高中英語語法知識詞法部分講解連詞

1、高中英語語法知識詞法部分講解-連詞及練習一、概念連詞(conjunction.)是用來連接單詞,短語,從句或句子的詞。連詞是虛詞，所以不作成分。二、連詞的分類：1.連詞按其構(gòu)成分為： 1)簡單連詞, 如: and, or, but, if, because ect. 2)關(guān)聯(lián)連詞, 如:bothand, not onlybut also ect. 3)分詞連詞, 如: supposing, considering, provided ect. 4)短語連詞, 如:as if, as long as, in order that ect.2.連詞按其性質(zhì)分為 1)并列連詞, 如: and, or

2、, but, for ect. 用來連接并列的單詞、短語、從句或分句。 2)從屬連詞, 如: that, whether, when, although, because ect. 用來連接名詞性從句或狀語從句。三、連詞的用法：并列連詞:1.表示并列關(guān)系的連詞有: and, bothand, not only but also,neithernor和as well as等。1) and: 和,并且A:基本用法:"and"表示 "和","并且"的意思,用來連接對等關(guān)系的字和字,片語和片語,句子和句子.eg.I enjoy basketb

3、all , football and table tennis. The weather becomes colder and colder.He didnt go and she didnt go either. 他沒去，她也沒去。B:特別用法:祁使句后連接and,有條件句作用,此時and=if you, you'll eg.Go straight on, and you'll see the library.=If you go straight on, you will see the library.2) bothand : 既也,(兩者)都A.Both A and B

4、 + 謂語 (構(gòu)成的詞組作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù))。eg. Both Jim and Kate are from England. He both speaks and writes Spanish. A man should have both courage and perseverance. 一個人即應(yīng)有勇氣也要有毅力。 Both New York and London have traffic problems. 紐約和倫敦都存在交通問題。B.bothand否定句表示部分否定.eg.You can't speak both German and English. Both my

5、 father and my mother aren't doctors.3) neithernor :既不也不* Neither A nor B + 謂語( 與B相一致, 即連接兩個并列主語時,謂語動詞即采取就近原則。)eg.Neither I nor he has seen the play before. She couldnt speak the language, nor could she write it.She could neither speak the langauge nor write it. He moved steadily, looking neithe

6、r left nor right.The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天氣很溫暖，不冷也不熱。4) not onlybut also :不但而且Not only A but also B + 謂語 ( 與B 相一致, 即連接兩個主語后的謂語動詞也遵循就近原則。)eg.Not only the mother but also the children are ill. It was noy only unkind but also untrue.5) as well as: 也; 還有A.基本用法: ?？蛇B接兩個并列的

7、成分。 A as well as B + 謂語( 與A 相一致) +. 。eg.Lily as well as Betty was in the room. It is important for you as well as for me.It is important for you as well as for me. 這對你和對我都很重要。B.特殊用法: as well as + 動名詞, 有時可譯為“(不僅)而且”, “除了還”。eg. Smoking is dangerous, as well as making you smell bad. 1. As well as break

8、ing his leg, he broke his arm. She sings as well as playing the piano.2.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞有:but, however, yet, still,while等.1) but : conj. 而; 相反; 然而; 除外；只有 A. 基本用法: 連接兩個并列成分、并列分句。 eg. Not you but I am to blame. They see the trees but not the forest. Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming. She pret

9、ended to be angry, but she was not. Someone borrowed my pen, but I dont remember who. 有人借了我的鋼筆，但我不記得是誰了。B. 特殊用法: 用在某些否語后, 表示 “ 只”。eg. He eats nothing but hamburgers. She knows no one but you. No one but me saw her. I had no choice but to sign the contract. You have nobody but yourself to blame.2) ho

10、wever : adv. (連接副詞)(1) 但是; 不過 eg.He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however.Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement.(2)不管怎樣（如何） eg. They will never succeed, however much they try. However cold it is, she always goes swimming. He wanted to take no risk

11、, however small. However carefully I explained, she still didnt understand. He knew what he wanted; however he didnt know how to get it.(3) however: adv. (疑問副詞)怎樣 eg. However did you know that? / However did you find it?3) yet: conj. 但是; 卻; 盡管; 然而A.基本用法: 連接詞、短語、并列句等。eg.It is strange yet true. They a

12、re the same, yet not the same.Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train. I have failed, yet I shall try again.He said he was our friend, yet he wouldnt help us. 他說他是我們的朋友，但卻不肯幫助我們。B.特殊用法: (1)and yet : 然而; 可是 eg. Hes pleasant enough, and yet I dont like him. He has a good job, and yet he nev

13、er seems to have any money.(2) yet 可與although/though 連用 eg. Although it was dark, yet he still went on his trip on foot.yet : adv. (1) 還 (多用于否定句) eg. The moon had not yet risen. I havent enough time yet.(2)已經(jīng) (疑問句) eg. Has he come yet?” “No, not yet.” Did you eat yet?(3)早晚;總有一天 (與could; might; may e

14、ct.連用, 表示將來還可能發(fā)生某事)eg. He may come yet. The plan may yet succeed. We may win yet. She could yet surprise us all.4) still : adv.仍然;仍舊;還 (連接副詞)eg. He was very tired, still he kept on walking. He tried hard to look for it,still he couldnt find it.5) while : conj. 然而; 而 (對比兩件事物,意思接近whereas)eg.Jane is ha

15、rd working ,while her sister is quite lazy. I like tea while she likes coffee. Some people waste food while others havent enough.3.表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞有:or, eitheror,whether or等。1) or: 或,否則A:基本用法: or 表示 "或" 的意思,使用于兩者之中選擇一個的時候。(a)連接兩個名詞: eg. Would you like coffee or tes?-Is your friend English or Am

16、erican? -American. He doesn't like dumplings or noodles.(b)連接兩個形容詞或數(shù)詞:eg. Is it green or blue? Theres one or two things Id like to know about.2.(c)連接兩個動詞: eg. She may do some work in the fields or help in the house.(d)連接兩個副詞: eg.Are you coming today or tomorrow? Its now or never. 要么現(xiàn)在干,要么永遠別干。(e

17、)連接兩個介詞短語: eg. Are you going to water the garden before or after supper?(f) 連接兩個分句: eg. Do you want a bath at once, or shall I have mine first?(g)連接更多: eg. The sea can be blue or green or grey.B:特別用法: 祁使句后連接or ,表 "如果,否則",有轉(zhuǎn)折的意思, 此時 or =if you don't , you'll 。eg.Hurry up, or you'

18、;ll be late.=If you don't hurry up, you'll be late. He had to have a job or go hungry.C. or else : 否則 eg. Hurry up or else youll be late. Be quick, or else itll be too late.2) eitheror: 或者或者 ; 不是就是 ; 要么要么 Either A. or B. + 謂語 (連接兩個并列主語時,謂語動詞跟 B. "人稱"和 "數(shù)"的一致,即就近原則。) eg. E

19、ither you or I am right. Does either she or they like English? People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 年齡不到或者超齡的人注意: 由eitheror引導的否定句是完全否定。eg. She isn't either a student or a teacher.3) whetheror:不管還是eg.She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school. Whether we go

20、 or whether we stay, the result is the same. He seemed undecided whether to go or to stay. whether or not/no: 是否 eg. Can you tell me whether or not the train has left? He could not decide whether or no to return home.4.表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有:for(因為),so(所以).1) for: conj. 因為;由于 (一般用逗號把它和前面分句隔開,它是對前面情況的解釋。)eg.He

21、 is not at school today, for he has a bad cold. He shook his head, for he thought differently.He decided to leave at dawn, for he had many miles to cover.。You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你們一定要克服粗枝大葉，因為粗枝大葉常常引起嚴重的錯誤。 注意：for表示結(jié)果通常不能放句首，也不能單獨使用。2) so:

22、conj. 因此; 所以eg.It was late, so I went home. It was still painful so I went to see a doctor. The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 這孩子咳得很利害，所以他媽媽帶他去看醫(yī)生從屬連詞:從屬連詞是用來連接名詞性從句或狀語從句的連詞。1.引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞有: before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon as等.eg.After they

23、 had planted their crops, they took a rest.We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us.As soon as he gets to Beijing, he'll call me.A.基本用法:1) when, while, as 都表示"當時",when從句謂語動詞既可以是瞬間動詞也可以是延續(xù)性動詞,可用于主從句動作同時發(fā)生或從句動作先于主句動作；while從句謂語動詞只能是延續(xù)性動詞,側(cè)重主從句動作同時發(fā)生；as引導一個持續(xù)性動作,多用于主從句動作同時發(fā)生,

24、強調(diào)"一邊一邊"。eg.When I came in, my father was cooking. I came in when/while my father was cooking.He sang as he walked. 注意： 表示“當時候”或“每當”的時間連詞。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。eg. Dont talk while youre eating. 吃飯時不要說話。 Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鮮時最好吃。 He came just as I was leavin

25、g. 我正要走時他來了。3.2) until用法:當主句謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時,主從句都用肯定式,譯為"直到為止"當主句謂語動詞是瞬間動詞時,主句用否定式,從句用肯定式,即not.until, 譯為"直到才"。eg.Mr. Green waited until his children came back.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子們回來。)Mr. Green didn't go to bed until his children came back. (格林先生直到他的孩子們回來才睡覺。)B.特殊用法:(1) when : conj. (a)

26、although 雖然; 然而;可是 eg.She claimed to be 18, when I know shes only 16. (b)considering that 考慮到; 既然 eg. How can they expect to learn anything when they never listen?(c) 剛就； 一 就 eg. He had just been in bed when the phone rang.(2) while : conj. (必須用于句首) although; in spite of the fact that 雖然;盡管eg.While

27、I am willing to help, I do not have much time available. While they are my neighbours, I dont know them well.(3) 表示“在之前(或之后)”的時間連詞。主要的有before, after。eg. Try to finish your work before you leave. 離開前設(shè)法把工作做完。 After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我們將坐在草地上。注意： after與before可用作連詞,又可作

28、介詞用。但是，在省略句中, after與before 須作介詞用。表示被動時，介詞之后不可用過去分詞。eg.After being painted green, the house looked more beautiful. After painted green (), Before being invited to the party, he had been looking forward to it. Before invited()(4) 時間連詞 + 分詞的用法: eg. When ( I was) walking in the street, I met Mr. Smith.

29、While ( I was) waiting for the bus, I read a book. Dont speak until (you are) told to. He has changed a lot since ( he was) being in the army. He didnt go to the party until (he was) invited a second time. 3)當表示“一就”的時間連詞。主要的: as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately,

30、directly, instantly, once, no soonerthan, hardlywhen等。eg. Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。The moment I have finished, Ill give you a call. 我一干完就給你打電話。I want to see him the minute/ the moment he he arrives. 他一到我就要見他。I came immediately I heard the news. 我一聽到這個消息，馬上就來了。Once you

31、begin you must continue. 你一旦開始, 便不可停下來。I went home directly I had finished work.I recognized her instantly = the instant (that) (=as soon as) I saw her.No soon had I gor home than I smelt something burnt.Hardly had we sat down at the table when the telephone rang. 4) 表示“自從”或“直到”的時間連詞。主要的有since, unti

32、l, till。eg.Shes been playing tennis since she was eight. 她從八歲起就打網(wǎng)球了。Hold on until I fetch help. 堅持一下，等我找人來幫忙。Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (諺)不要無事惹事。5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的時間連詞。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next Time(下次)，any time(隨時)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。

33、 eg. Ill tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次見到他時，我就把這個情況告訴他。We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每當我們洗手的時候，我們都要損失一些皮膚細胞。 4.You can call me any time you want to. 你隨時都可以給我打電話。 注意：every time, each time, any time前不用冠詞，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠詞可以省略, 而the first t

34、ime中的冠詞通常不能省略。2. 引導條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有:if(如果), unless(除非,如果不)等。 eg. If you don't go soon, you'll be late.=Unless you go soon, you'll be late. Do you mind if I open the window?我開窗你不介意吧? Dont come unless I telephone. 除非我打電話，否則你別來。 As long as youre happy，it doesnt matter what you do. 只要你高興，你做什么都沒關(guān)

35、系。 In case it rains they will stay at home. 萬一下雨，他們就呆在家里。 注意:在條件狀語從句中，通常要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來意義，而不能直接使用將來時態(tài)。不過，有時表示條件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是將來時態(tài), 而是表示意愿或委婉的請求(will為情態(tài)動詞)。 eg. If you will sit down for a few moments, Ill tell the manager youre here. 請稍坐, 我這就通知經(jīng)理說您來了。3.引導原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有 because, as, since, seeing (that

36、), now (that), considering (that)等。 eg.He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我，因為我是新來的。He didn't go to school because he was ill. As it was raining, we went there by bus.Since everybody is here, let's begin. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.As you are sorry，Ill forgive

37、 you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原諒你。 Since weve no money, we cant buy it. 由于我們沒錢，我們無法購買它。注意: because"因為"語氣最強,回答why提問時只能用because,其引導的從句可放在句首或句末;as"由于",since"既然"語氣不如because強,引導的從句常置于句首;for是并列連詞,語氣最弱,對前面分句加以解釋或補充說明,其引導的分句常置于句末且用逗號隔開。because與 so不能同時使用.eg.Seeing that hes been off sick all we

38、ek hes unlikely to come Now that the kids have left home weve got a lot of extra space. Considering (that) hes only just started, he knows quite a loy about it.Seeing that hes ill hes unlikely to come. 因為他病了，他大概不會來了。Now that she has apologized, I am content. 既然她已經(jīng)道了歉, 我也就滿意了。4.引導讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有:althoug

39、h/though(雖然,盡管),even though/if (即使), while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。eg.Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich.Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldn't help him.I like her even though she can be annoying. 盡管她有時很惱人, 但我還是喜歡她。 You wont move

40、that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力氣多大, 也休想搬動那塊石頭。 Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我們?nèi)〉玫囊磺谐删投細w功于你們的支持。 Whoever you are, you cant pass this way. 不管你是誰，你都不能從這里通過。 Whenever I see him, I speak to him. 每當我見到他，我都和他講話。注意:although/though 引導的從句不能與but連用,但可與yet, still連用.5.引導目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有

41、so that和in order that(以便,為了),in case, for fear等。eg.The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly. He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音，以便每個人都能聽見。Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 帶上雨傘，以防下雨。She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he

42、should understand. 她把那些指示慢慢重復了一遍好讓他聽明白。5.6.引導結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞有:so that(結(jié)果是)和so/suchthat(如此以至于)等。eg.I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去聽演講去得很早, 所以找個好座位。I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了許多跤，以致于全身都是青一塊紫一塊的。He shut the window with such force that the glass brok

43、e. 他關(guān)窗子用力很大, 結(jié)果玻璃震破了。 It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze.It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.7.引導比較狀語從句的從屬連詞有: asas(與一樣),not as/so as(不及,趕不上),和than(比)等。eg.She was now happier than she had ever been. 現(xiàn)在她比過去任何時候都快活。I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了

44、看表，時間比我想像的早。He doesnt work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那樣努力。I know you better than she does. He works as carefully as she. I can't run as/so fast as you.8.引導方式狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等。eg.Why didnt you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不聽我的話趕乘末班公共汽車呢?He bent the iron bar

45、as if it had been made of rubber. 他將鐵棍折彎，仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 沒有人像我這樣愛你。9. 引導地點狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。eg.The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 這座教堂蓋在一座羅馬寺廟的舊址。Ill take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪兒我就帶你到哪兒。Everywhere

46、 I go，I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣情況。10.引導名詞性從句的從屬連詞有:that和 if/whether(是否)等,它們用于引導主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。其中that 不僅沒不充當句子成分，而且沒有詞義，在句子中只起連接作用；而 if, whether 雖不充當句子成分，但有詞義，即表示“是否”。 eg.We know that the earth goes around the sun.(賓語從句) I wonder if he has received my e-mail. (賓語從句) Whether he'l

47、l go there hasn't been decided.(主語從句)He replied that he was going by train. 他回答說他將坐火車去。 I wonder if its large enough. 我不知道它是否夠大。 I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我為是否傷了她的感情而擔心。注意：whether， if引導從句的用法區(qū)別：(1)引導主語從句、表語從句或同位語從句時，用whether，不用if。eg.Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not k

48、nown. The question is whether we can finish the task on time. The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.(2) whether可接不定式，而if則不可。eg. I haven't decided whether to leave or not.(3) whether可作介詞的賓語或置于句首表示強調(diào)，而if則不可。eg.Everything depends on whether we have enoug

49、h money. Whether he will come, I am not sure. (4) whether和if均可引導賓語從句， whether引導的賓語從句一般都是肯定句，if引導的賓語從句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的（此時不能用whether）。eg. Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia？ I wonder if it doesn't rain.eg. Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia？ I wo

50、nder if it doesn't rain.(5) 引導賓語從句的whether和if常可與or not連用。連用時要注意or not的位置，它一般與 whether、if分開使用，有時它可與whether合起來使用，但不能與if合起來使用。6.eg.I don't know whether/ if they will come or not. I don't know whether or not they will come.(6) if可用來引導條件狀語從句，譯"如果"，whether則不行。eg. If you work hard, yo

51、u are sure to succeed.四、某些用法比較特殊的從屬連詞用法區(qū)別1.當while， when， as引導時間狀語從句時的區(qū)別：(1) while引導的狀語從句中動詞必須是持續(xù)性。謂語動詞多為進行時，或狀態(tài)動詞的一般時。while 的這些用法可用when代替，等于 "at the time that"， "during the time that"。eg.Please keep quiet while (when)others are studying. (2)when除可指一段時間外，還可用來指一點時間，等于 "at the

52、time"，也就是說when引出的時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞可以是終止性的，也可以延續(xù)性的。因此主句和從句的謂語可以是一般時，進行時，或完成時。eg.When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.（when不能換成while）He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when可換成while）(3)as?？膳cwhen，while通用，但強調(diào)"一邊、一邊"。eg.As (when / while) I was walking d

53、own the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37. (4)when引導的狀語從句中的主語與主句主語一致，主、謂是"主語+系動詞"結(jié)構(gòu)時，這時主語和系動詞可以省略。eg.When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man. She'll be here to give you help when (if it is) necessary. (5)when有時代替if，引導條件句，意為"如果"、"假如"。eg. I

54、9;ll come when (if) I'm free.2. before作連詞一般表示時間，意為"在之前"，但有些句子中這樣譯就顯得別扭。試看以下句子的翻譯：eg.He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他幾乎把我撞倒才看見我。Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我還沒來得及插話，他已經(jīng)給我量好了尺寸。3. till, until作為介詞式從屬連詞引導時間狀語短語或狀語從句, 用于否定句時，結(jié)構(gòu)為not until (till),主句謂語動詞延續(xù)與非延續(xù)皆可

55、，意為"直到才"。用于肯定句時，只與延續(xù)性動詞連用，表示"到為止"。eg.They played volleyball until (till) it got dark.They didn't talk (延續(xù)性動詞) until (till) the interpreter(譯員) came.He didn't go to bed(非延續(xù)性動詞)until (till) the his father came back.Until可以放在句首，till則不行:eg.Until the last minute of the match w

56、e kept on playing.Not until he finished his work did he go home.（倒裝）till, until只用于時間, 以下句子是錯誤的：eg.We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用as far as或to）4. because, since, as引導原因狀語時注意使用上的區(qū)別：(1) 如果原因構(gòu)成句子的最主要部分, 一般用because, 因此because引導的從句往往放在句末。用why提問的句子，一定用because回答。eg.He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.(2)如原因已為人們所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或 since。since比as更正式些。As和since引導的從句一般放在句子的開頭。eg.As you are tired, you