增減重復(fù)練習(xí)

1、第九講 增詞法一、教學(xué)目的：了解和掌握增詞法（Amplification）在翻譯中的運用。二、教學(xué)過程：A根據(jù)意義上或修辭上的需要for purpose of rhetoric or coherence1.1增加動詞 1）In the evening ，after the banquets，the concerts and table tennis exhibitions，he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. 2）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats，no “o

2、rdinary Chinese” with paper flags and banquets of flowers。 3）Rostow was about to become，for lack of anyone or anything better，a very influential intellectualthe very wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong idea。 4）They had been through it al at his sidethe bruising battles，the humiliations of th

3、e defeat|through empty mid-1960suntil at last，in 1968，they were able to savor the sweet taste of triumph。 2. 增加形容詞 1）With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism。 2）The plane twisted under me，trailing flame and smoke。 3）O, Tom Canty，born in rags and dirt and misery，what sight is th

4、is?。∕ark Twain） 3. 增加副詞 根據(jù)原文的上下文，有些動詞在一定場合可增加適當(dāng)?shù)母痹~，才能確切表達愿意。 1）The crowds melted away。 2）As she sat down and began talking，words poured out。 3）Tremaine sank down with his face in his hands。 4）In the films of those days，all too often it was the same one：boy tractor driver meets girls tractor driver；t

5、hey fall in love and drive tractor together。4. 增加名詞 4.1 在不及物動詞后面增加名詞 1）Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia。 2）Day after day he came to his worksweeping，scrubbing，cleaning。 3）First you borrow，then you beg。 4）The lieutenant Grub launched into the old recruiting routine，“

6、See，save and serve！Hannigan， free tour to all the ports in the world。A fine ship for a home。Three meals a day without chargeYou must not let such a golden opportunity slip by。” 4.2在形容詞前增加名詞 1）This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine。 2）A new kind of aircraftsmall，cheap，pilotlessis attracting increas

7、ing attention。 3）He is complicated manmoody，mercurial，with a melancholy streak。 4.3在抽象名詞后增加名詞 某些有動詞后形容詞派生出來的抽象名詞，翻譯是可根據(jù)上下文在其后面增添適當(dāng)?shù)拿~，使譯文更合乎規(guī)范。如： to persuade 說服 persuasion 說服工作 to prepare 準備 preparation 準備工作 backward 落后 backwardness 落后狀態(tài) tense 緊張 tension 緊張狀況 arrogant 自滿 arrogance 自滿情緒 mad 瘋狂 madnes

8、s 瘋狂行為 antagonistic 敵對 antagonism 敵對態(tài)度 1）After all preparations were made ，the planes were flown across he U.S to San Francisco. 2) In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 4.4 在具體名詞后增加名詞 1）He felt the patriot rise within his breast。 2）He allowed the

9、 father to be overruled by the judge，and declared his own son guilty。5.增加表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞 5.1 增加重疊詞表示復(fù)數(shù) 1）Flowers bloom all over the yard. 2) Newsmen went flying off to Mexico. 3) There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 5.2 增加數(shù)詞或其它詞表示復(fù)數(shù) 1) The lion is the king of animals. 2）The very earth

10、trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 3) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 4) Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial, expansion under the Tsars. 6. 增加表示時態(tài)的詞 6.1 對某種時間概念作強調(diào)時，往往要加一些詞。 1）I had known two great social syste

11、ms. 2) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. 3) I had never thought I would be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was. 4) Whereas Kissinger had once needed Nixon as a channel to power, Nixon now needed Kissinger to help him remain in power. 6.2 強調(diào)時間上

12、的對比時，往往需要加一些詞 1 )The old man said，“They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are。 2 )I was and remain，grateful for the part he played in my release。 3）The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird。 7. 增加語氣助詞。 1）Don t take it seriously. Im just making fun of you. 2)

13、 As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning. 3) They (the eyes) were the same color as the sea, cheerful and undefeated.4 ) He described it (Latvia)-its forests, its little villages ,its people ,their fierce nationalism-with an eloquence that could arise only out of deep love ones motherland.

14、民的強烈民族主義啦等等，只有深深熱愛祖國的人才能說得如此娓娓動聽，滔滔不絕。 5) It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this.8. 增加量詞 8.1 英語中的數(shù)詞（包括不定冠詞a）與可數(shù)名詞往往直接連用，他們之間沒有量詞，而漢語往往借助量詞。因此翻譯時應(yīng)根據(jù)漢語表達習(xí)慣恰當(dāng)?shù)卦黾颖硎酒湫螤?、特征或材料上的名詞量。如： a bike 一輛自行車 a typewriter 一架打字機 a tractor 一臺拖拉機 a m

15、outh 一張嘴 a full moon 一輪滿月 a bad dream 一場惡夢 1）A red sun rose slowly from the calm lake。 2）Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon。 3）A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river。 4）November26 ：“Started trying to read a Russian story。Constant use of dictionary and many quest

16、ions?！?8.2 英語中有些動詞或動作名詞，譯成漢語動詞時常需增加一些表示行為、動作量的動量詞。 1）Once, they have a quarrel。 2）Herb gave her a sly look。 3）I was extremely worried about her，but this was neither place nor the time for a lecture or an argument。，補充了“轟炸”和“反對轟炸”，意思就比較清楚。10增加概括詞英語和漢語都有概括詞。英語中的in short, and so on, etc.等等，翻譯時可以分別譯為“總之”

17、、“等等”。當(dāng)有時候英語句子中并沒有概括詞，而翻譯時卻往往可增加“兩人”、“雙方”、“等等”、“凡此種種”等等概括詞，同時省略掉英語中的連接詞。如：You and I The Soviet Union, the United States, England and Francemilitarily, politically and economically1) The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.2）It is remarkably clear. It shows s

18、treets and factories and a winding river and docks and submarine pens.3）The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.B、根據(jù)句法上的需要(for purpose of syntax)1. 增補原文回答句中的省略部分1) Is this your book? Yes, it is.（Yes, it is = Yes, it is mine.）2) Rebecc

19、a：“What! Dont you love him (Amelias brother)?”Amelia：“Yes, of course, I do.”（Yes, of course, I do = Yes, of course I love him.）2. 增補原文句子中所省略的動詞3) Reading makes a full man; conference () a ready man; writing () an exact man.4) An Eagle and a Fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the Eagle ()

20、 at the summit of a high tree, the Fox () in a hole at the foot of it. 5) We dont retreat, we never have () and never will ().6) “No!” Jesse jumped up. “No, I believed that too. But I dont () now. ”7) He remembered the incident, as had his wife (). 8) Everything was on a larger scale for him, the hi

21、ghs were higher, the lows () lower.3. 增補原文比較句中的省略部分1) The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.2) Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.3) I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than

22、 others.4. 增補原文含蓄條件句中的省略部分1) We didnt admit it (escape) was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our hopes.At the time of Kennedys assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster. 第十講省略法（減詞法）一、教學(xué)目的：了解和掌握省略法（omission）在翻譯中的運用。二、教學(xué)過

23、程：省略（omission）是指原文中有寫詞在譯文中譯不出來，因為譯文中雖無其詞而已有其意，或者在譯文中是不言而喻的。換言之，省略是刪去一些可有可無的，或者有了反而嫌累贅或違背譯文語言習(xí)慣的詞。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想內(nèi)容刪去?，F(xiàn)從語法角度和修辭角度分別舉例探討省略法：A. 從語法角度來看1. 省代詞1.1省略作主語的人稱代詞1) He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable2) But its the way I am and try as I might , I havent been able to change it. 3) The

24、y had ground him beneath their heel, they had taken the best of him, they had murdered his father, they had broken and wrecked his wife, they had crushed his whole family. 4）Laura wished now that she was not holding that piece of bread-and-butter ,but there was nowhere to put it and she couldnt poss

25、ibly throw it away. （2）泛指的英語人稱代詞做主語時，即使是作第一個主語，譯文中往往也可以省略。 1) We live and learn. 2) You can never tell. 3）Everywhere you can find new types of men and object in New China. 4）Even as the doctor was recommending rest ,he knew that this in itself was not enough ,that one could never get real rest witho

26、ut a peaceful mind. 5）All those years in the military, where there were certain standards and rules; where young men treated their superiors with respect; where you gave an order and it was obey; where a uniform meant you were all on the same side. 1.2 省略做賓語的代詞 英語中有些作賓語的代詞，不管前面是否有提到過，翻譯時往往可以省略。1） Th

27、e more he tried to hide warts, the more he revealed them. 2）She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it. 3）In fact, Hitlers “blitz” carried him so far, to the very gate of Leningrad by September, a city he was never to seize. 1.3 省略物主代詞 So the train came, he pinched his little sis

28、ter lovingly, and put his great arms about his mothers neck and then was away. 2）She went, with her neat figure, and her sober womanly step, down the dark street. 3）She felt the flowers were in her figures, on her lips, growing in her breast. 4）He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his

29、eyes, but said nothing. 2. 省略非人稱的或強勢句中的it it也是一種代詞，但這里主要是講它的兩種特殊用法，即非人稱用和強調(diào)用。英語 中這樣用的it，漢譯時往往可以省略不譯。2.1 非人稱it 1）Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 2）He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15. 3）It was just growing dark, as she shut the garden gate. 2.2 強勢用it 1）It was only then th

30、at I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told. 2）It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house. 3）Peter has always enjoyed claiming that it was he and not George, who was the first to reach the summit of the mountain. 3. 省略連接詞 漢語詞語之間連接詞用的不多，其上下邏輯關(guān)系常常是暗含的，由詞語的次尋來表

31、示。英語則不然，連接詞用的比較多。因此，英譯漢時在很多情況下可不必把連接詞譯出來。 3.1省略并列連接詞 1）He looked gloomy and troubled. 2）Despite the privation, and the mounting toll of dead and wounded, however, morale remained intact, and people still smile in the street. 3）He considered it (National Security Council) too large and bulky and thus

32、 leaky, too many people who talked too much 4）Your son or your father or your wife or your cousin or your best friend or your boss or your secretary might be an informer for Heydrichs organization 3.2省略從屬連接詞 （1）省略表示原因的連詞 1）We knew spring was coming as (because) we had seen a robin. 2）He declined to

33、amplify on the Presidents statement, since he had not read the text. 3）Because the departure was not easy, we made it brief. 表示條件的連接此if，一般譯為“假如”、“如果”等，但在日?？谡Z體或文言文結(jié)構(gòu)中，往往可以省略不譯。 1）If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 2）If I had known it, I would not have joined in it. 3）If a spot turned hot, wed

34、 overfly it frequently. 4）“Youve got to be careful of these Eastern lawyers. If you are not careful, theyll take you and turn you inside out.” 3.3 省略表示時間的連接詞 1）John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother. 2） When at last he stood upon the bluff, he turned to his

35、 little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully. 3）He stood there, handsome, reserved-somehow those four stars visible even when he was in civvies. 4. 省略冠詞 英語有冠詞，漢語沒有冠詞，因此，英譯漢時往往可將冠詞省略。 1）.A teacher should have patience in his work. 2）The horse is a useful animal. 3）The moon was slowly rising above t

36、he sea. 4）The proletariat and the peasantry must unite ! 5）The girl standing at the window is his sister. 英譯漢時，省略原文中的冠詞是一般情況。但在某些場合，冠詞卻不能省略，例如： 1）He left without saying a word. 2）Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile. 3）The children are of an age. 4）The onlookers saw the little party climb asho

37、re. 5. 省略前置詞 一般說來，表示時間和地點的英語前置詞，譯成漢語如出現(xiàn)在句首，大都可以省略，出現(xiàn)在句尾大都不省略。 5.1省略表示時間的前置詞 1）The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 2）In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal. 3）The mother sub was cruising near Wake Island on December 2 when we heard hostilities were to begin December 7. 5.2省略表示地

38、點的前置詞 1）Smoking is prohibited in public place. 2）Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country. 3）Rumors has already spread along the street and lanes. 表示地點的英語前置詞在譯文句首往往可以省略，但放在動詞后面卻一般不省略，如： 1）He stood by the desk. 2）She hid behind the door. 3）I stayed in my brothers home.B. 從修辭角度來看 1. 英語句子中

39、有些短語重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，英譯漢時可按情況做適當(dāng)省略。 1）University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 2）Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all knocked me about and starved me. 3）She curtseyed again, and would have blushed deeper, if she could

40、have blushed deeper than she had blushed all the time. 2. 根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣，譯文中可以省略一些可有可無的詞。 1）They could be adapted to the waging of peoples war of liberation but were rather useless in an anti-peoples war. 2）In twelve Yenan years the Chinese Communists had fitted themselves to the land, the rhythm of its sea

41、sons, the mood of its peasants. 3）There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the power of nature or the mechanisms of mans hands and will master them all in the end. 4）As scheduled, American and Chinese diplomats met in January 20, at the Chinese Embassy. It was their first get-tog

42、ether in more than two years. 5）There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 第十一講 重復(fù)法一、教學(xué)目的：了解和掌握重復(fù)法（repetition）在翻譯中的運用。二、教學(xué)過程：重復(fù)法實際上也是一種增詞法，只不過所增加的詞是上文剛剛出現(xiàn)過的詞。翻譯和寫作一樣，本應(yīng)力求簡練，盡量省略一些可有可無的詞，但有時為了明確，強調(diào)或生動，卻往往需要一些關(guān)鍵性的詞加以重復(fù)。 1. 重復(fù)名詞 1.1 英語中作賓語的名詞 1） Let us revise our safety

43、 and sanitary regulations. 2） I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble. 3） They begin to study and analyze the situation of the enemy. 4） Thus, I wrote “Spain in Arms, 1937”and saw china in revolution in 1925-27,and later in war with Japan. 1.2 重復(fù)英語中作表語的名詞 1） He became an oil baronall by himse

44、lf. 2） This has been our positionbut not theirs. 3） John is your friend as much as he is mine1.3 重復(fù)英語前置詞短語前所省略的名詞英語中長重復(fù)使用前置詞，而將第二個，第三個前置詞前的名詞省略，翻譯時則往往要把此名詞重復(fù)。 1） The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients. 2） the story of Jurgis is a story of groans a

45、nd tears, of poor human beings destroyed by the capitalist industrial machine. 3) We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself. The product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.1.4 重復(fù)英語中作先行詞的名詞英語定語從句常用關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)，它一方面代表定語從句所修飾的先行

46、詞（名詞或代詞），一方面在從句中擔(dān)任一個成分。漢語中沒有關(guān)系詞，往往需要重復(fù)這個作先行詞的名詞。1） May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party, through you, for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world. 2） They have staged demonstrations and distributed p

47、etitions which inevitably find their way to foreign correspondents posted in Moscow. 3） The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left.英語中的同位語，在譯文中有時也可以重復(fù)先行詞。 1） The President announced, with obvious relish,

48、that planes took off from "shangri-la", the fictional, remote retreat in the Himalayas. 2） All of these arrangements were a prelude to the ball, the hostess ultimate prize. 3） Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity . 4） No one dared to walk out of Johnson's Adminis

49、tration, because they knew if they did, two men were going to follow their ass to the end of the earth ,Mr.J.Edgar Hoover and head of the Internal Revenue Service. 2. 重復(fù)動詞 2.1 英語句子長用一個動詞連接幾個賓語或表語，在譯文中往往要重復(fù)這個動詞。 1） Is he a friend or an enemy? 2) The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too.

50、3) For a good ten minutes, he cursed me and my brother. 4) Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement(Edgar snow) 5) They covered the 19th century foreign intervention in China, Mao's Long March in the mid-1930s,the French and American revolutions. 他們談到十九世紀外國對中國的干涉，談到毛澤東在三十年代中期的長征，還談到法國革命和美國革命。2.2 英語句子中動詞后有前置詞時，在第二次第三次往往只用前置詞而省略動詞，在譯文中則要重復(fù)動詞以代替英語中重復(fù)的前置詞。 1） We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other-of everything but our host and