基礎筆譯課程

1、基礎筆譯課程曾 誠北京外國語大學 英語學院Those who can, do; those who cant, teach.Those who can, write; those who cant, translate.-Western Proverbs沒有翻譯，就沒有共產黨。沒有翻譯，就沒有共產黨。 -毛澤東 張仲實毛澤東同志論理論著作翻譯，翻譯通訊1980年創(chuàng)刊號 陳?？抵袊g學理論史稿，382頁師者，所以傳道、授業(yè)、解惑也。師者，所以傳道、授業(yè)、解惑也。It takes a teacher to transmit wisdom, impart knowledge and resolve

2、doubts. -韓愈師說ROADMAP：課課程名稱程名稱開開課對課對象象專業(yè)專業(yè)長長度度 1. 筆譯基礎筆譯基礎 本科本科 二年級二年級 翻譯專業(yè)翻譯專業(yè)一學期一學期 2. 漢譯英筆譯漢譯英筆譯本科四年級本科四年級 英語專業(yè)英語專業(yè)一學年一學年3. 筆譯實踐筆譯實踐研究生一年級研究生一年級 翻譯學專業(yè)翻譯學專業(yè)/翻譯碩士翻譯碩士一學期一學期一、筆譯基礎一、筆譯基礎目的目的介紹翻譯的基本知識和理論樹立翻譯的正確認識和態(tài)度為翻譯學習、實踐和研究打基礎要求要求了解翻譯的基本性質、困難及應對方法養(yǎng)成認真負責的工作態(tài)度掌握翻譯的學習方法 教學方法教學方法 理論知識講授 翻譯實踐講評 課堂討論和練習教學

3、內容教學內容理論部分理論部分1. 翻譯的定義（古今中外的翻譯定義、翻譯的基本要素）2. 翻譯者（理想翻譯者、翻譯困難、應對技巧、所需知識）3. 翻譯理論研究（理論/研究內容、翻譯的功能、工具和資源）4. 語言學分析I（詞匯層次：詞素、詞匯、語義、語義分類）5. 語言學分析II（詞匯之上：翻譯單位、準確自然、形式內容）6. 語言學分析III（詞匯之上: 習語、搭配，固定表達、成語） 7. 語言學分析IV（語法：詞語形態(tài)、句法、語段/范式）8. 語言學分析VI（篇章：信息流，主/述位，非/常態(tài)、重心）9. 語言學分析V（粘連：指/替代、省略/重復、語義粘連、繁簡）10. 語用學分析（語義/用含義、

4、粘連/連貫、隱含、合作原則）11. 翻譯理論視角I（由下而上的語言分析；目的論：能動性）12. 翻譯理論視角II（譯者無形論：流暢、異/歸化、“忠實”）13. 翻譯理論視角III（對等論：形式/功能、動態(tài)對等；妥協(xié)論）14. 翻譯職業(yè)（職業(yè)道德、準則、工作環(huán)境、生存狀態(tài)、譯聯(lián)）15. 翻譯評價（評價標準、質量監(jiān)控、反饋渠道、資格/等級考試）16. 翻譯與理論（語言學、翻譯理論、理論的價值、理論與實踐） 實踐部分實踐部分 每周約300字/詞翻譯練習英語翻譯三級筆譯（外研社，曾誠、王瓊瓊）Lexical meaning a)propositional meaning b) expressive m

5、eaning c)presupposed meaning d) evoked meaningAlan Cruse, Lexical Semantics (1986) a) propositional meaning 實質意義實質意義 the part of the meaning that determines the truth condition Shirt is “a piece of clothing worn on the upper part of the body” Inaccurate translation: to use shirt to refer to a piece

6、of clothing worn on the foot, such as socks Peter is here/Peter is still here do not mean the same, but since they express true propositions in the same set of circumstances (they have the same truth conditions), so their propositional meaning is the same b) expressive meaning 表達意義表達意義 the part of t

7、he meaning that relates to the speakers feelings/attitudes and cannot be judged as true or false Dont complain/Dont whinge 別哭/別哭哭啼啼 c)presupposed meaning預設意義預設意義 the part of the meaning that arises from co-occurrence restrictions, that is to say, it depends on what other words we expect to see befor

8、e or after a certain lexical unit. Restrictions can be: Selectional restrictions, connected to the propositional meaning of a word. For example, next to the adjective “furious” we expect a human subject, except in the case of figurative language. (小豬真胖小豬真胖/肥肥?) Collocational restrictions do not depe

9、nd on the propositional meaning of a word but are linked to its usage in the various languages (學習知識/learn knowledge?) d) evoked meaning 聯(lián)想聯(lián)想/ /喚起意義喚起意義 the part of the meaning that derives from dialect and register variation. A dialect is a variety of language used by a specific community of speake

10、rs and can be: Geographical (restricted to a certain area：flagfall?) Temporal (restricted to a certain period of time, age groups) Social (used by different social classes: Scent/ perfume) Register is a variety of language used in specific situations, according to Field (Whats happening?) Tenor (Peo

11、ple involved) Mode (Role of language)請將這篇選自請將這篇選自The Economist的文章譯成漢語，刊登在的文章譯成漢語，刊登在世界博覽世界博覽雜志上。雜志上。Snowbirds of the south-west Anybody who drives in Arizona at this time of year will be familiar with the annual migration of “snowbirds”retired people, that is, seeking to escape the sub-zero temperat

12、ures of the north for the balmy desert winter. As many as 300,000 snowbirds flock here each year, so if you havent seen one before, theres a good chance that your first encounter with this exotic creature will occur when you find yourself stuck behind a Jayco caravan with Nebraska licence plates doi

13、ng 40mph on a single-lane highway. Most of Arizonas snowbirds start their journey in the rural mid-west. They tend to be less affluent than the urban north-easterners who make up most of Floridas winter-resident stock and who favour the more comfortable nesting afforded by condos. Still, the snowbir

14、ds bring an extra $1 billion a year to Arizona. In some towns, such as Yuma, which sees its population double in winter, they keep the local economy ticking over. 二、漢譯英筆譯二、漢譯英筆譯目的目的介紹漢譯英中常見的問題探討解決翻譯問題的方法了解翻譯方法的適用情況 要求要求 了解漢英語言差異 熟悉常見文體的特點 掌握漢英翻譯技巧 教學方法教學方法 翻譯技巧講授 翻譯實踐講評 課堂討論和練習教學內容教學內容1.笑話 上下文/語境 2.

15、成語故事 邏輯的顯隱 3.寓言 專有名詞 4.城市簡介 增加解釋 5.旅游資料 標識語/目的6.廣告 譯文功能7.說明書 文體特點 8.散文 實/代稱、重復 9.劇本 準確/自然 10.小說 動詞謂語長句 11.講話 斷句/名詞化 12.書信 詞序/語序 13.政治新聞 變換角度/范疇詞14.一般報道 假朋友/冗余信息15.契約 流水句 16.法規(guī) 外位語 教材教材實用漢英翻譯教程（外研社，曾誠）教學活動教學活動1.1.以篇章為單位的譯文學習以篇章為單位的譯文學習形式：對照閱讀、譯文比較/評論/賞析。目的：認識翻譯難點，吸取經驗教訓。2.2.以段落、單句或詞語為單位的譯文研究以段落、單句或詞語

16、為單位的譯文研究形式：譯例分析、試譯、譯文修改/選擇/賞析、查閱詞典。目的：摸索并掌握翻譯方法，解決本單元提出的翻譯難點。3.3.思考題思考題目的：思索翻譯中帶普遍性的問題，認識翻譯的性質和特點。4.4.翻譯作業(yè)翻譯作業(yè) 相同體裁，題材也相同或相近，并包括相應的翻譯難點。Context and Context of Situation 上下文與語境上下文與語境Try to translate： ：上學路上 一天下午，我乘公共汽車去上學。車上人不多，有一位婦女從座位上站起來買票。這時，她旁邊的一位小伙子以為她要下車，就坐在那個空座位上。那位婦女買完票，發(fā)現(xiàn)位置被人占了，滿臉不高興地說：“真是，不

17、會下蛋，倒挺會占窩！”小伙子聽了這話，忙讓出座位對她說：“真對不起，耽誤您下蛋了?！?下列四個句子中，哪句適合作為這則短文首句譯文的句子？并解釋為什么。 One afternoon I went to school by bus.One afternoon I was going to school by busOne afternoon I was riding on a bus on my way to school.One afternoon，on my way to school，I got on a bus在初學英語時，我們做過許多單句練習。如果“一天下午，我乘公共汽車上學去”出現(xiàn)在

18、這種練習中，One afternoon I went to school by bus是很好的譯文。可否用這個英文句子去翻譯上面短文的首句？為什么？“一天下午，我乘公共汽車上學去”這句話出現(xiàn)在單句翻譯練習中與出現(xiàn)在需要翻譯的短文中有什么區(qū)別？ 對比這兩種情況，從以下三個方面說明實際交流中的翻譯與初學英語時做過的單句翻譯有什么不同：1）翻譯的目的2）原文的作（編）者、讀者和譯者以及譯文的讀者3）語言的作用Context of SituationHalliday, M.A.K. & Hassan, R. (1989). Language, context and text: Aspect

19、of language in social-semiotic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Context of Situation Field-what is happening Tenor-people involved Mode-the role of language 語境語境實際翻譯實際翻譯單句練習單句練習具體的情況交流需要/話語/篇章語言練習涉及的人物作者/譯者/（英文）讀者練習編者/譯者（學生）/（讀者）老師語言的作用真正的交流/傳達練習語言/讀者感興趣的不是譯文內容而是練習要點 以上分析對我們的翻譯實踐有什么啟示？以

20、上分析對我們的翻譯實踐有什么啟示？ 譯文除了要語言和意思正確外，譯者還要考慮： 翻譯的具體語境 原文作者/譯者/譯文的讀者 譯文目的 跟進練習跟進練習( (一）一） 狐假虎威狐假虎威 虎求百獸而食之，得狐。狐曰：“子無敢食我也！天帝使我長百獸，今子食我，是逆天帝命也。子以我為不信，吾為子先行，子隨我后，觀百獸之見我而敢不走乎?！被⒁詾槿还仕炫c之行。獸見之皆走。虎不知獸畏己而走也，以為畏狐也。 A tiger caught a fox while looking for any beast that might come to his way and fall prey to him.跟進練習（

21、二）跟進練習（二）她在追趕明天她在追趕明天 黃宗英是一九四二年在上海開始藝術生涯的，在此之前，曾在天津度過了學生時代。至今她還清楚地記得，三七年夏天，小學畢業(yè)，她報考了天津南開中學，發(fā)榜那天，她興沖沖地趕去看榜，剛走到中原公司，就遇到了戒嚴。她和行人慌忙躲進商店，只見插著太陽旗的坦克隆隆駛過，坦克履帶的痕跡深深刻在了祖國母親的胸膛上，也在她少小的心靈上留下了不可平復的傷痕。這以后，日軍全面占領了天津，當局在學校強制推行日語教育，和她們朝夕相處的老師，含淚講著都德的最后一課。 Before she started her career as an actress in Shanghai in 1

22、942, she spent her schooldays in Tianjin. 跟進練習（三）跟進練習（三） 引導農民向城市轉移引導農民向城市轉移中國有12多億人口，農民占了9億多。盡管農村社會在進一步分化，但農村人口卻沒有減少，反而在增加。據(jù)中國社科院調查，與1978年相比，1999年農民增加了800多萬人。一份研究報告指出，“沒有城市化的發(fā)展，農村、農業(yè)和農民的問題也不可能得到有效解決。過去人們常講，農民問題歸根到底是土地問題，這個問題已經基本解決了。現(xiàn)在的農民問題是就業(yè)問題。”因此，調整城鄉(xiāng)社會結構，加快城市化的步伐，改變城市化嚴重滯后于工業(yè)化的狀況，應是當務之急。 Of China

23、s 1.2 billion people, 900 million are farmers. 三、筆譯實踐三、筆譯實踐 Advanced translation course to train professional ability to produce quality translation Theoretic perspectives of linguistics, contrastive linguistics and translation studies Authentic materials, covering the areas such as culture, educati

24、on, international affairs, business, science, ecology, IT, etc. Aims Outcomes To familiarize students with the common translation problems and relevant strategies to solve them. To give students some theoretic tools for analysing and solving translation problems. To enhance students problem-solving

25、ability in translation practice. Able to produce quality translation, approaching or attaining professional level. Able to apply proper strategies to different translation tasks. Able to use various resources for analysing and solving translation problems. Able to improve their translation competenc

26、e by independent learning.Course Contents 1. Introduction & Requirements2. Context & context of situation3. Meaning & understanding4. Text & function5. Summary of linguistic approach 6. Implicit vs. explicit7. Hypotactic vs. paratactic8. Word and sentence order9. Static vs. dynamic10

27、. Substitutive vs. reiterative11. Contrastive studies and translation12. Skopos & strategy13. Dynamic equivalence14. Domestication vs. foreignization15. Translation & Theory16. Freelance translation and translation resourcesHypotactic vs. paratactic形合與意合 形合 hypotaxis 句子中的詞語或分句之間用語言形式手段（如關聯(lián)詞）

28、連接起來，表達語法意義和邏輯關系。 Hypotactic The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives: I shall despair if you dont come. 意合 parataxis 詞語或分句之間不用語言形式手段連接，句中的語法意義和邏輯關系通過詞語或分句的含義表達。 Paratactic The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relat

29、ion between them: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. 昨天碰見老張，說老婆病了，住了院，要陪床，下周不能上班。 Yesterday meet Lao Zhang, say wife ill, hospitalized, need take care of (her), cant work next week. When I met Lao Zhang yesterday, he said that his wife was ill and hospitalized. He needed to tak

30、e care of her so he could not go to work the next week.Contrast of Chinese and English SentencesEnglish 1) Detached and independent 2) Compact: S+V structures3) Hypotactic: subordination of one clause to another Chinese1) No clear dividing line in between2) Diffusive, water-flowing or verb sentences

31、3) Paratactic: without indication of coordination or subordination第一，英語由于有形態(tài)上的變化，又強調主謂一致，因此句界分明；而漢語沒有形態(tài)變化，由于強調按照時間和事理順序橫向排列，所以斷句不嚴。第二，英語每個句子基本上都以主語-動詞為結構主干，以謂語動詞為核心組成空間搭架；而漢語強調時間順序和事理排列。第三，英文重形合（hypotaxis），有豐富的連接手段，不僅有形態(tài)變化，有連詞和介詞，還有關系代詞、關系副詞、不定式、分詞和動名詞，可以構成無數(shù)的短語，表達各種語法關系；而漢語重意合（parataxis），沒有形態(tài)變化，沒有非

32、謂語動詞形式，更沒有關系代詞和關系副詞，盡管也有一些連詞和介詞，但數(shù)量較少，使用也不如英語頻繁。 下周不能上班cant work next week. 要陪床 need take care of (her ), 住了院 hospitalized, 說老婆病了 say wife ill, 昨天碰見老張昨天碰見老張Yesterday meet Lao Zhang,his wife was ill When I met Lao Zhang yesterday,that said he and hospitalized.E-C: During the winter holidays in her senior year, while she was driving during a storm, her car ran off the road and hit a tree 在她大四的那個寒假期間，當她正在暴風雨中駕駛時，她的汽車沖出了那段公路，并且撞上了一棵