定語從句-語法知識歸納

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上定語從句 語法知識歸納一、基本概念（一） 定語從句在復合句中作定語，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。（二） 先行詞被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。一般情況下，定語從句緊跟先行詞。但也有因各種原因定語從句與先行詞被分割的現(xiàn)象。（三）關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞定語從句的引導詞。與先行詞關(guān)系密切，因此緊跟先行詞，并在定語從句中充當一個成分。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充當關(guān)系代詞。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當主語、賓語、表語和定語。關(guān)系副詞有：when, where和why。在定語從句中充當狀語。 一關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句關(guān)系代詞

2、的用法（一）基本用法根據(jù)先行詞的不同，和在從句中所充當?shù)某煞植煌?，選用不同的關(guān)系代詞。如下表：關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語，賓語Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時，?？梢允÷裕樵~提前時后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定語I like those

3、books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主語，賓語A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主語，賓語The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主語，

4、賓語He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語一般不省略例如：（注意關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中所充當?shù)某煞郑?Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主語） I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主語） The plan that/which t

5、hey argued about was settled at last. （作賓語） This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作賓語） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定語）注意：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當賓語時可以省略，充當主語時則不能。（見上例）（二）關(guān)系代詞that代替which的一些情況which, that 在代替物時，一般可以通用。但在有些情況下，只用

6、that。1 先行詞是最高級形容詞或它的前面有最高級形容詞修飾時。例如： This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行詞是序數(shù)詞，或它前面有一個序數(shù)詞時。例如： This is the last place (that) I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever s

7、een. 先行詞是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代詞時。例如： You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you. 先行詞前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修飾時。例如： The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. The li

8、ttle money (that) he had was stolen.（三）其它情況 先行詞既有人又有物時。例如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑問詞who 或which時。例如： Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised a

9、t the meeting?（四）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情況 先行詞是one, ones, anyone時。例如： One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.先行詞是those時。例如： Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.（五）

10、與whose有關(guān)的問題 whose是代詞的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如： I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 當whose表示物與物的所有格關(guān)系時，亦可用of which的形式。例如： The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant

11、.或 The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.三、介詞前提的問題關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當介詞賓語時，介詞可以前提至關(guān)系代詞前。例如：Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介詞with的賓語）Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 但是，要注意的是： 介詞前提后，先行詞是人或物，關(guān)系代詞分別只能用whom和whi

12、ch，而不再用that或who。 介詞前提后，關(guān)系代詞不再能省略。 有些含有介詞的短語動詞中的介詞不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.四、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句中的主謂一致關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上應與先

13、行詞一致。例如：Who is the guy that is reading over there? The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中

14、的all意為“一切”，作單數(shù)。例中沒通過考試的學生事實上只有一人，因此謂語動詞也用單數(shù)。定語從句（二） 關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句一、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)1. 可代替when, where, why, that等關(guān)系詞 e.g. There is no reason for which (why) we shouldnt be friends.2. 介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。 e.g. Here is the money with which to buy a piano.3. that前不能有介詞。4. 某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的“介詞+關(guān)系詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以跟關(guān)系副詞when 和whe

15、re 互換。e.g. This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?二、關(guān)系副詞的用法：關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系副詞when時間時間狀語I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on

16、which代替where地點地點狀語This is the house where I was born.可用in which代替why原因原因狀語I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which代替（一）基本用法關(guān)系副詞起連接主句和從句的作用，又在從句中作狀語，when, where和why分別表示時間，地點和原因。1. when 在從句中作時間狀語。常用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。 e.g. April the first is the day

17、when people make fun of others. =April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.2. where 在從句中作地點狀語。?？捎蒳n which, on which, at which, on which等取代。 e.g. This is the house where he lived two years ago. =This is the house in which he lived two years ago.3. why why在定語從句中作原因狀語。可用for which代替。

18、why不可引導非限定性定語從句，此時可用for which代替。 e.g. This is the reason why he went away. =This is the reason for which he went away.（二）關(guān)系副詞?？捎谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)改寫這里的關(guān)系代詞只限于which和whom，例如 I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time.=I will never forget the night on which I met you for the first time.

19、This is the house in which I lived two years ago.=This is the house where I lived two years ago. We dont know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill.=We dont know the reason why he suddenly fell ill.注意：并不是所有的介詞+關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)都可用關(guān)系副詞替代。例如：I am very impressed by the way in which he works. 這里in which 代表的是i

20、n the way, 在句中作方式狀語。只有當介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)作表示時間、地點和原因的狀語時，才能相應地用when, where和why代替。（三）如何判斷是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞這本質(zhì)上取決于關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中充當?shù)某煞帧Ｇ罢叱洚斨髡Z、賓語、表語或定語，后者充當狀語。試比較下面兩組句子： This is the factory that/which produces radios.This is the factory where radios are produced.第一句中劃線部分在從句中作主語，故而應選用關(guān)系代詞：The factory produces radios.

21、 而第二句中劃線部分在從句中作地點狀語故而應選用關(guān)系副詞：Radios are produced in the factory. Do you remember the days (that) we spent together?Do you remember the days when we worked together?第一句中關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語：We spent the days together. 而第二句中關(guān)系副詞作時間狀語：We worked together during the days. （四）一些需要特殊記憶的關(guān)系詞的用法1. I dont like the way

22、in which he look at people. 當先行詞是way時，除了in which，還可以用that來引導定語從句。that還經(jīng)常省略。又如： Judging from the way he walked, I believe he was wounded in the leg.2. Finally came the day when he had to leave his hometown. 當先行詞為time, moment, day等，并在從句中作狀語時，從句也可以用that引導，that也常省略。又如： It was the first time (that) we ha

23、d stayed up so late. The moment (that/when) he sent the mail, John realized what a mistake he had made. She was the only girl I went steady with during the four years (that /when) I was at university.三、關(guān)系副詞的省略：1. the time, every time, each time, the moment等后的關(guān)系副詞可以省略。 e.g. By the time (when) he was

24、fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousand English words.2. 在某些表示地點的名詞后，關(guān)系副詞有時也可以省略。如the place等。 e.g. This is the place (where) I saw him last time.3. 先行詞the reason后面的關(guān)系副詞可以省略。 e.g. The reason (why) he came here is quite clear.4. 當先行詞是way時，關(guān)系副詞常常省略。 e.g. I know the way (that) he learn

25、s English.四、判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的方法： 1. 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面沒有賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。 判斷下列句子的對錯 （×） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （×） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year

26、. （） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。定語從句（三）非限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句起補充附帶說明的作用，缺少它也不會影響全句的理解，譯為漢語時常常不譯作定語，而根據(jù)句意翻譯為相應的其他形式的從句。它與主語的關(guān)系不像限定性定語從句的關(guān)系那樣密切。在非限定性定語從句的前面往往有逗號隔開，如果把非限定性定語從句放在句子中間，其前后都要用逗號與主句隔開。1. 引導非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞如下表所

27、示：指代對象指代人指代物主格who賓語whomwhich, as所有格whom, of whom, whosewhich, of which, whose注意：關(guān)系代詞that不能引導非限定性定語從句。 引導非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where。不可用why。2. 運用非限定性定語從句的情況：（1）關(guān)系代詞指代整個主句內(nèi)容 e.g. Our new house has a lovely garden, which makes us very happy.（2）當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, w

28、ho was my former teacher, retired last year.（3）當出現(xiàn)some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two of which, whom等結(jié)構(gòu)時 e.g. Youve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your carelessness,3. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：類別語法意義及特征例句限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。The accident ha

29、ppened at the time when I left.非限制性定語從句對先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當于一個插入語，不能用that引導，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.非限制性定語從句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定語從句： 非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，它不是對先行詞進行修飾或確定，只是對先行詞作些附加的說明。專有名詞通常被非限制性定語從句所修飾。例如：地名，人名，國家名等。 非限制性定語從句不是先行詞必不可少的修飾語，因此如

30、果去掉從句，主句的意思仍然清楚。 從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開，翻譯時復合句通常譯成兩句話。 與限制性定語從句一樣，非限制性定語從句也可用關(guān)系代詞who, which, whom, whose, as和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why 引導。that不引導非限制性定語從句。例如：We will fly to Xian first, where we plan to stay for a couple of days. My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year. As is known to all, ice is wat

31、er in its solid state. 非限制性定語從句中值得注意的幾個問題 在which引導的非限制性定語從句，先行詞可以是一個名詞或代詞，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至整個句子。例如：My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isnt running well. 先行詞是car He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 先行詞是he had never seen her before which和as引導的非限制性定語從句比較which和

32、as都可引導非限制性定語從句，并且先行詞都可以是一句句子，但which通常指代上文提到的情況，而as則可以指代上文或下文。 as 在這類句子中經(jīng)常有“正如”的意思。另外，as還經(jīng)常與such, the same 等連用。（見第一講中as 引導的定語從句）例如：He has to work on Sundays, which he doesnt like. As we expected, he gave a wonderful performance. Mike is late, as is often the case. I never heard such stories as he tol

33、d. She knew he felt just the same as she did. 在從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞which, who, whom一般不省略。例如：Jeanne was her old friend, from whom she borrowed a necklace. He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies.4. as與which的區(qū)別：定語從句區(qū)別例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和the same修飾時，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as h

34、e looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定語從句中as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.關(guān)系代詞as引導的定語從句和suc

35、h連用，這時的as相當于who, which。有時such和as連在一起例如： Wendy is not such a fool as she looks. Such cars as I saw were too expensive to me. We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.注意：這種用法和such that 的區(qū)別在such as 中，as是關(guān)系代詞，它在從句中充當成分。例中作looks的表語，在例和中分別作saw和had的賓語。而在such that 中that引導的結(jié)果狀語從句，解釋為“以至

36、于”。that不充當任何成分，只起語法上的連接作用。例如：She gave me such a surprise that I couldnt say anything at that moment. His idea was such a good one that we all agreed to use it. 和same連用例如： You must show my friend the same respect as you show me. She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister usually does. 引導非限制性定語從句例如： She was the one