高三英語復(fù)習(xí)非謂語動詞考點總結(jié)歸納講義

1、非謂語動詞考點總結(jié)歸納非謂語動詞包括不定式,動名詞和分詞；它們是高中所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)語法,也是高考必考內(nèi)容；既是高考的難點又是高考的熱點；真正領(lǐng)會非謂語動詞的用法要具備以下基礎(chǔ)學(xué)問：具有句子結(jié)構(gòu)的學(xué)問,會分析句子成分；具有簡潔句最基本的五種句型的學(xué)問,要分得清雙賓語和復(fù)合賓語；具有扎實而豐富的動詞學(xué)問,要分得清及物動詞和不及物動詞；具備各種復(fù)合句的學(xué)問,能夠拆析復(fù)合句和長難句；1 三種非謂語動詞的構(gòu)成及變化形式；不定式To do 主動被動一般形式（本身包含將去做To be done 的含義）進行形式To be doing - 完成形式To have done To have been done 動詞

2、的 ING 形式主動被動一般形式（本身包含正在進 Ving Being Ved 行的含義）完成形式Having Ved Having been Ved 過去分詞 done （無變化） 全部非謂語動詞的否定形式都是把否定副詞not,never放在非謂語動詞的前面；2. 三種非謂語動詞形式句法功能比較功能主賓表定狀補種類不定式動名詞 分詞1 考點一 ：非謂語作主語 ；1. 在許多情形下沒有明顯的不同. Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe. 2. 不定式做主語表示某一次具體的, 特定的或有待實現(xiàn)的動作, 而動名詞就表示通常的情形. eg:To tell

3、 him the truth would be the best. / Painting is an art. 動詞不定式 （短語） 作主語時, 另一種形式是在句首用先行代詞it作形式主語, 而將動詞不定式 （短語）移到謂語之后作真正主語；用于這種形式是一些特定形容詞,動詞和名詞1 形 容 詞 作 表 語 It is adj/n.for sb. to do sth. （ 常 見 的 形 容 詞 是 ：necessary,important,possible 等） It is adj./n.of sb. to do sth. 常 見 的 形 容 詞 是clever,stupid,foolish,

4、wise,cruel 等 2 常見的動詞有：require, cost, amuse, delight, annoy 等eg: It takes much time to do sth./ It didnt occur to me to ask him to help me. 3 一些名詞作表語eg: It seems a pity to waste them./It is a great pleasure to do this./It is a good idea to think this way 動名詞做主語時常用的句型有：s a waste of It is nice doing st

5、h./Its foolish doing sth./It is useless doing that/Ittime doing this. /It s worth one s while doing sth./ Its no good use doing that. It s an awful job doing this. /Its fun doing this. There is/ was no sense in doing/no point in doing 考點二：非謂語動詞作賓語 具體見 5+3 P70-72 頁補充 :1.begin 和 start 在以下三種情形下 , 通常跟不定

6、式 , 不跟動名詞1 當(dāng) begin 和 start 的主語是無生命之物時 . eg: Snow began to melt. 2 當(dāng) begin 和 start 用于進行時時 . eg: He is beginning to study English. 3 當(dāng) begin和 start后面跟著一些表示心理狀態(tài)的詞時. eg: I began to believe his story. 2. be afraid to do 不敢去做 be afraid of doing 可怕發(fā)生某事2 3. be sure to do 肯定會 be sure of doing 確信會 eg: Tom is

7、sure to pass the exam. 說話人的看法 , 認為 Tom 肯定會考試通過 . Tom is sure of passing the exam. Tom 對自己通過考試很有把握 . 考點三：非謂語動詞作表語不定式、動名詞、分詞做表語：1.不定式做表語常表示謂語動詞所表示動作之后發(fā)生的動作；不定式一般緊跟在系動詞如: be, seem, remain, appear 等后面 , 用來說明主語的內(nèi)容； 這類結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語一般為名詞,如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention,wish, dream, etc. eg. My purpose is 有

8、時句子主語也可以是不定式或名詞性從句； to teach them a lesson. eg:To be strict with students is to be responsible for them. What I want to do is to tell you the truth. 假如主語中含有do 的任何形式 , 那么不定式可以省去to. 2. 動名詞做表語是對主語內(nèi)容的說明,這時主語與表語位置可互換,動名詞常用于口語中；Its full-time job is laying eggs. 3. 分詞做表語 : 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語 : 一般表示主動或主語的性質(zhì)和特點 , “ 令人

9、” 的 , 主語多數(shù)情形是 sth. 過去分詞作表語 : 一般表示被動或說明主語情感心理上的感受 , “ 感到 的”, 主語多數(shù)是 sb. exciting, excited/annoying, annoyed /amazing, amazed /boring, bored/confusing, confused/ encouraging, encouraged /embarrassing, embarrassed /frightening, frightened 等考點四：非謂語動詞作賓語補足語 具體見 5+3 P68-70 頁補 充： 1. 動詞 +賓語 +不帶 to 的不定式 : 常用動

10、詞 : feel 一感 ; hear, listen to 二聽 ; make, let, have 三讓 ; see, watch, observe, notice, look at 五看 ;help 半幫忙 , 可帶 to 或不帶 toetc. 留意一：但改為被動語態(tài)時,不定式要加 to. 留意二：肯定要留意動詞與賓語直接的主動仍是被動關(guān)系 make oneself understood/heard解題技巧：牢記固定搭配,辯規(guī)律關(guān)系；不定式和分詞作賓語補足語是考察的重點仍要認真分析3 非謂語所表示的動作與謂語動作發(fā)生的先后問題；固定句型 sb/sth be said/believed/ r

11、eported/ considered/ thought to do /to be doing /to have done 要分清eg. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 考點五：非謂語動詞作定語 具體見 5+3 P67-68 頁解題訣竅：找所修飾的詞,辯規(guī)律關(guān)系,析動作先后與被修飾的名詞或代詞是主動關(guān)系 與被修飾的名詞或代詞是被動關(guān)系正在進行 d

12、oing being + done 將要去做 to do to be done 已經(jīng)完成 無 done 考點六 ：非謂語作狀語 具體見 5+3 P66-67 頁非謂語動詞作狀語 1 多表示相伴狀態(tài),或事情發(fā)生的緣由,結(jié)果,時間,條件等；作狀語2 分詞要和句子主語 關(guān)系保持一樣1不定式 1 ）表示目的,很常用；作目的狀語只能是不定式,也可用 動詞原形 不能放句首 2）表示結(jié)果,很常用；不定式做結(jié)果狀語的固定搭配 only to do too +adj/adv to do so +adj/adv as to do ,such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do on

13、ly （just ） to do 常表示意想不到或不開心的結(jié)果；in order to / so as to + 3 ）表示緣由 eg.He laughed to see them fall down./He wept to hear the news. 4）表示挑選和比較 eg.She opened her lips as through to speak./ He would die rather than give in. 2. 分詞 解題訣竅：找規(guī)律主語,辨規(guī)律關(guān)系,析動作先后語法作用：1）表示時間,相當(dāng)于表示時間,相當(dāng)于狀語從句when, while ；常用于連詞When, befo

14、re, 4 while, after, since 等后面；也可以省略連詞eg. When allowed, we are supposed to come into the room. Having finished his work, he had a walk. 2 表示緣由相當(dāng)于緣由狀語從句because, since, for 和 as ； eg. Not understanding this, he asked the teacher about it. 3）表示條件,相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句if eg. Given more time, I can finish the work. 4

15、 表示讓步,相當(dāng)于讓步狀語從句 though, although； eg. Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. 5 表示結(jié)果,相當(dāng)于結(jié)果狀語從句,這種分詞前通常有thus 或 thereby ； eg. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. 6 表示方式或相伴情形,分詞短語沒有相當(dāng)?shù)臓钫Z從句,漢譯時一般譯成并列復(fù)合句 eg. They shook hands, smiling at each other. T

16、he children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. 7）表示方式 eg. He sat there, as though waiting. 考點七：非謂語動詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 具體見 5+3 P67 頁1 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能在句中一般作狀語,表示時間、條件、緣由、相伴狀況等; 有時仍可以做定語1 作時間狀語 Spring coming ,the fields are full of life . 2 作條件狀語 Weather permitting ,we will have a picnic this Sunday

17、. 3 作緣由狀語 There being no bus ,they had no choice but to take a taxi . 4 作相伴狀語或補充說明 The prisoner stood there ,his hands raised . 相伴狀語 We met many guests ,most of them Americans.補充說明 5 作定語,其功能相當(dāng)于一個定語從句；like the sky. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue 留意一：“ 規(guī)律主語+being+ 其他” 是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的“ 規(guī)律

18、主語+動詞 -ing形式” 的一種形式；在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中, being 往往可以被省去,這種省去being 的結(jié)構(gòu),稱之為無動詞“ 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” ；2動詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可分為兩部分：一部分是 名詞或代詞（主格） ,起著規(guī)律主語的作用5 另一部分由 形容詞、副詞、名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語 狀況或動作等構(gòu)成,表示前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、1 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) : 如動名詞的規(guī)律主語為無生命的東西 , 只用一般格 物主代詞或名詞全部格 + 動名 詞 作主語、賓語、表語 代詞賓格或名詞一般格 + 動名詞 作賓語、表語 2 不定式“ 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” 構(gòu)成為：名詞代詞（主格）不定式,動詞不定

19、式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著規(guī)律上的主謂關(guān)系； eg: His mother to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner. （= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）3-ing 形式“ 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” 動詞的-ing 形式作狀語時,其規(guī)律主語一般應(yīng)與句子的主語保持一致；可以表示時間,緣由,條件,方式狀語eg: Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. When everyone was

20、ready）（=時間狀語從句The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.（=緣由狀語從句 Because the boy led the way）My health allowing, I will work far into the night. If my health allows）4-ed 形式“ 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”（=條件狀語從句與規(guī)律主語 +動詞的 -ing一樣,如 -ed 形式的規(guī)律主語和句子的主語不一樣的話,就需要用-ed 形式的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)； eg:The workers worked s

21、till harder, their living conditions greatly improved. = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder. 留意二：動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生,動詞-ed 形式表示動作已經(jīng)終止,動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行； eg:1.The manager looks worried,many things to settle.（事情仍沒有處理,而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理,用不定式 to settle） The manage

22、r looks relaxed , many things settled.（事情已經(jīng)處理好了,用動詞-ed 形式settled 表示動作已經(jīng)終止）2The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯,一邊看電視；（兩個動6 作同時進行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 做好,小孩才去睡覺的）飯做好了,小孩去睡了； （兩個動作有先后,飯已留意三： 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being 在以下兩種情形下一般不能省略,一是在“There being + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,二是在規(guī)律主語是代詞的情形下; 其他情形

23、可以省略 eg: There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車,我們只好走回家； 作賓語時 , 通常用 there to be 結(jié)構(gòu)； Members like there to be plenty of choice. eg: It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 由于是星期日,全部辦公室都關(guān)門；eg: He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. （his eyes 和 sleepy 之間省去了 being ）= He turned to me, and his

24、eyes were sleepy. eg: School over, we all went home.（school 和 over 之間省去了 being ）= School was over, and we all went home. eg: He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. 留意四：在“ 規(guī)律主語 +介詞短語” 構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)里,假如名詞用單

25、數(shù),可以不用冠詞,同時介詞短語里的限定詞也可省略；eg:The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.the door, a violin in his hand.）6、 with、without 引導(dǎo)的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（= The musi c teacher stood at 介詞 withwithout + 賓語 +賓語的補足語可以構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),上面爭論過的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情形在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能表達；A with+ 名詞代詞 +形容詞eg.He doesn t like to sleep with the windows open. B with+ 名詞代詞 +副詞 eg.Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. C with+ 名詞代詞 +介詞短語 eg.He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood