構(gòu)建讀寫結(jié)合新常態(tài),積極應(yīng)對新高考寫作-概要寫作初探

1、構(gòu)建讀寫結(jié)合新常態(tài)，積極應(yīng)對新高考寫作概要寫作初探黃巖中學(xué) 楊謝友一、概要寫作簡述1. 概念與考查能力2. 考查內(nèi)容與要求3. 寫作現(xiàn)狀簡析4. 根本步驟與技巧二、備考設(shè)想1. 分階段指導(dǎo)，力求循序漸進(jìn)2. 注重語篇教學(xué)，讀后概要寫作3. 拓寬寫作途徑，構(gòu)建讀寫新常態(tài)1. 概念與考查能力A summary is a short statement that gives only the main points of sth, not the details. ?牛津高階英漢雙解詞典? 摘要是一種對原始文獻(xiàn)或文章的根本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行濃縮的語義連貫的短文. 考查能力: 閱讀理解能力, 分析判斷能力，概括

2、能力，表達(dá)能力?考試說明?中對閱讀理解要求的描述：1理解主旨和要義 任何一篇文章都會(huì)有一個(gè)主旨要義。有時(shí)從文章的第一個(gè)段落，甚至第一個(gè)句子即可得出文章的主旨要義，從這一段或這個(gè)句子讀者會(huì)知道文章描述的是誰或什么即文章的主題，亦會(huì)理解作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。有時(shí)，文章的主旨要義那么需從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行推斷。這類試題主要考察考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力，它對考生的歸納、概括能力有一定的要求。5理解文章的根本結(jié)構(gòu) 英語文章講究使用主題段和主題句。主題段通常在文章開頭，簡要概括 文章的中心思想，主題句可能在一段的開頭，也可能在中間或末尾，作 用是交待該段的中心思想，再由全段展開或討論這一

3、主題。各個(gè)段落通常由某些起連接作用的詞語連接，以使文章行文連貫。如果希望準(zhǔn)確、深刻地理解一篇文章，必須對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握住全篇的文脈，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯。6理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度 每篇文章都有一個(gè)特定的寫作目的，或是向讀者傳遞某個(gè)信息，或是愉悅讀者，或是講授某個(gè)道理。而這些信息通常并不是明確表達(dá)出來的，而是隱含在文章之中。因此，這類問題要求考生在理解文章總體內(nèi)容的根底上，去領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意。2. 考查內(nèi)容與要求?考試說明?題型2：概要寫作。提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求學(xué)生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容摘要。閱卷時(shí)將主要考慮以下內(nèi)容：1對原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；2

4、應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；3上下文的連貫性；4對各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況。評分原那么1. 此題總分為25分，按5個(gè)檔次給分。2. 評分時(shí)，先根據(jù)所寫概要的內(nèi)容和語言初步確定其所屬檔次，然后以該檔次的要求來衡量、確定或調(diào)整檔次，最后給分。3. 詞數(shù)少于40的和多于80的，從總分中減去2分。4. 評分時(shí)，應(yīng)主要從以下四個(gè)方面考慮： 1對原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；2應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；3上下文的連貫性；4對各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況。5. 拼寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號是語言準(zhǔn)確性的一個(gè)重要方面，評分時(shí)，應(yīng)視其對交際的程度予以考慮。6. 如書寫較差以致影響交際，可將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個(gè)檔次。第五檔21-25分要求理解準(zhǔn)

5、確，涵蓋全部要點(diǎn);能準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯;有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊;完全使用自己的語言。3. 寫作現(xiàn)狀簡析典型問題內(nèi)容上：要點(diǎn)遺漏或主觀添加；概括不到位語言上：不夠簡潔; 根本錯(cuò)誤多結(jié)構(gòu)上：缺乏連貫；改變結(jié)構(gòu)Step 1. Determine the type of writing and identify the topic as well as the authors purposeStep 2. Divide the passage & summarize the main idea of each partStep 3. Highlight the

6、key information of each partStep 4. Make an outline of the passage Step 5. Write the first draftStep 6. Revise the summary4.根本步驟與技巧 提煉內(nèi)容 整合 刪除細(xì)節(jié)刪除具體例子引用一兩個(gè)說明問題即可防止重復(fù) 同義轉(zhuǎn)換: 近義詞、同義詞等替換語言 句子重構(gòu): 調(diào)整詞類、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)等 邏輯：銜接照應(yīng)、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接 技巧Common transitional wordsTime-Sequencefirst, later, next, then, finallyEx

7、amplefor example, for instance, such asListingfirst, second, last, another, nextContinuationalso, in addition, and, further, besidesContrastbut, however, on the other hand, yet, in contrast, nevertheless, otherwiseComparisonsimilarly, likewise, also, likeCause-Effectbecause, thus, therefore, since,

8、hence, consequently,Condition - resultif then; if therefore二、備考設(shè)想1.分階段指導(dǎo)，力求循序漸進(jìn)M1U4: Writing a summary of a passage means looking for the main idea of each part and putting it down in a sentence. Look at each paragraph of the reading passage and write down its main idea. Para.1: Before the earthquak

9、e strange things began to happen but no one paid attention to them.Para.2: The earthquake destroyed the city of Tangshan.Para. 3: The people were very shocked at the destruction.Para. 4: The army came to help the survivors, bringing hope for a new life.Summary:_ lawyer guidance legal hopeful vote at

10、tack fight violence equal blow up out of work as a matter of fact reach a stage where According to these key words, write a summary about Elias Story: _M1U5: Elias StoryM4U3: A master of non-verbal humorWhy people needed cheering upWhat Charlies childhood was likeWhat his most famous character was l

11、ikeAn example of a sad situation that he made funnyHis achievementsIn Britain and America people were feeling miserable because of the bad economic situation. Charlie understood their problems. His character “the little tramp was poor and homeless, but everybody loved him for his kind heart and the

12、way he dealt with his difficult situation. Charlie Chaplin made people laugh at some of these terrible situations like being without food or money. He wrote and directed his own films and received an Oscar for his outstanding work. (76 words) 2. 注重語篇教學(xué)，讀后進(jìn)行概要寫作1把握文本體裁結(jié)構(gòu)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語篇意識 注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在閱讀過程中整體把握文本大意

13、并探索語篇結(jié)構(gòu)及其意義的意識與能力，幫助學(xué)生在大腦里建立起閱讀文本體裁的形式圖式。 篇章類型：說明類 (Exposition)議論類 (Argumentation)敘事類 (Narration)描寫類 (Description)Style of writing： Exposition problem-solutionMain idea: Chemical fertilizers can cause many problems, so organic farming is becoming more popular.Write a summary of this passage followin

14、g the procedures.Step 1: Skim the passage to find its main idea. Write it down in your own words.Step 2: Find and underline the topic sentence of each paragraph. Rewrite each topic sentence, using your own words. Do not copy from the passage!Step 3: Write your summary. First state the main idea of t

15、he passage and then the topics covered by each paragraph. Remember, use your own words!Step 4: Swap summaries with your partners and give each other comments. Check your partners summary for the main idea and topic sentences.Para.1: In recent days, scientists have discovered that using chemical fert

16、ilizers for a long time can hurt the land and also peoples health.Para.2: There are several problems caused by chemical fertilizers.Para.3: Organic farming is becoming more popular with some farmers and many customers after these discoveries came out.Para.4: There are many organic farming methods fo

17、r making the land healthy and productive. Summary: _2圍繞各類文體，開展過程性寫作訓(xùn)練議論文：主題概括Authors opinion (Topic sentence): Supporting reasons (Supporting sentences):1.2.3.Conclusion The article gives the view thatshould/shouldnt主題.補(bǔ)充論據(jù).The passage highlights the importance of.The author argues that說明文：段意合并現(xiàn)象類：

18、Problem + reason (reason1, reason2.)+ solution (step1, 2, 3)介紹說明類: description + features (feature1, feature2.) 記敘文：要素串聯(lián)Wh: 1. Who2. When 3. Where4. What happened?5. How6. The lesson夾敘夾議的文章需要參加教益或教訓(xùn)點(diǎn)明寫作目的The writer tells us主題by showing us an example of, who/which故事情節(jié).作者經(jīng)歷類In the passage, the writer

19、mainly tells us his experience of doing sth, which他人經(jīng)歷類This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sth寫讀書/讀報(bào)摘要運(yùn)用新概念英語的素材3. 拓寬概要寫作途徑，構(gòu)建讀寫新常態(tài) On cold winter morning on December 17th last year, a small blue car stopped on a bridge in a provincial town in northern Germany. There men dressed in

20、heavy black coats out and stood on the bridge. While they waited there, they kept on looking over the side. Fifteen minutes later, a motor boat sailed past and drew up by the river bank. Three men got out of the boat and looked up at the bridge. The men on the bridge silently walked down the stone s

21、teps leading to the river bank. No words were spoken when they met the men from the boat. After a while, the motorboat moved off and three men returned to the bridge. Now, only two of them were wearing black coats. The third was dressed in a light grey jacket. Anyone who had been watching the scene

22、might not have realized that two master spies had been exchanged on that cold winter morning. 新概念英語第三冊Did the car stop or not?How many men got out?How were they dressed?Where did they stand?Where did they keep looking?Did a motorboat appear or not?Where did it stop? Where did the men go?Why did they

23、 go to the river bank?Did the boat move off or not?Who accompanied the men in black coats?How was he dressed?Did they return to the bridge or not?Had two master spies been exchanged or not?Car stopped.Three men got out.Black coats.Stood bridge.Looked over side.Motorboat appeared.Stopped river bank.M

24、en down steps.Met boat.Boat moved off.Man accompanied by others.Grey jacket.Returned bridge.Spies exchanged.After the car stopped, three men in black coats got out and stood on the bridge. They kept looking over the side until a motorboat appeared. When it stopped by the river bank, the men on the b

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