unit 1 grammar分析

1、Review grammars1 動(dòng)詞的種類類別 特點(diǎn) 舉例及物動(dòng)詞vt 跟賓語 We love peace.不及物動(dòng)詞vi 不跟賓語 Classes begin.系動(dòng)詞 link.v 跟表語 Im student.助動(dòng)詞 aux.v 跟動(dòng)詞原形或過去分詞，無實(shí)際意思 I have had my breakfast.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 mod.v跟動(dòng)詞原形 He must study hard.A 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞平時(shí)我們?nèi)粘＝佑|到的大量的動(dòng)詞都是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，又可以稱為行為動(dòng)詞，比如work, study, run, walk等。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。1.及物動(dòng)詞：后面要跟一個(gè)名詞或代詞等以作為它的賓

2、語的成分。Eg：1）I want to see a film. See是及物動(dòng)詞， a film是動(dòng)詞see的賓語。Want是句子中的主要?jiǎng)釉~，它會(huì)隨著主語的人稱、數(shù)、和時(shí)態(tài)而變化，he wants.he wanted.To see不管主語的數(shù)、人稱和時(shí)態(tài)如何變化，永遠(yuǎn)保持to+動(dòng)詞原形的形式，所以to see是不定式。2）In fact, Scout doesnt trust her. Trust是及物動(dòng)詞，her是trust的賓語。2. 不及物動(dòng)詞：后面一定不能直接跟賓語，不及物動(dòng)詞后一定要跟上一個(gè)介詞，構(gòu)成一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語，然后可以跟一個(gè)介詞賓語，實(shí)際上“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞+賓語”Eg：Tom

3、 always laughs at his brother. Laugh是不及物動(dòng)詞，at是介詞，his brother是賓語。需要注意的是不及物動(dòng)詞和不同的介詞搭配，就構(gòu)成了許許多多的詞組來表達(dá)不同的意思。比如look at 看 look for尋找 look after照顧 look up 抬頭看，查出 look forward to 盼望同時(shí)英語中很多動(dòng)詞既可以是及物動(dòng)詞有是不及物動(dòng)詞。Eg：Lets begin. 咱們開始吧。這邊是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以什么都不跟。We ll begin our class in an hour. 一個(gè)小時(shí)后我們上課。及物動(dòng)詞，后面跟賓語our clas

4、s。B 系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，它必須和它后面的表語（由adj，n，動(dòng)名詞，不定式，介詞短語，adv擔(dān)任）一起構(gòu)成合成謂語。我們最常見的系動(dòng)詞是be，它在句中有時(shí)譯成為是，有時(shí)不用譯出。另外一些是即可作為行為動(dòng)詞，又可作系動(dòng)詞的一些動(dòng)詞，主要表示感受的感官動(dòng)詞和一些表示保持某種狀態(tài)的詞。感官動(dòng)詞：look看起來 taste嘗起來 smell聞起來 sound聽起來 feel摸起來狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞: become變成, remain保持, keep保持, prove證明, get變得, turn變得, grow變得, appear好像是, seem似乎Eg： The girl looks care

5、ful. 這個(gè)女孩看起來很細(xì)心。Look是系動(dòng)詞，與后面的adj一起做表語。 The girl looks at the picture carefully. 這個(gè)女孩認(rèn)真地看這幅畫。Look是行為動(dòng)詞，是不及物動(dòng)詞，加一個(gè)介詞at，而使look at成為一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。 He feels cold. 他覺得冷。 Steel feels hard. 鋼摸起來很硬。這兩個(gè)句子中的feel是系動(dòng)詞，后面要跟adj。 I feel the plane move strongly. 我覺得飛機(jī)在劇烈的晃動(dòng)。Feel在這里是一個(gè)行為/實(shí)義動(dòng)詞常用的系動(dòng)詞詞組1.Get dressed 穿衣服Eg：He i

6、s old enough to get dressed himself. 他長大了，已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)自己穿衣服了。2.Get/be married結(jié)婚了Eg：What did you do before you got married?Mary has been married for 5 years.3.Come true 實(shí)現(xiàn)Eg: My dream has come true at last. 我的夢想終于實(shí)現(xiàn)了4.Get/become lost 迷失，迷路Eg：The little girl went for a walk and got lost. 小女孩去散步的時(shí)候迷路了。5.Seem/a

7、ppear似乎是，好像Eg：The student seems to be a very kind and thoughtful person.這個(gè)學(xué)生似乎詩歌很好的有思想的人。It appears to be an excellent opportunity for Caroline to get more experience.對(duì)于卡洛琳來說，這似乎是一個(gè)獲得更多經(jīng)驗(yàn)的絕好的機(jī)會(huì)。6.Im sick and tired. 我感到厭煩。關(guān)于表語需要注意的問題在系動(dòng)詞里，絕大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞只能做表語，只能和系動(dòng)詞連用，而不能做定語。Afraid 害怕, asleep 入睡, alone獨(dú)

8、自, alive活著 awake醒著的1.Im not asleep, Im awake. 我沒睡著，我醒著呢。2.Although he is alone he doesnt feel lonely.C. 助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞本身沒有意義，它只是幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語，表示問句，否定句時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)等。英語中沒有哪一個(gè)單詞是固定的助動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞be，have，do，shall，will在句子中與主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)，否定句，疑問句時(shí)，才擔(dān)當(dāng)起助動(dòng)詞的作用。1.It is made in china. 它在中國制造的，is是助動(dòng)詞，它幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~made構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。2.I havent

9、 had my breakfast yet.我還么吃早飯呢。Have 是助動(dòng)詞，它幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~had在句中構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句。D. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為“可能，應(yīng)當(dāng)，必要”等等，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后一定要?jiǎng)釉~原形。情態(tài)東西沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞為：can, may, must, have toEg: He can speak english. 他會(huì)說英語。 He speaks english well. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，行為動(dòng)詞speak后要加s。well做adv表示很好地，充分地，出色地, well做adj表示身體好, well做名詞表

10、示一口井 He speaks english poorly.動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Be動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞的一種，表示“。是。”?，F(xiàn)在式有am, is, are三種。一般動(dòng)詞表示“。做?！比?go, make等1.Be動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)Be動(dòng)詞的句型如下：肯定句：主語+be動(dòng)詞+。否定句：主語+be動(dòng)詞+not+。疑問句：be動(dòng)詞+主語+。？1）主語與be動(dòng)詞人稱 主語 Be動(dòng)詞中文意思第一人稱單數(shù)I am我是 復(fù)數(shù)we are我們是第二人稱單數(shù)you are你是 復(fù)數(shù)you are你們是第三人稱單數(shù)（男性）He is他是 女性She is她是 其他It is它是 復(fù)數(shù)They are他們是Mary is a s

11、tudent.He is at school.I am a teacher. 接名詞She is beautiful. 接形容詞She is very beautiful. 接副詞Be動(dòng)詞后可以接不同詞性的詞。2）be動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定句肯定句：It is a book.否定句：It is not a book.肯定句：You are a student.否定句：You are not a student.肯定句：I am a student.否定句：I am not a student.3)be動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)的疑問句肯定句：You are a studnet.疑問句：Are you a stude

12、nt?4)there is/are句型There is a school there.There is是引導(dǎo)詞，a school是真正的主語，there是地點(diǎn)狀語。There is/are表示某地有/存在某物Eg：there is a bed in this room.There are many eggs in the kitchen.There is +單數(shù)名詞/復(fù)數(shù)名詞+表示場所的介詞短語The book is on the table. 在there is的句型中，后面要加不定主語，即用冠詞a/an加在名詞前。如果主語為特定物，則在名詞前加the，此時(shí)不能用there is/are句型

13、。there is/are的否定句There is not a bed in this room.here is/are的一般疑問句Are there many eggs in the kitchen?特殊疑問句是在一般疑問句前加相應(yīng)的疑問詞。A: How many people are there in your family?B: There are five.A: How much ink is there in the ink bottle?B: There is only a little.A: Whats on the table? 問“。有?！睍r(shí)，無論是單復(fù)數(shù)都用whats.這個(gè)

14、句型來提問。B: There are some boxes on it. 2. 一般動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)除了be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞have，do，shall，will、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can, may, must, have to以外的動(dòng)詞全部稱為一般動(dòng)詞。主語為第一，第二人稱和所有復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)Eg：I go to school everyday. You go to school everyday. They go to school everyday.主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)動(dòng)詞要做改變1一般情況下，詞尾直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, live-lives, help-helps, make-makes 2以

15、字母s. x. sh. ch. o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，加-es。如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches , fix-fixes, teach-teaches, go-goes, do-does3以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，去y為i, 再加-es 如：fly-flies, carry-carries, study-studiesHave和has當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞have需改成has，意思為“有、吃、開會(huì)?！盓g：She has brown hair.This room has five windows.主語 肯定式 否定式第一人稱單數(shù) I sp

16、eak english. I dont speak english.第二人稱單數(shù) You speak english. You dont speak english.第三人稱單數(shù) He/She/It speaks english.He/She/Itdoesnt speak english.所有人稱復(fù)數(shù) We/You/They speak english. We/You/They dont speak english.Be動(dòng)詞和一般動(dòng)詞否定句的比較Be動(dòng)詞的否定句Eg：She is a nurse.She is not a nurse.一般動(dòng)詞的否定句Eg：I go to school ever

17、y day.I dont go to school every day.She likes english.She doesnt like english.一般動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)的疑問句 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的基本用法 1. 表示心理狀態(tài)或者感情的動(dòng)詞往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示Eg：I want your help. I dont think you are right. Does it(your leg) hurt? 表示心理狀態(tài)和感情的動(dòng)詞： wonder 想知道, suppose猜想, love熱愛, like喜歡 prefer更喜歡, forget忘記, believe相信, hope希望 agree同意,

18、doubt懷疑, remember記住, know知道2表示經(jīng)常性、每天或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。常與often, always, usually, sometimes等時(shí)間狀語連用。 Eg: She is often late. He goes to work every day. Do you drive? He teaches english.3表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言等不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在。 Eg：The earth is round. Birds fly in the sky. The sun is bigger than the earth.4表示按預(yù)先計(jì)劃、安排好將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。主要

19、用于start, go, come, begin,arrive, stop,leave等動(dòng)詞。 Eg: The train leaves at seven and arrives in NY at three tomorrow morning. 火車7點(diǎn)出發(fā)，將于明天凌晨三點(diǎn)到達(dá)紐約。 Next week they leave for Shanghai. 下周他們動(dòng)身去上海。 Our holidays begin in a week. 一周后，我們的假期開始。 The plane takes off at 2 this afternoon. 飛機(jī)將于今天下午兩點(diǎn)起飛。 When do you

20、go there? 你什么時(shí)候去那里？5. Be about to do 表示馬上就要發(fā)生的事情Eg：The plane is at the end of the runway. It is about to take off. 飛機(jī)已經(jīng)停在起跑線上了，它馬上就要起飛了。 Tom is nearly there now. He is about to win the race.6. 在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中表示將來的動(dòng)作。主將從現(xiàn)Eg: When he gets to the village, he will write to me. If itdoesnt rain, well leave t

21、omorrow.Present continuous現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。Eg: The students are singing and dancing.2. 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，但不一定說話時(shí)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。Eg: We are preparing for the final examination these days.3. 少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如go, come, start, begin, leave, arrive等的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Eg: The taxi is arriving soon.4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以與always或all t

22、he time等連用，表示贊美，厭煩等情緒，并不表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。Eg: My brother is(was) always coming home late. All the time he is(was) thinking of others.5. 經(jīng)常和now, look, listen等詞連用Eg: Listen! The bird is singing.simple future 一般將來時(shí)will(shall) do/ be going to do1. 表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與tomorrow, next month, in two days, from now on.

23、等表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。Eg: He will graduate from our school in half a year. They will be a report on the current situation at home this afternoon.2. 表示將來經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為。Eg: We shall take part in physical labour once a week.3. 表達(dá)形式還有be to do 按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的，或要求做的。be about to do即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，一般不跟時(shí)間狀語。Eg: The boy is to go to scho

24、ol tomorrow. You are to stay here till he comes. Quick, jump in. The train is about to leave.simple past一般過去時(shí)1. 表示過去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與the other day, just now, once upon a time, ago, last year, yesterday, in 1980等過去時(shí)間狀語連用。Eg: He reached Shanghai yesterday afternoon. He left just now. Lei Feng was a g

25、ood soldier.2. 表示一段過去時(shí)間里經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Eg: When I was at middle school, I often went out for a walk after supper. I never drank wine.3.表示主語過去的特征或性格Eg: When he was young, she danced very well.4. 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)終止的習(xí)慣時(shí)，要用used to doEg: I used to take a walk after supper. I used to enjoy gardening, but I dont like it

26、 any more.5. 當(dāng)翻譯成“我不知道你已經(jīng).了”或 我沒意識(shí)到你. 等句子要用過去時(shí)Eg: I didnt realize that you were my former student. I didnt know you were in Paris. But now I know you are here.6. 在虛擬條件句中，表示和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的行為或狀態(tài)Eg: If she were in my place, she could do the same thing.Present perfect(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)) have(has)+ done1. “已完成”。表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去

27、，講話前已經(jīng)完成并與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系。Eg: The cat has pushed the door open.注：（1）已完成用法不能和明確的過去時(shí)間狀語如yesterday, last week連續(xù)使用（2）通常和以下時(shí)間狀語連用a. already, yet, before, recently, just等不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語Eg: I have already explained that to you.b. today, lately, since, so far, up to now, in the past few days, these days, this morning/

28、week/ month 等包括說話時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間狀語Eg: Have you seen him today? How long have you studied English? He has lived here for 30 years.c. 表示從過去到現(xiàn)在之間經(jīng)歷過的事情，常與never, ever, once, always, often, twice, three times, since等頻度副詞Eg. I have never seen him before. I have been to the Summer Palace twice. We have visited y

29、our school before. He has never been ill in his life. 2. 持續(xù)性。表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開始于過去某一刻并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在注：（1）“持續(xù)性”用法通常必須與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。a. 由for 或 since 引起的短語和從句Eg: She has lived in the mountain village since she was born. They have known each other since childhood.b. It is /has been +一段時(shí)間+since+ 過去時(shí)“已經(jīng).沒.”Eg: It has been fou

30、r years since his father died. It has been 3 days since I left Shanghai. Great changes have taken place in Shanghai in the past few years.(2)持續(xù)性用法的謂語必須使用持續(xù)或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞c. 在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中，表示將來完成的動(dòng)作Eg: Ill go shopping as soon as I have cleaned the room.d. have been to 到過某地 have gone to 已經(jīng)去了某地Past Continuous(過去

31、進(jìn)行時(shí))was, (were)doing1. 表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，經(jīng)常和this time yesterday等時(shí)間狀語連用Eg: We were playing football on the playground this time yesterday. What were you doing at nine last night?2. 表示過去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作Eg: We were playing chess from 6 to 8 last night3. 少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如go ,come, start, begin, leave, arrive 等的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示過去

32、將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Eg: She wanted to know why they were leaving for Taiwan. He was leaving early the next morning. She asked him whether he was coming back for lunch.4. 表示故事發(fā)生的背景Eg: It was a lovely morning. Some people were sitting on the river bank.5. 句型 be doing be about to do when(=and at that time).Eg：I was

33、 doing my homework when the telephone rang. I was about to leave when someone knocked at the door. Past perfect(過去完成時(shí)) had done1. “已完成”。表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)刻或另一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。2. “持續(xù)性”。表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)始于過去某一時(shí)刻，一直持續(xù)到另一時(shí)刻或另一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生。注: （1）過去完成時(shí)表示過去的過去，使用時(shí)必須有一個(gè)過去的基點(diǎn)。這個(gè)基點(diǎn)可以用以下方式表示。a. 用by then截止到那時(shí), by the end of在。末之前, up till t

34、hen直到那時(shí), before, already, ever, yet, just 等時(shí)間介詞。Eg: He had translated five English novels into Chinese by the end of this year. He told me his team had already won. I heard that the president had just arrived here. By the time he came here he had been a famous doctor. b. 用主句或從句的動(dòng)詞。Eg: Mike said he h

35、ad lost his wallet. When she had finished her job, she went to sleep.c. 通過上下文Eg: We got there before dark. The rain had stopped. She looked rather weak. She had been ill for some time. (2) “持續(xù)性”用法必須與一段時(shí)間狀語連用，謂語必須使用持續(xù)動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Eg: They had worked for ten hours by six oclock. (3) hope, wish, think, in

36、tend, suppose等的過去完成時(shí)表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，打算，計(jì)劃，但沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。Eg: We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you did not.Past future(過去將來)would (should) do表示從過去某一時(shí)間預(yù)測將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，只要將助動(dòng)詞改為過去式 Eg: She was sixty-six. In three years, she would be sixty-nine. He promised that he would buy me a pair of gloves. They told us that they were going to take in 2000 college students.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have(has)+been+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞1. 表示動(dòng)作從過去某時(shí)開始，