高中英語定語從句詳解77781

1、高中英語定語從句詳解定語從句用來充當(dāng)句中定語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)；它主要用于修飾句子中的名詞、代詞。而定語從句的位置常常是緊跟在被修飾的名詞、代詞的后面。在被修飾的名詞、代詞與定語從句之間往往有一個關(guān)系詞將其前后兩部分聯(lián)系成一個整體，或是構(gòu)成一個名詞短語；或是構(gòu)成一個代詞短語。但從結(jié)構(gòu)上說，關(guān)系詞與從句是一個整體。排除句子的其他各部分，這種帶有定語從句的名詞短語或是代詞短語的構(gòu)成可演示如下：1）three signs that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack三種意味著一個人是患有驚

2、恐癥而不是心臟病的跡象在這個帶有定語從句的名詞短語中：signs是：被修飾的名詞； that是：關(guān)系詞；that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack是定語從句2）those who drink a lot 那些大量飲酒的人在這個帶有定語從句的代詞短語中：those是：被修飾的名詞； who是：關(guān)系詞;who drink a lot是：定語從句通過上面的演示,我們可以歸納出定語從句在句子中的位置、結(jié)構(gòu)如下：被修飾的名詞 / 代詞 + 關(guān)系詞 + 句子 (其中，"被修飾

3、的名詞/代詞"在語法叫作"先行詞".)要點提示：1）"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"之間實質(zhì)上是互等、互換的關(guān)系。也就是說，關(guān)系詞的作用就是將先行詞所表達意義"代到"從句中來起作用。例如：They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations （先行詞）where (關(guān)系詞)people normally would not be afraid .他們常在人們一般不會感到

4、害怕的情況下卻很容易感到恐懼或是感到不自在。（本句中的關(guān)系詞where = 先行詞（in）situations 。如果把這個復(fù)合句拆成兩個分句，那就是：They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situationspeople normally would not be afraid in situations 由此可以看出，"先行詞"與"關(guān)系詞"之間實質(zhì)上是互等、互換的關(guān)系）。 又例如：Rude people are those （先行詞） whose (關(guān)系詞)behavior sho

5、ws little respect for the rules（先行詞） that(關(guān)系詞) the majority follows .不講禮貌的人是指那些，他們的行為對大多數(shù)人所遵從的規(guī)則并不表示尊敬的人。由此我們還可以看出，"先行詞"往往是分別重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在兩個分句中的名詞或代詞。這也就是我們做定語從句的條件之必需。否則，"關(guān)系詞"就無法去替代"先行詞"而構(gòu)筑定語從句了。這個道理就如同我們在計算機上"做剪貼以前要先做復(fù)制"一樣。）2）"先行詞"的意義決定"關(guān)系詞"的選擇&q

6、uot;關(guān)系詞"的選擇往往是由"先行詞"自身表達的意義，以及它在從句中的語法功能而決定的。這個意思就是說，假如"先行詞"自身表達的意義是表示"人的意義"或是"物的意義"，那么我們就相應(yīng)地選擇表示"人的意義"或是"物的意義"的"先行詞"。"先行詞" 在從句中的語法功能也是決定"關(guān)系詞"選擇的重要條件。比如說，同樣都是表示"人的意義"的"先行詞"，如果它在從句中作主語，&

7、quot;關(guān)系詞"就得用表示"人的意義"的主格形式，如果它在從句中作定語，"關(guān)系詞"就得用表示"人的意義"的所有格形式。另外，有時"先行詞"本身是表示事物的名詞，而它在從句中卻與介詞構(gòu)成了短語，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語，在這種情況下，我們就應(yīng)該用"關(guān)系副詞"而不能用"關(guān)系代詞"了。例如：Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields . 有些在語言學(xué)習(xí)上很有成就的人,在其

8、他領(lǐng)域常常一無所成。In our class , we have some students whose families are not in Wuhan.我們班上有些家不在武漢市的同學(xué)。There are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words .有許多聲音有意義但不是詞。Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class .如果把這個復(fù)合句拆成兩個分句，那就是：tell him to go to the classroom .We

9、often have our English class in the classroom )告訴他去我們常上英語課的那間教室。(一) 關(guān)系詞從前面的討論中我們可以清楚地看出，關(guān)系詞在定語從句的構(gòu)成里是至關(guān)重要的。我們甚至可以說，掌握不好關(guān)系詞就無法做成定語從句，也無法理解文中帶有定語從句部分的意思。因此，我們首先討論一下關(guān)系詞的有關(guān)問題。定語從句中的關(guān)系詞只有兩類：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞；沒有連詞。也就是說，定語從句中的所有關(guān)系詞不但都有具體的意義而且都在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分。1）關(guān)系代詞：who , whom , whose , which , that 等。who用于代替"表示人的

10、意義"的先行詞，并且在從句中作主語；在現(xiàn)代英語里，也可取代whom在從句中作動詞的賓語。例如：I have no idea about the man who wrote the article .我不認識寫這篇文章的那個人。The little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems .whom 用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，并且在從句中作動詞或介詞的賓語。在現(xiàn)代英語里，如果whom在從句中作動詞的賓語，它與who可以通用；但是如果whom在從句中作介詞的賓語，那

11、么就只能用whom而不能與who通用了。當(dāng)然，如果在口語或非正式文體中，介詞沒有提前，也就沒有這點要求了。例如：Who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ? 剛才和你說話的那個女孩子是誰？Yesterday, I happened to meet , in the shopping center , the professor who ( whom ) I got to know at a party .昨天在購物中心，我碰巧遇見了那位我在一次聚會上認識的教授。 They are looking for the patient on

12、 whom doctors just performed an operation . 他們正在尋找那位醫(yī)生剛剛給他做過手術(shù)的病人。 (句中的關(guān)系代詞whom代替the patient ，在從句中作介詞on的賓語，而且介詞on提到關(guān)系代詞的前面，所以who 和whom就絕不可以通用了，此處只能用whom 。)Who is the girl to who (whom) you talked just now ? （錯誤）(句中的關(guān)系代詞whom(who)代替the girl ，在從句中作介詞to的賓語，但是由于介詞to已提到了關(guān)系代詞的前面,who 和whom就絕不可以通用了,所以如果還繼續(xù)使用

13、who句子就錯了。此處只能用whom 。)whose 用于代替"表示人或物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作定語，往往與它所修飾的名詞一起構(gòu)成一個名詞短語在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。Whose常表達"某人的、某物的"之意。例如：Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?你知道她的哥哥與你同寢室的那位女孩的名字嗎？Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor. 沸點在攝氏100

14、度的水無色、無味。which 用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作主語、賓語。例如：Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .那些全新的或是來自國外的觀點或許也很難被接受。I've got a novel which you may like to read .我弄到一本你或許想看的小說。That was a fault which could not be forgiven . 那是不能饒恕的錯誤。that 既用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，

15、也用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞；在從句中既可以作主語，也可以作謂語動詞的賓語，但是不能作介詞的賓語。在一定范圍內(nèi)，that = who / whom / which 。例如：Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .那些全新的或是來自國外的觀點或許也很難被接受。Salaried people that ( who) earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of the

16、ir salaries to the federal government .工薪在幾千美元以上的人必須將工資中的一定百分比交付給聯(lián)邦政府。Who is the girl to that you talked just now ? （錯誤）要點提示：定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略;如果關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語可以省略。例如：This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday . 這就是你昨天找的那本書。I don't like the novel ( that ) you are reading .我不喜歡你看的這本

17、小說。Who is the man ( whom ) you're talking about ? 你們談?wù)摰哪莻€人是誰？定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon .（先行詞Those是復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞who也就看作是復(fù)數(shù)，所以從句的謂語動詞就用了復(fù)數(shù)形式are了。）請那些年齡在四十幾歲的人于今天下午去進行體檢。This is the magazine which was sent to me b

18、y post .（先行詞the magazine是單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞which也就看作是單數(shù)，所以從句的謂語動詞就用了單數(shù)形式was sent） 這是通過郵局寄給我的雜志。關(guān)系代詞that 和which的區(qū)別 that 和which在一般情況都可以用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作主語、賓語。但在下列情況下一般只用that而不用which ：- 先行詞本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代詞時，例如：Anything that can burn is a source of heat energ

19、y .任何能夠燃燒的東西都是熱能源。There must be something that happened to you .你一定出了什么事。They had nothing that could cure of his disease .他們沒有一點能治愈他疾病的東西了。- 先行詞已有序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級或the last, the only等作定語時，例如：This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 這是以前從未上演過的最有感染力的電視劇。That is the onl

20、y way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。We have to consider the first thing that starts our work .我們必須要考慮啟動我們工作的第一件事。然而，在下列情況下卻只用which而不用that：- 當(dāng)先行詞表示事物意義，并且在從句中作介詞的賓語，那么就只能用which 。當(dāng)然，如果在口語或非正式文體中，介詞沒有提前，也就沒有這點要求了。例如：The world in which we live is made of matter .我們生活于其中的世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。Ocean curren

21、ts affect the climates of the lands near which they flow . 洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。The world that we live in is made of matter.（正確。因為關(guān)系代詞雖然在從句中作介詞的賓語，但是介詞沒有提前，所以沒有這點要求。）我們生活于其中的世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。The world in that we live is made of matter.（錯誤。因為關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞的賓語，而且介詞已經(jīng)提前，所以必須遵從這點要求。）- 在非限定性定語從句（關(guān)于這一點隨后就要講解）中，當(dāng)關(guān)系詞表示事物意

22、義時, 只能用which 。這是語法所規(guī)定的，沒有任何解釋。例如：The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太陽給予大地?zé)?，這就使植物的生長成為可能。The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .最重要的能源形式是電能，它廣泛地運用于我們的日常生活之中。- as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句、非限定性定語從句。例如：限定性定語從句 （常用于such

23、 as和the same as 等句式中）Such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem .你提到的這些方面在解決這個問題上的確很重要。People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays .你描述的這種人現(xiàn)在很少見了。This computer has the same functions as that one has .這臺計算機有著和那臺計算機一樣的功能。非限定性定語從句 （as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時，as是

24、指全句：也就是說，將整個主句看成一件事或是一個事實；并對其進行補充、說明。這種非限定性定語從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。） As I know , she hasn't got married . 如我所知，她還未結(jié)婚。They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以預(yù)料，他們在比賽中得了第一。Professor Li is extremely popular among students , as is known to all of us . 如我們大家所知，李教授極受學(xué)生們的歡迎。2)關(guān)系副詞

25、：when , where , why 等。在定語從句，關(guān)系副詞 = 介詞 + which 。也就是說，每個關(guān)系副詞里本身就已經(jīng)含有了一個介詞：when = 在什么時候，where = 在什么地方，why = 為什么原因，等。至于在英文中用哪個具體的介詞，就得依具體情況而定了。when 代替表示時間的名詞，而這個名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語,例如：People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland .人們會永遠記住香港和澳門回歸祖國的那一時刻。He

26、came at a time when we needed help . 他在我們需要人幫忙的時候來了。We don't know the exact time when the English Evening will be held . 我們不知道英語晚會舉行的確切時間。where 代替表示地點的名詞，而這個名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語。例如：The place where we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.我們舉行演講比賽的地點還未定下來。He is living in

27、a newly-built house where there used to be a pond . 他現(xiàn)在居住的新房是原先一個池塘的舊址。That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams .那是一座我曾經(jīng)在那兒有過許多夢想的美麗的校園。why 代替表示原因的名詞，而這個名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語。例如：He didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy .他沒有告訴她為什么他那么高興的原因。The reason why she was late is not

28、 so acceptable .她遲到的原因不那么令人接受。They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before .他們向我們解釋為什么他們以前誤解了我們的原因。介詞+關(guān)系代詞在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞若是表示人的意義，就只能用whom ；關(guān)系代詞若是表示事物的意義，就只能用which 。而這種結(jié)構(gòu)中較難解決的問題是介詞的選擇問題，因為這個問題的解決取決于多種因素：A）動詞與介詞的搭配B）名詞與介詞的搭配C）形容詞與介詞的搭配，等等?？傊?，要依從句的具體需要而定。例如：A）動詞與介詞的搭配He has found

29、a good job for which he is qualified .（ qualify + 名詞+ for "使具有資格" ）他找到了一份他能勝任的工作。The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow . （ talk to + 名詞 "與某人談話" ） 你剛才與他談話的那個人明天主持那個會議。He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment ren

30、ts .名詞+ rent at + 表示價格的詞 "某物以某價格出租" ）他在與房東就那套公寓出租的月租金進行磋商。B）名詞與介詞的搭配They are still living in the little house in which they've been lived for 15 years . （ in the house "在屋子里" ）他們現(xiàn)在還住在他們已住了15年的那個小房子里。We've worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a larg

31、e scale.( by a method通過某種方法) 我們已研制出了一個能大規(guī)模提高生產(chǎn)的方法。She didn't realize the extent to which she had been distracted .（ to extend "到某種程度" ） 她沒有意識到她心煩意亂的程度。C）形容詞與介詞的搭配The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficiency . (happy with "對表示滿意")老板對其不滿意的那個秘

32、書將由于她沒有工作效率而被解雇。I've found the job for which I've been eager for a long time.（ eager for "渴望得到" ） 我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作。He is a learned man with whom we are familiar .(familiar with 熟悉)他是一位我們熟悉的有學(xué)識的人。2）定語從句的種類在英文中，有兩種定語從句：限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句。這兩種定語從句在其功能和形式方面都有明顯的區(qū)別：限定性定語從句限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊奏，對

33、其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉，會影響句子意思的完整性；有時甚至于引起費解、誤解。例如：Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .為了加速他們各自所在國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，熱帶雨林作為有價值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they f

34、low. 洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句在形式上就與主句很松散，它與主句之間有一個逗點"，"隔開；它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用，只起補充、說明的作用。有時也用它來對全句進行補充、說明。即使將其去掉，也不會影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定語從句在表達意思方面也有別于限定性定語從句。另外，非限定性定語從句在中文譯文里，我們往往將其作為一個分句處理，而不把它作定語翻譯。 例如

35、：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .（此句中，非限定性定語從句是對先行詞a sphere進行補充、說明。）更早之前，巴比倫人曾試圖繪制世界地圖，但是他們把它繪制成平盤狀而不是托勒密所采用的球體狀。The combination of satellites, which transmi

36、t information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .（此句中，三個非限定性定語從句分別對三個先行詞：satellites ，computers和television進行補充、說明。如果去掉這三個非限定性定語從句，那么句子可簡化為：The combination of satellites , computers an

37、d television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）衛(wèi)星能傳輸信息，計算機能儲存信息，電視能顯示信息，把這些手段結(jié)合起來可以使每個家庭都成為教育娛樂的中心。 The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限定性定語從句是對全句進行補充、說明,將全句表達的意思看成"一件事情）。太陽給予大地?zé)幔@就使植物的生長成為可能。The old man has a son , who

38、is in the army .（此句中，非限定性定語從句是對先行詞son進行補充、說明。但本句所傳達的信息是："這位老人只有一個兒子" 。如果將此句改寫成限定性定語從句：The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一個在部隊工作的兒子。那么，限定性定語從句就要對先行詞son進行限定、修飾。這樣一來，句子所傳達的信息就變成了："這位老人有一個兒子在部隊工作，還有其他的兒子在干別的工作"。）那位老人有一個兒子，他在部隊工作。知識過關(guān) 1 Do you still remember the day _ I

39、first came to Beijing?1）A. which B. that C. when D. where 2）A. where B. that C. which D. what2 Im going to visit the school _ my mother taught physics ten years ago.3 She was not the woman _ she was before. A. what B. that C. who D. as 4 In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ they could t

40、urn for help.A. whom B. who C. to whom D. from whom5 A paper plant is _ paper is made. A. which B. where C. what D. in which6 They stayed with me for three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had.A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which7. - How do you like the cake? - Its quite dif

41、ferent from _ I had last month.A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what8. The Nile, _electricity is produced, no longer destroys villages and crops.A. which B. from which C. from it D. from that9. In the 1950s, _ blacks didnt have equal rights, a lot of marches took place.A. when B. that C. which

42、 D. from which 10. Bobs father, _, spent four years in Egypt. A. that worked on the project B. he worked on the project C. who worked on the project D. whom worked on the project11. The retiring teacher made a speech _ she thanked the class for the gift.A. which B. of which C. in which D. that 12. H

43、e has to work on Sundays, _ he does not like. A. and which B. which C. and when D. when13.Which of the two cows _you keep produces more milk?A. that B. which C. whom D. when14. He paid the boy US $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least year. A. these B. those C. that D. o

44、f which15. The boys, _ could not reach the shelf, went to look for something to stand on.A. the tall of whom B. the tallest of whom C. the tallest one D. the tallest of them16. Rabbits make their homes in fields _ hide their young under bushes or among tall grasses. A. can where they B. where they c

45、an C. where can they D. where can17. Is this the factory _ color TV sets are produced? A. that B. which C. in which D. in that18. Who is that comrade _ was there? A. whom B. that C. which D. whose19. This is Mr Smith, _ I think has something interesting to tell you.19）A. who B. whom C. which D. whos

46、e 20）A. what B. that C. who D. which20. Mother bought me a dictionary on my birthday, _made me very happy.仿真訓(xùn)練 1 She wore a heavy fur coat in such a hot day, _ I found quite strange.1）A. which B. that C. what D. when 2）A. in which B. at which C. of which D. from which2 China has hundreds of islands,

47、_ the largest is Taiwan.3 We came to a place _ they had never paid a visit before.3）A. to where B. to which C. that D. which 4）A. since B. which C. that D. when 4 It was twelve oclock _they finished the work. 5）A. whom B. whoC. when D. because5 He often helps the students _ he thinks are not quick a

48、t their studies.6 Is there a restaurant around _I have something to eat?A. that B. what C. which D. where7 It was at the school _ was named after a hero _ he spent his childhood. A. which; that B. where; where C. that; where D. which; where8 Look at the watch. Dont you see it is _ watch _ Helen lost

49、 the other day?A. as the same; as B. the same; as C. the same; which D. as the same ; that9 There is a popular belief among parents _ schools dont pay any attention to handwriting. A. whose B. that C. which D. in which 10 - Was _Bill, _ played football well, _ helped the blind man cross the road? -

50、Yes, you are right. He is always ready to help others.A. it; that; who B. which; that; that C. it; who; that D. who; which; that 11 His sister has become a teacher, _was what she wanted to be.A. whoB. whatC. thatD. which12 In the open boat, the four men, _ was a doctor, met with a storm on the sea.A

51、. one of which B. one of who C. one of whom D. one of them13. His glasses, _ he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.A. which B. from which C. with which D. without which14. The look, the cover _ is broken, is not mine. A. of it B. for C. whose D. of which15 The great trouble he _ show

52、 us how to run the machine _ him completely tired. A. what B. which C. that D. all that 16 (1995 上海) In the office I never seem to have time until 5:30 p.m.,_ many people have gone home. A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which time17. Not only _ the car he _ been sold by his son for gambling d

53、ebts, but also his new house. A. /; has B. has; had C. has; has D. was ; has18. The theory hes stuck _ us that earthquakes can be forecast.A, to prove to B. to proves to C. proves to D. which proved19. The high building _ is a big hotel.A. we are looking at it B. we looking C. at that we are looking

54、 D. we are looking at20. The baby _is not hers. A. of that she is taking good care B. who she is taking good care C. of who she is taking good care D. whom she is taking good care of21 (2001) The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. 1）A. until B. tha

55、t C. when D. where 2）A. It B. As C. That D. What 22 2001) _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.23 (1994) The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it24 (1996) After living in Paris for fifty years he retu

56、rned to the small town, _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 25 (1998) He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.A. which I think is B.which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think which is26 (1999) - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that the reason_ you had a few days off? A. whyB. whenC. whatD. where27 (1992) In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom28 (1997上海) All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those