高三英語議論說明文之結構分析

1、 高三議論說明文之結構分析一、專題精講 說明文結構分析說明文是用平實的語言客觀地解說事物、闡明事理的文體。說明文實用性很強，它包括廣告、說明書、內(nèi)容提要、規(guī)則章程、解說詞、科學小品等。掌握說明順序：時間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序及說明方法：舉例子、作比較、分類別、因果、列數(shù)字、作詮釋、打比方、下定義、列圖表、作引用等對理解說明文體有著重要的作用。一、說明文的大體結構有：1總體敘述 + 細節(jié)或過程說明 + 概括評述；下面具體看看兩篇說明文ADo you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or ho

2、w hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently its because we have mirror neurons (神經(jīng)元）in our brains.Put simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate (模仿)it，whether or not we actually perform

3、the same action. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes further： mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions y they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people.Mirror neurons

4、can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. Researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language. A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentence

5、s to listen to ( for example ：The hand took hold of the ball ) , the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball).Any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior. Much research suggests that

6、people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. However, it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders.Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans

7、 behave and interact(互動）.Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent (相等物）for neuroscience of what Einsteins theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does-well，perhaps youll understand why.70.What is the passage mainly about?

8、A.Ways to find mirror neurons. B. Problems of mirror neurons.C. Existence of mirror neurons. D.Functions of mirror neurons.【考點】解釋微笑說明類【文章大意】你知道別人打呵欠你也跟著打呵欠，在眾多正在大笑的人群中而你很難不笑嗎？這是你的神經(jīng)元起作用，本文主要講述神經(jīng)元對于人類的行為和人類互動的作用。【文章結構分析】本文采取了總分總的文章架構方式，文章一開始一個疑問句形式提出問題：Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn

9、and you start yawning too?并在第一段的段尾提出文章的主題：apparently its because we have mirror neurons (神經(jīng)元）in our brains.（神經(jīng)元對我們的行為起作用）然后文章通過說明、舉例等方法從不同層面說明了神經(jīng)元對人類的行為和人類的互動的作用，在文章的結尾部分作者進一步深化了文章的主題Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact

10、(互動）。70. 【答案】D【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段的疑問句引出神經(jīng)元和下文解釋神經(jīng)元對于人類行為和互動提供更多的信息可以知道本文主要告訴我們mirror neurons的作用，D項能概括文章大意。 B You cant always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella. But designer Mikhail Belvacv doesnt think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you g

11、etting wet. Thats why he created umbrella, a lamp post with its own rain sensing umbrella.The designer says he come up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia. “once, I was driving on a central Saint Petersburg street and saw the street lamps lighting up people trying to hid

12、e from the rain. I thought it would be appropriate to have a canopy(傘蓬)built into a street lamp.” he said. The lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy. It has a built-in electric motor which can open or close the umbrella on demand. Sensors(傳感器)then ensure that th

13、e umbrella offers pedestrians shelter whenever it starts raining. In addition to the rain sensor, theres also a 360motion sensor on the biberglass street lamp which detects whether anyones using the lampbrella. After three minutes of not being used the canopy is closed. According to the designer, th

14、e lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed, so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians. Besides, it would be grounded to protect from possible lighting strike. Each lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people. Being installed at 2 meters off the ground, it would only be a danger

15、for the tallest of pedestrians. While there are no plans to take lampbrella into production, Belyacv says he recently introduced his creation one Moscow Department, and insists this creation could be installed on any street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter. 69.

16、 What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us about the lampbrella?A. Its moving speed B. Its appearance C. Its installation D. Its safety 【考點】本文是一篇說明文【要點綜述】本文介紹了設計者Mikhail Belvacv所設計的lampbrella（路燈雨傘）。介紹了設計lampbrella的靈感來源、基本構造和工作原理等?！疚恼陆Y構分析】本文采取了總分總的文章架構方式，文章一開始作者通過You cant always predict a heavy rain or re

17、member your umbrella引出文章的主題：Thats why he created umbrella, a lamp post with its own rain sensing umbrella.（Mikhail Belvacv 設計lampbrella的原因），作者接下來介紹了帶來制作這種雨傘的靈感、這種雨傘的工作原理、特點等方面，文章最后作者提出了推行這種雨傘的前景Belyacv says he recently introduced his creation one Moscow Department, and insists this creation could be

18、 installed on any street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter.起到了畫龍點睛的作用。69.【答案】D【解析】主旨概括題。根據(jù)本段“so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians”“ to protect from possible lighting strike”“ Being installed at 2 meters off the ground, it would only be a danger for the tal

19、lest of pedestrians”可以得知，這是lampbrella的人性化設計，為避雨的行人在安全方面的作了充分考慮。故選D。2現(xiàn)象或變化 + 細節(jié)或原因闡述 + 引發(fā)的后果和相關啟示。 A Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the bodyand the body from themuntil they can be releas

20、ed at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger(引發(fā)) this release, including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risksburns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrare

21、d light (NIR,近紅外線) on the drug in the capsule.The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isnt new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb cither ultraviolet (UV,紫外線) or visible light. But tissues also

22、readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds(化合物)absorb NIR well and go through chemical chan

23、ges.That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbing group called o-nitrobenzyl (ONB). Wh

24、en they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules thats even better. This one co

25、nsists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive(易反應的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive component

26、with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. Whats more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times

27、 better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.64.Why in ONB unsatisfactory?A.It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.B.It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release.C.It has not come onto the market up till now.D.It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.【考點】日常生活類說

28、明文【文章大意】。本文圍繞“怎樣使用膠囊，讓我們生病吃藥更加安全、而且療效好”這個主題展開研究，來展開話題的。【文章結構分析】本文一開始作者提出了一種現(xiàn)象：Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure.一些藥物對人體會產(chǎn)生副作用，那么如何解決這一問題呢？于是作者提出了一種方法，即文章的主題：One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the bodyand the body from themun

29、til they can be released at just the right spot.利用膠囊可以阻止藥物對人體的直接傷害。然后作者陳述了這種藥物的原理，這種藥物在臨床的使用等方面內(nèi)容，最后進一步說明了這種膠囊藥物對人體的更安全，療效也更好Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.64.【答案】D【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown”和“and it

30、 could be poisonous to cells”可知，應選D項。 BYour glasses may someday replace your smartphone, and some New Yorkers are ready for the switch. Some in the city cant wait to try them on and use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likely to include. Id use it if I were hanging out with friends at

31、 3 a. m. and going to the bar and wanted to see what was open, said Walter Choo, 40, of Fort Greene.The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, the Times said, possibly including a variation of augmented(增強的) reality, a technology already available on s

32、martphones and tablets (平板電腦) that overlays information onto the screen about ones surroundings. So, for example, if you were walking down a street, indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you

33、. As far as a mainstream consumer product, this just isnt something anybody needs, said Sam Biddle, who writes for G. Were accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do all these things, he added, and the average consumer isnt gonna be able to afford another device (裝置) thats hundreds and hundr

34、eds of dollars. 9to5Google publisher Seth Weintraub, who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since late last year, said he is confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones.Its just like smartphones 10 years ago, Weintraub said. A few people sta

35、rted getting emails on their phones, and people thought that was crazy. Same kind of thing. We see people bending their heads to look at their smartphones, and its unnatural, he said. Theres gonna be improvements to that, and this a step there. 63.We can learn from the last two paragraphs that the s

36、martphone-like glasses _.A. may have a potential marketB. are as common as smartphonesC. are popular among young adultsD. will be improved by a new technology【考點】本文是一篇說明文【文章大意】本文介紹了一種新型的智能眼鏡，會給人們帶來更多的方便?！疚恼陆Y構分析】本文一開始提出了一種新型的眼鏡，可以取代smartphone, Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone, and som

37、e New Yorkers are ready for the switch.有很多人們想不到的功能，然后通過舉例子，原理陳述，以及引用專家的解釋來說明這種新型的眼鏡如同導航儀，給人們帶來了諸多的方便，Theres gonna be improvements to that, and this a step there. 達到了水到渠成的效果。63.【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段最后一句可以推測出，這種像智能手機的眼鏡可能有潛在的市場。 議論文結構分析議論文也就是說理性的文章，通常由論點、論據(jù)、論證過程和結論組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點、提供充分的證據(jù)(evidence)，使用

38、一定的邏輯方法證明觀點或得出結論。為了突出寫作目的，作者常在文章開頭就提出論點，以便讀者對作者觀點有一個比較清晰的了解。提出論點之后，作者就會提供論據(jù)來論證論點是否正確。論證的方法較多，最為常見的方法是正反論證，這樣的論證思路清晰，觀點明確，說服力強，震撼度高。論證結束之后，作者就論點是否正確提出明確結論，它體現(xiàn)作者的寫作目的和文章的現(xiàn)實意義。也就是說，議論文一般會按提出問題分析問題、解決問題的邏輯順序來安排層次。閱讀議論文我們要抓住論題、抓住作者提出的觀點、給出的例證及最后得出的結論。抓住了論題和觀點，我們就把握了中心，再結合作為論據(jù)的諸多事例和理由之間以及它們和觀點、結論之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，我

39、們就能理解文章的結構。因此，閱讀議論文的關鍵是：抓論題、抓觀點。而作者提出論題或觀點多在文首或文尾、段首或段尾，這些都是閱讀的重點部分ATwo friends have an argument that bleaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according

40、to an official report on youth violence, In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence. Given that this is the case, why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are ta

41、ught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For

42、 example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isnt in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.Once students recognize that

43、 conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解決) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand,

44、 soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategyfor conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her sid

45、e, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speakers position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesnt mean trying to figure out whats wrong

46、with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves quest

47、ions such as these: How did this start? What do I really want? What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesnt, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesnt mean

48、 there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, 64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92

49、percent of the students felt better about themselves. Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends,. teachers. parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.50.This article is mainly abo

50、ut_.A. the lives of school childrenB. the cause of arguments in schoolsC. how to analyze youth violenceD. how to deal with school conflicts【考點】日常生活類議論文【文章大意】 學生在學校和同學發(fā)生沖突在所難免，那么究竟該如何應對呢？本文進行了分析并給大家提供了一些有效的應對策略?！疚恼陆Y構分析】文章的開頭提出了論題：友誼。并且在第一段的段尾作者提出了本文的主旨：why arent students taught to manage conflict the

51、 way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit? 然后作者展開分析：First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable；然后作者提出了Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解決) stay calm. After bo

52、th sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategyfor conflict resolution; listening.最后作者總結全文：There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesnt mean there needs to be violence.50.【答案】D【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句Given that this is the case, why arent students taught to manage conflict t

53、he way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?和整體理解，可知答案D符合文意。BAccording to sociologists（社會學家）, every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification（階層）. Class, power and status are important in deciding peoples rank in society. Class means a per

54、sons economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the

55、lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning 500,000 a year and a bus driver earning 50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class! Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great

56、power (such as governors) exercise（行使）big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding （相應的）economic class. Generally, howev

57、er, there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge, there arent too many people who arent millionaires in the U.S. Senate!Status is the honor or respect attached to a persons position in society. It can also be affected by power and class, but not necessarily so. For example, a un

58、iversity professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.55. According to the text, we know that _. A. power and class do not always correspond with each other B. status refers to a persons economic position in society C. people with high sta

59、tus have a lot of control over others D. class is less important in deciding a persons social rank56. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text? eq oac(,P1) eq oac(,P1) eq oac(,P1) eq oac(,P1) eq oac(,P2) eq oac(,P3) eq oac(,P2) eq oac(,P4) eq oac(,P2) eq oac(,P3) eq oac(,P2) eq o

60、ac(,P3) eq oac(,P4) eq oac(,P4) eq oac(,P3) eq oac(,P4) A. B. C. D.【考點】本文是一篇議論文?！疽c綜述】本文體裁為議論文，社會類閱讀理解，談到關于社會等級權利地位的話題。社會學家研究了美國社會階層中的權利與階層關系問題。【文章結構分析】文章的一開始作者提出論點：every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification（階層）. Class, power and status are important in deciding peoples r