[英語學(xué)習(xí)]法律英語句式特點(diǎn)

1、 一、句子結(jié)構(gòu) 國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合同文件及其法律文件中的英文句子具有結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、句式較長的特點(diǎn)。 為了做到準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密、清楚、易解，這類英文句子的結(jié)構(gòu)有其自己的一定規(guī)則，較典型的就是狀語的位置。 主句中狀語的位置 一般應(yīng)放在shall, may等情態(tài)助動詞之后，行為動詞之前。 A listed company shall, pursuant to laws and administrative regulations, make public periodically its financial and operational conditions. The listed company shall, i

2、n each fiscal year, publish its financial statements once every six months. 上市公司必須按照法律、行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定，定期公開財(cái)務(wù)狀況和經(jīng)營情況，在每會計(jì)年度內(nèi)半年公布一次財(cái)務(wù)會計(jì)報(bào)告。 A foreign company may, pursuant to this law, establish branches within the Territory of China, and may engage in production and operational activities. 外國公司依照本法規(guī)定可以在中國境內(nèi)設(shè)

3、立分支機(jī)構(gòu)，從事生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營活動。 從句中狀語的位置 如果法律文件中的句子為復(fù)合句，則從句中狀語的位置通常應(yīng)放在連詞if 或when等的后面，從句句子的前面。 If, during the effective term of a takeover offer, the purchaser needs to alter any items in the takeover offer, the purchaser shall submit a report to the securities regulatory authorities under the State Council and the

4、stock exchange in advance. The purchaser shall, after approval of the report, make the fact in question know to the public. 在收購要約的有效期限內(nèi)，收購人需要變更收購要約中事項(xiàng)的，必須事先向國務(wù)院證券監(jiān)督管理機(jī)構(gòu)及證券交易所提出報(bào)告，經(jīng)獲準(zhǔn)后予以公布。 從句簡略形式在句中的位置 如果主從句中的從句是簡略形式，則從句應(yīng)插入主句之中，并應(yīng)該放在shall之后行為動詞之前。 The Contractor shall, if called upon so to do, enter

5、 into and execute the Contract Agreement to be prepared and completed at the cost of the Employer in the form annexed to these conditions with such modifications as may be necessary. 在被邀請簽約時，承包人應(yīng)同意簽訂并履行合同協(xié)議書，該協(xié)議書由業(yè)主按照本合同條件所附格式擬定，如有必要，可對其進(jìn)行修改。該協(xié)議書的擬定和簽訂費(fèi)用由業(yè)主承擔(dān)。 關(guān)于such as的用法 由于法律文件的語言要求嚴(yán)密、準(zhǔn)確，以避免似是而非，造

6、成誤解，通常用such as作關(guān)系代詞來引到從句，把所修飾的詞或詞組放在such和as之間，這樣使意思明確，從而避免了日后因理解不一致引起糾紛。若所修飾的詞組較多較長，有時可用such such as的結(jié)構(gòu)。 若用基礎(chǔ)英語中常用的which,that來作關(guān)系代詞引到定語從句，容易引起爭議。 （發(fā)出）施工、完成工程及修補(bǔ)工程中缺陷所必須的補(bǔ)充圖紙和指示such Supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the execution and the remedying of any defects therei

7、n.Supplementary Drawings and instructions that shall be necessary for the execution and the remedying of any defects therein. 合同一方可能會理解為that后的從句只修飾instructions而不修飾Drawings. Where increasing quantities of imported products cause or threaten to cause serious injury to domestic products of like or such

8、 producers as directly compete with their foreign counterparts for the products, the state may take necessary safeguard measures to remove or ease such injury or threat of injury. 因進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品數(shù)量增加，使國內(nèi)相同或者與其直接競爭的產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)者受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p害或者嚴(yán)重?fù)p害的威脅時，國家可以采取必要的保障措施，消除或者減輕這種損害或者損害威脅。二、長句及其翻譯 與普通英語相比較而言，商務(wù)合同英語中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)就其長度和使用從句的

9、連續(xù)性要復(fù)雜得多。分析合同長句的基本方法是：首先，要找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語,即句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)；其次，要找出句子中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞，然后再分析從句和短句的功能，即：是否是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句或狀語從句等，以及詞、短語和從句之間的關(guān)系。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入語等其他成分。 20) The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the Seller for short-weight bein

10、g supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor. 這是一個簡單長句，其主干為The Buyer maylodge a claim。修飾謂語動詞的狀語有三個，分別表示時間（within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination）、方式（being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor）和原因（for short-weig

11、ht）。諸多狀語盡管在原文中位置靈活，然而在譯文里，須按照漢語的行文規(guī)范適當(dāng)進(jìn)行調(diào)整：方式狀語一般應(yīng)置于動詞之前；其他狀語可以靈活處理，如本句中的時間狀語可以提前至句首。 貨物抵達(dá)目的港15天內(nèi)，買方可以憑有信譽(yù)的公共檢驗(yàn)員出示的檢驗(yàn)證明向賣方提出短重索賠。 21）If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the

12、other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach. 本句的主干是it shall indemnify and ke

13、ep indemnified. against. the other Party and the company。If引導(dǎo)的是條件從句，條件句的賓語部分跟隨后置定語（given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2）。in addition to 引導(dǎo)的是增補(bǔ)成分，其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語（available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws）。That引導(dǎo)的則是后置定語修飾緊鄰的五個名詞?；谝陨戏治觯俳Y(jié)合漢語的行文習(xí)慣（條件在前，結(jié)構(gòu)

14、在后以及定語在所修飾的核心詞之前），即可翻譯成文。 如果一方違反任何其根據(jù)第18.1條或18.2條所作的陳述及擔(dān)?；蛑厥?則另一方除根據(jù)本合同或相關(guān)法律尋求任何可能的救濟(jì)之外,違約方應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償另一方或合營公司因此種違反而招致的任何損失、損害、費(fèi)用、開支、責(zé)任或索賠。 22）The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturi

15、ng or in the course of loading or transit. 上句中信息的重心在句首，先表明賣方的免責(zé)事項(xiàng)，接著再規(guī)定由于什么原因引起的不能交貨或延遲交貨才會免責(zé)，后對不可抗力又做了限定。按照漢語的思維習(xí)慣，往往先談原因，再講結(jié)論，因此采用顛倒順序的譯法更合理。 凡在制造或裝船運(yùn)輸過程中，因不可抗力致使賣方不能或推遲交貨時，賣方不負(fù)責(zé)任。 三、條件句及其翻譯商務(wù)合同主要約定合同各方應(yīng)享有的權(quán)利和應(yīng)履行的義務(wù)，但由于這種權(quán)利的行使和義務(wù)的履行均賦有各種條件，所以條件句的大量使用成為商務(wù)合同的一個特點(diǎn)。條件句多由下列連接詞引導(dǎo)：if, in the event of, in

16、 case (of), should, provided (that), subject to, unless otherwise等。比如： 23）If the third party accuses the Party B of infringement, Party B shall take up the matter（如果第三方指控乙方侵權(quán)，乙方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)） 24）In the event of any loss caused by the delay in the delivery, the Representative can claim a compensation from the

17、Manufacturer with a certificate and detailed list registered by the administration authorities of the Representatives site.（若因任何交貨延誤導(dǎo)致的代理方損失，代理方可憑代理方所在地行政當(dāng)局登記的損失清單向制造方索賠，但須出具證明。） 25）In case the Contract terminates prematurely, the Contract Appendices shall like wise terminate.（如果本合同提前終止，則合同附件也隨之終止。）

18、 26） Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party, the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused. Should it be the fault of both parties, they shall bear their respective responsibilities according to actual situations.（由于一方的過失，造成本合同不

19、能履行或不能完全履行時，由過失一方承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任。若屬雙方過失，則根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，由雙方分別承擔(dān)各自應(yīng)負(fù)的違約責(zé)任。） 27）Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side.（任何一方都可更換自己指派的代表，但須書面通知對方。） 28）Subject to the conditions hereinafter set forth, Party B will protect（在下列情況下，乙方將保證） 29）

20、The terms CFR, or CIF shall be subject to the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms (INCOTERMS 2000) provided by the International Chamber of Commerce unless otherwise stipulated herein.（除非另有規(guī)定，“CFR”和“CIF”均應(yīng)依據(jù)國際商會制定的2000年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則（INCOTERMS 2000）辦理。） 歸納上述各例，除了句（Either Side can r

21、eplace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side ）以外，條件句均置于主句之前，英譯漢時譯成“如果”或“若”即可。而當(dāng)條件句置于主句之后時，在翻譯這些引導(dǎo)條件句的連詞或短語時，可按動態(tài)等值理論視具體情況而定，切勿生搬硬套。該句中的provided that表示合同該條款需作進(jìn)一步規(guī)定或在作規(guī)定時語氣上的轉(zhuǎn)折，因而應(yīng)譯為“但是”才使譯文過渡自然，符合漢語的表達(dá)規(guī)范，達(dá)到功能對等的效果。 （一）英文合同長句的制式邏輯 英文合同的句子雖然很長，

22、但這個句子內(nèi)部通常蘊(yùn)涵一個制式邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，如果掌握了它，解讀英文合同長句就會相對容易很多。英文合同的長句皆按這個結(jié)構(gòu)來草擬，即“例外、條件、權(quán)利義務(wù)”（exception, condition, right and obligation）。通常情況下，英文合同的每一條款只表述一個重要的權(quán)利或重要的義務(wù)，“權(quán)利義務(wù)”是整個句子的主干，而“條件”主要指主句部分“權(quán)利享有”或“義務(wù)承擔(dān)”所應(yīng)滿足的條件，只有滿足了這些條件，合同方才可享受合同約定的權(quán)利或承擔(dān)合同約定的義務(wù)；而“例外”則是指即使?jié)M足了前面所述條件，合同方享受權(quán)利或承擔(dān)義務(wù)還必須受到的限制?！袄狻焙汀皸l件”通常以狀語（從句）的方式出現(xiàn)，請

23、看下面的例句：例1摘自聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約。Article 27 Unless otherwise expressly provided in this Part of the Convention, if any notice, request or other communication is given or made by a party in accordance with this Part and by means appropriate in the circumstances, a delay or error in the transmission of the co

24、mmunication or its failure to arrive does not deprive that party of the right to rely on the communication. 除非公約本部分另有明文規(guī)定，否則，如果當(dāng)事人按照本部分的規(guī)定并根據(jù)情況以恰當(dāng)?shù)姆绞桨l(fā)出通知、要求或其他信息，則這種通信如在傳遞上發(fā)生耽擱或錯誤，或未能到達(dá)，并不使該當(dāng)事方喪失依靠該項(xiàng)信息的權(quán)利。 在這里，“Unless otherwise expressly provided in this Part of the Convention”是“例外”，即除非公約本部分另有明文規(guī)定；而

25、“if any notice, request or other communication is given or made by a party in accordance with this Part and by means appropriate in the circumstances”是“條件”，即(1)根據(jù)本部分規(guī)定，且(2)根據(jù)情況以恰當(dāng)?shù)姆绞桨l(fā)出；“a delay or error in the transmission of the communication or its failure to arrive does not deprive that party of

26、the right to rely on the communication”是本句話的主干，即合同方的權(quán)利義務(wù)，表示這種通信如在傳遞上發(fā)生耽擱或錯誤，或未能到達(dá)，并不使該當(dāng)事方喪失依靠該項(xiàng)信息的權(quán)利。合同方只有滿足了這兩個條件，才能享有該項(xiàng)權(quán)利。但即使?jié)M足了該項(xiàng)條件，如果公約有其他規(guī)定，則首先適用其他規(guī)定，本條不適用，即 “例外”。 但是，在很多時候，“例外”、“條件”和“權(quán)利義務(wù)”部分在整個句子中的位置會因各個律師的習(xí)慣不同或?yàn)榱藦?qiáng)調(diào)某個部分而存在較大的差異。比如：例2摘自聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約。Article 39 (2) In any event, the buyer loses

27、the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give the seller notice thereof at the latest within a period of two years from the date on which the goods were actually handed over to the buyer, unless this timelimit is inconsistent with a contractual period of guarantee. 無論如何，

28、如果買方在實(shí)際收到貨物之日起兩年內(nèi)不將貨物不符合合同情形通知賣方，他將喪失聲稱貨物不符合合同的權(quán)利，但這一時限與合同規(guī)定的保證期限不符的除外。 本款結(jié)構(gòu)采取了“權(quán)利義務(wù)”、“條件”和“例外”的結(jié)構(gòu)，If引導(dǎo)的“條件”，unless引導(dǎo)的“例外”。該條款的“條件”部分顯得比較復(fù)雜，因?yàn)樵谶@個條件狀語從句中又包含了一個定語從句：“on which the goods were actually handed over to the buyer”修飾限定“the date”。 另外，也并非每個條款都同時具備這三個要素，有的可能就只有單純的權(quán)利或者單純的義務(wù)。而有的則附加了“條件”，沒有“例外”；還有

29、的則只有“例外”，但沒有“條件”。例3摘自FIDIC合同條款。Unless otherwise stated in the Particular Conditions, monthly progress reports shall be prepared by the Contractor and submitted to the Engineer in six copies. 除非特殊條款中另有規(guī)定，承包商應(yīng)編制月進(jìn)度報(bào)告，并一式六份提交給工程師。 在該條款中，就只包含了“例外”和“義務(wù)”。承包商有兩項(xiàng)義務(wù)：一是編制月進(jìn)度報(bào)告；二是提交給工程師。但是，如果在特殊條款中有其他約定，則適用特殊條

30、款，而不適用本條款，這就是“履行這兩項(xiàng)義務(wù)”的“例外”。例4摘自聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約。Article 32 (1) If the seller, in accordance with the contract or this Convention, hands the goods over to a carrier and if the goods are not clearly identified to the contract by markings on the goods, by shipping documents or otherwise, the seller must

31、give the buyer notice of the consignment specifying the goods. 如果賣方按照合同或本公約的規(guī)定將貨物交付給承運(yùn)人，但沒有在貨物上加標(biāo)記或以裝運(yùn)單據(jù)或其他方式清楚地注明該批貨物就是該合同貨物，則賣方必須向買方發(fā)出列明貨物的發(fā)貨通知。 本款只包含“條件”和“義務(wù)”。不過，本款比較特殊，其中包含兩個條件：一是按照本合同或本公約交貨；二是沒有明示該批貨物就是該合同貨物。必須同時滿足這兩個條件，賣方才承擔(dān)通知義務(wù)。 正是由于“例外”、“條件”和“權(quán)利義務(wù)”并非在每個條款中都出現(xiàn)，并且其在不同條款中的位置也并非一成不變，這無形中加大了讀者識別它

32、們的難度。但是，由于引導(dǎo)“例外”和“條件”的英文詞匯比較固定，因此，讀者還是可以比較迅速準(zhǔn)確地識別出來。而“權(quán)利義務(wù)”就是句子的主干，通常沒有連詞連接的句子多半就是整個句子的主干句子。 總的來說，引導(dǎo)“例外”的英文詞匯主要包括save (that), save as, except (that), except as, unless, subject to；而由if, in the event that, provided (that), suppose (that)引導(dǎo)“條件”。Where引導(dǎo)的句子不表示“條件”，但由于其在多數(shù)時候都表示“在情況下”，有點(diǎn)類似于條件，為便于論述，本書權(quán)且將其

33、作為引導(dǎo)“條件”的連詞來看待。例5Save insofar as it is legally or physically impossible or creates a hazard to safety the Seller shall comply with and strictly adhere to the Buyers instructions and directions on all matters, whether mentioned in the Contract or not, concerning the Goods. 除非法律上或者實(shí)際上不可行或?qū)Π踩斐晌ｋU(xiǎn)，否則，不管

34、該貨物是否在合同中提及，賣方在所有事項(xiàng)上都必須遵守并嚴(yán)格按照買方的指令行事。 在上例中，“賣方在所有事項(xiàng)上都必須遵守并嚴(yán)格按照買方的指令行事”是句子的主干，闡明賣方按照買方指令行事的義務(wù)；但有三個由“as”引導(dǎo)的例外：一是如果遵照買方的指令行事違法；二是遵照買方指令行事在實(shí)際上不可能；三是遵照買方指令行事將會對安全產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)。在這三種情況下，賣方不必遵守或者嚴(yán)格按照買方的指令行事。最后包括一個條件，即“whether mentioned in the Contract or not, concerning the Goods”，不管合同就該貨物是否在合同中提及，皆不影響賣方按照買方的指令行事。例

35、6摘自聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約。Article 37 If the seller has delivered goods before the date for delivery, he may, up to that date, deliver any missing part or make up any deficiency in the quantity of the goods delivered, or deliver goods in replacement of any nonconforming goods delivered or remedy any lack of c

36、onformity in the goods delivered, provided that the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. 第37條如果賣方在交貨日期前交付貨物，他可以在那個日期到達(dá)前，交付任何缺漏部分或補(bǔ)足所交付貨物的不足數(shù)量，或交付用以替換所交付不符合同規(guī)定的貨物，或?qū)λ桓敦浳镏腥魏尾环贤?guī)定的情形作出補(bǔ)救，但是，此一權(quán)利的行使不得使買方遭受不合理的不便或承擔(dān)不合理的開支。 在本款中，賣方行使這些補(bǔ)救權(quán)利必須

37、滿足兩個條件，分別由if和provided that引導(dǎo)，一是在交貨日期前交貨；二是該補(bǔ)救權(quán)利的行使不會使買方遭受不合理的不便或承擔(dān)不合理的開支。只有真正滿足這兩個前提條件的情況下，賣方才可以行使這些補(bǔ)救權(quán)利。 前面所舉的例子無一例外都是主句（“權(quán)利義務(wù)”部分）的主語、謂語和賓語（如有）結(jié)合比較緊密，讀者很容易就把主句挑出來，剩下的就是“例外”分句和“條件”分句；再根據(jù)這些標(biāo)志性的英文詞匯，將 “例外”和“條件” 識別出來，并不是太困難。但如果“例外”和“條件”放在主句之中，隔斷主句的主語和謂語，也可能隔斷主句的謂語和賓語，或者“例外”和“條件”部分又含有幾重定語從句，則很多的時候會給讀者帶來

38、麻煩。試看下例：例7The Consultant confirms that, save as already disclosed in writing by the Consultant to ABB with specific reference to the Project, it is not advising any other party in relation to the Project and has no conflict of interest, and will not permit any conflict of interest to arise and /or c

39、ontinue in connection with the provision of the Services. 本例句中，主句的謂語confirm和賓語從句“it is not advising any other party in relation to the Project and has no conflict of interest, and will not permit any conflict of interest to arise and /or continue in connection with the provision of the Services”被“sa

40、ve as already disclosed in writing by the Consultant to ABB with specific reference to the Project”隔斷開來。在這種情況下，最簡單的方法就是將標(biāo)志詞所引導(dǎo)的“例外”或“條件”句子先摘出來，從而把主句明確出來，然后再分別將“例外”或“條件”句子還原回去。如上例，把“save as already disclosed in writing by the Consultant to ABB with specific reference to the Project”摘出來后，原句就剩下The Cons

41、ultant confirms that, it is not advising any other party in relation to the Project and has no conflict of interest, and will not permit any conflict of interest to arise and /or continue in connection with the provision of the Services，主句一目了然，即“咨詢公司在此確認(rèn)，它沒有就該項(xiàng)目向其他方提供咨詢，沒有利益沖突，而且也不允許任何與所提供的服務(wù)之間有利益沖突

42、出現(xiàn)和/或繼續(xù)”。然后，再把“save as already disclosed in writing by the Consultant to ABB with specific reference to the Project”（除了咨詢公司已經(jīng)就該項(xiàng)目書面披露給ABB公司的以外）還原到原句中去，這樣，整個句子的意思便一目了然，即“咨詢公司在此確認(rèn)，除了咨詢公司已經(jīng)就該項(xiàng)目書面披露給ABB公司的以外，它沒有就該項(xiàng)目向其他方提供咨詢，沒有利益沖突，而且也不允許任何與所提供的服務(wù)之間有利益沖突出現(xiàn)和/或繼續(xù)”。例8摘自聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約。Article 76 (1) If the co

43、ntract is avoided and there is a current price for the goods, the party claiming damages may, if he has not made a purchase or resale under article 75, recover the difference between the price fixed by the contract and the current price at the time of avoidance as well as any further damages recover

44、able under article 74. 把由標(biāo)志詞“if”引導(dǎo)的兩個“條件”從句“If the contract is avoided and there is a current price for the goods”和“if he has not made a purchase or resale under article 75”摘出來，主句就是“the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the price fixed by the contract and the current price at

45、 the time of avoidance as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74”，即要求損害賠償?shù)囊环?，可以取得合同?guī)定的價(jià)格和宣告合同無效時的時價(jià)之間的差額以及按照第74條規(guī)定可以取得的任何其他損害賠償。然后，再把兩個“條件”還原，一是如果合同被宣告無效；二是如果沒有根據(jù)第75條規(guī)定進(jìn)行購買或轉(zhuǎn)賣，本句話的意思就非常清楚了。例9摘自聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約。Article 85 If the buyer is in delay in taking delivery of the goods or, whe

46、re payment of the price and delivery of the goods are to be made concurrently, if he fails to pay the price, and the seller is either in possession of the goods or otherwise able to control their disposition, the seller must take such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to preserve them. 在本

47、句中，由if和where分別引導(dǎo)從句，把這些帶有標(biāo)志詞引導(dǎo)的從句摘除，則原句還剩下“and the seller is either in possession of the goods or otherwise able to control their disposition, the seller must take such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to preserve them”。不過，這里“and the seller is either in possession of the goods or otherwis

48、e able to control their disposition”，究竟是和前面的“if he fails to pay the price”構(gòu)成并列的“條件”從句，還是與“the seller must take such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to preserve them”構(gòu)成并列的主句，關(guān)鍵在于連詞“and”。前后兩個句子之間如果并列應(yīng)該用連詞“and”，因此，可以斷定“and the seller is either in possession of the goods or otherwise able t

49、o control their disposition”不是主句的并列句，因?yàn)樵谒椭骶渲g沒有連詞“and”，則該句只能是前面“if he fails to pay the price”的并列句。本句的意思是：如果買方推遲收取貨物，或在支付價(jià)款和交付貨物應(yīng)同時履行時，買方?jīng)]有支付價(jià)款，而賣方仍擁有這些貨物或仍能控制這些貨物的處置權(quán)，賣方必須按情況采取合理措施，以保全貨物。他有權(quán)保有這些貨物，直至買方把他所付的合理費(fèi)用償還給他為止。例10摘自聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約。Article 86 (2) If goods dispatched to the buyer have been place

50、d at his disposal at their destination and he exercises the right to reject them, he must take possession of them on behalf of the seller, provided that this can be done without payment of the price and without unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. 本款有兩個標(biāo)志詞，即if和provided that引導(dǎo)的“條件”。摘出這

51、兩部分后，就只剩下“and he exercises the right to reject them, he must take possession of them on behalf of the seller”。根據(jù)上面提及的“and”連接前后兩個句子的解釋，讀者可以很輕易地得出“and he exercises the right to reject them”應(yīng)是“If goods dispatched to the buyer have been placed at his disposal at their destination”的并列句，因此，主句就只有“he must t

52、ake possession of them on behalf of the seller”（買方代表賣方收取貨物）。If引導(dǎo)的句子表示“如果發(fā)運(yùn)給買方的貨物已經(jīng)到達(dá)目的地交由買方處置，且買方行使拒絕接受貨物的權(quán)利”，而provided that引導(dǎo)的句子表示“買方這樣做無須支付價(jià)款且不會使自己遭受不合理的不便或承擔(dān)不合理的費(fèi)用”。必須滿足這兩個條件，買方才有代表賣方收取貨物的義務(wù)。 有時候，如果除外條款、條件條款或者義務(wù)條款內(nèi)容太多，太復(fù)雜，合同條款會采用列表的形式。這種列表方式，看似很長，但理解起來比較容易，因?yàn)檎麄€句子邏輯清晰，層次分明，試看下例：例11摘自聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約。

53、Article 33 The seller must deliver the goods: (a) if a date is fixed by or determinable from the contract, on that date; (b) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the buyer is to choose a date; or (c) in a

54、ny other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract. 賣方應(yīng)按以下規(guī)定的日期交付貨物： (a)如果合同規(guī)定有交貨日期，或從合同可以確定交貨日期，應(yīng)在該日期交貨； (b)如果合同規(guī)定一段時間交貨，或從合同可以確定一段時間交貨，應(yīng)在該段時間內(nèi)任何時候交貨，但有情況表明應(yīng)由買方選定一個日期的除外；或者 (c)在其他情況下，應(yīng)在訂立合同后一段合理時間內(nèi)交貨。 從這里可以看出，賣方交貨日期分三種情況，即合同確定的(a)“時間點(diǎn)”、(b)“時間段”或(c)“其他情況”。“The seller must d

55、eliver the goods”是本條款的“義務(wù)”，而（a)、(b)、(c)則是“條件”。例12摘自FIDIC 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合同條款。Article 19.7 Notwithstanding any other provision of this Clause, if any event or circumstance outside the control of the Parties (including, but not limited to, Force Majeure) arises which makes it impossible or unlawful for either or b

56、oth Parties to fulfil its or their contractual obligations or which, under the law governing the Contract, entitles the Parties to be released from further performance of the Contract, then upon notice by either Party to the other Party of such event or circumstance: (a) the Parties shall be dischar

57、ged from further performance, without prejudice to the rights of either Party in respect of any previous breach of the Contract；and (b) the sum payable by the Employer to the Contractor shall be the same as would have been payable under SubClause 19.6 Optional Termination, Payment and Release if the

58、 Contract had been terminated under SubClause 19.6. 第19.7條不管本條的其他規(guī)定如何，如果發(fā)生合同各方不能控制的任何事件或情況（包括但不限于不可抗力），使任一方或雙方不可能或無法合法地完成他或他們的合同義務(wù)，或根據(jù)本合同所適用的法律，各方有權(quán)免除繼續(xù)履行合同的義務(wù)，則一旦合同任一方向?qū)Ψ骄痛耸录蚯闆r發(fā)出通知： （a）雙方應(yīng)解除進(jìn)一步履約的義務(wù)，且不影響任一方對過去任何違反合同事項(xiàng)的權(quán)利；并且 （b）雇主應(yīng)支付給承包商的款額，應(yīng)與根據(jù)第19.6款自主選擇終止、支付和解除的規(guī)定終止合同所支付的款額相同。 本條款中，有兩個“條件”：一是發(fā)生合同方不可控制的事件或情況；二是合同一方向?qū)Ψ骄拖嚓P(guān)事件或情況發(fā)出通知，但“條件”中又有限制，即對這些事件或情況的嚴(yán)重程度的最低限制導(dǎo)致繼續(xù)履約已經(jīng)不可能或者非法，或滿足免予繼續(xù)履行合同義務(wù)的法律要求