因為sloth只是前面句子的賓語，所以后面指代時不能單純用OG12-101 Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that h

30、as worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss sig ns of in cipie nt trouble or mis in terpret them whe n they do appear.錯選 A 中makes it likely to ,這里的 it 可以指代 executive, course of action , 不明確去掉itC course of actionsigns.trouble，這里的it指代也不明確OG12-102 As rain fall bega n to decrease in

31、the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth cen tury, most of the Monument Valley An asazi aba ndoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.去掉theyC where they had .they 可以指代 mva 或者 other clansOG12-131 Over 75 p erce nt of the en ergy p roduced in France derives fro

32、m nu clear po wer,whereas n uclear poweracco unts for just over 33 percent of the en ergy p roduced in Germa ny錯選： A it可以指代 france, nuclear power，不明確； E it可以指代 Germany 或者 energy 或者 nuclear power，不 明確；排除去掉itOG12-112 A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that

33、would be rated about 20/500: an adult with such visi on would be deemed legally bli nd.去掉it錯選：A as a babay with a sense of vision, it.，or.if it were.這里的兩個 it邏輯上應(yīng)該都指代 baby，而語法上 他們第二個指代 baby,第一個指代 sense of vision，所以錯OG12-7 As its sales of computer products have surpassed those of measuring instruments

34、, the company has become in creas in gly willi ng to com pete for the mass market sales it would in the past have con ceded to rivals 當(dāng)代詞和他所 指代的名詞離得太遠(yuǎn)的時候，就會出現(xiàn)指代不明的錯誤。OG12-46 In ancient Thailand, much of the local artisans creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images and on ( con str

35、uct ion and decorati on ) of the temp les in which they were en shri ned. (這里 they 指 buddha images)OG12-103 Yellow jackets nu mber among the 900 or so sp ecies of the worldwas ps,(was ps stoatOilve in a highlycooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of females the queen and her s

36、terile female workers.) 括 號內(nèi)的東西都在修飾 was ps指代單復(fù)數(shù)OG12-30 For members of the seve ntee nth-ce ntury Asha nti n ati on in Africa, ani mal-hide shields with woode n frames were esse ntial items of military equipment, p rotecting warriors aga inst en emy arrows and sp ears.錯選： as a method/protect ion to p

37、 rotect 這里items是復(fù)數(shù)，指代不能用單數(shù)a method, 錯OG12-32 Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, ( as manifestations of the laws of physics, ) would appear the same to some on (on the deck of a ship movi ng smoothly and uni formly through the water ) as to a person(standing on land).這樣一個自然現(xiàn)象，對不管是在坐船在水面上滑行

38、還是站在地面上不動的人來說，船表現(xiàn)都是一樣的。錯選：water, as it would to the 這里 it 不能指代 phenomena, phenomena是復(fù)數(shù)OG12-91 Nobody knows exactly how many Ian guages there are in the world, p artly because of the diffi culty of disti nguish ing betwee n a language and the subla nguages or dialects with in it, but those who have t

39、ried to count typically have found about fi ve thousand. 注意 dis tinguishing between a Ianguage and the .within it,這里的 subla nguages and dialect 是 a Ian guage 中的分支，所以 with in 是 with in a Ian guage，所以要用 it。如果指代的是 many Ianguages，則用 them。OG12-35 Along with the drop in producer prices announced yesterday

40、, the strong retail sales figures released today seem to indicate that the economy, although growing slowly, is not nearing a recession 錯選：like it is indicative that，這里的like本身錯，就算對了，里面 it指代sales figures也錯，要變成 theyOG12-124 Found throughout Cen tral and South America, the sloth hangs from trees by its

41、 long rubbery limbs, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving so infrequently that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes.女0 果用復(fù)數(shù)人家以為指代treesOG12-1 The Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Australia, were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook, who so named them sup

42、po sedly because their sheer wet rocks gliste ned like glass.OG12-132 Although the term “ p sych op ath ” is popu larly app lied to an esp ecially brutal crim in al, i n p sychology refers to some one who is apparen tly incap able of feeli ng comp assi on or the pangs of con scie nee.OG12-73 Comb in

43、ing eno rmous p hysical stre ngth with higher in tellige nee, the Nean derthals appear to have bee n equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path,(前面只講了一種 path,不用 paths ) but their relatively sudde n disa pp eara nee duri ng the P aleolithic era in dicates that an in ability

44、 to ada pt to some environmen tal cha nge led to their ext inction.OG12-40 Dr. Ton egawa won the Nobel P rize for discoveri ng how the body can con sta ntly cha nge its genes to fashion seemin gly un limited nu mber of an tibodies, each targeted sp ecifically at an in vadi ng microbe or foreig n sub

45、sta nee.OG12-85 Salt depo sits and moisture threate n to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavati on in P akista n, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.劃線的that從句修飾civillizaion，代詞不能用復(fù)數(shù) t

46、hose。OG12-139 The company announced that its p rofits decli ned much less in the sec ond quarter tha n an alysts had expected and that its bus in ess would improve in the sec ond half of the year.錯選：it 不能指代 profits，要用復(fù)數(shù) they/them，排除 A had expected it to; C Eexpected it would and htat it will ; 而且就算用了也累贅啊，想辦法避免。