考研考博-英語-山東現(xiàn)代學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東現(xiàn)代學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

侵略行為似乎與許多生物結(jié)構(gòu)和化學(xué)物質(zhì)有關(guān)，如大腦中的下丘腦(hypothalamus)。很多動物在受到特定刺激時會表現(xiàn)出本能的侵略反應(yīng)。下丘腦似乎與動物的這種本能反應(yīng)有關(guān)：對許多動物的下丘腦中部分區(qū)域進(jìn)行電激，會引發(fā)這一些它們的常見侵略行為。然而，人類的大腦要復(fù)雜的多，大腦的其他結(jié)構(gòu)似乎可以抑制這種本性。社會生物學(xué)是生物學(xué)方法的一個分支，該理論認(rèn)為侵略性對于人類而言是天生并且必要的。社會生物學(xué)認(rèn)為，包括侵略行為在內(nèi)的許多社會行為都是由遺傳決定的。根據(jù)達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論，他認(rèn)為，個體存在的數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過那些可以找到食物并且活到成年的個體數(shù)量。個體之間開始進(jìn)行生存競爭，那些擁有競爭優(yōu)勢的個體更容易存活，并且會將它們有利于生存競爭的基因遺傳給下一代。大部分物種所具有的競爭優(yōu)勢特質(zhì)之一就是好斗性。擁有侵略特質(zhì)的個體更容易存活和繁殖，因此，與侵略行為相關(guān)的各種基因遺傳給下一代的可能性更大。該理論在眾多方面遭到質(zhì)疑，其一，人類擁有其他物種不具備的能力，這種并非侵略性質(zhì)的能力才是人類生存下來的主要原因。其二，人類身上存在太多的變數(shù)，因此，我們無法相信人類會被侵略沖動主導(dǎo)或者支配。

【答案】Numerousbiologicalstructuresandchemicalsappeartobeinvolvedinaggression.Oneisthehypothalamus,aregionofthebrain.Inresponsetocertainstimuli,manyanimalsshowinstinctiveaggressivereactions.Thehypothalamusappearstobeinvolvedinthisinbornreactionpattern:electricalstimulationofpartofthehypothalamustriggersstereotypicalaggressivebehaviorsinmanyanimals.Inpeople,however,whosebrainsaremorecomplex,otherbrainstructuresapparentlymoderatepossibleinstincts.Anoffshootofthebiologicalapproachcalledsociobiologysuggeststhataggressionisnaturalandevendesirableforpeople.Sociobiologyviewsmuchsocialbehavior,includingaggressivebehavior,asgeneticallydetermined.ConsiderDarwin'stheoryofevolution.Darwinheldthatmanymoreindividualsareproducedthanthosecanfindfoodandsurviveintoadulthood.Astruggleforsurvivalfollows.Thoseindividualswhopossesscharacteristicsthatprovidethemwithanadvantageinthestruggleforexistencearemorelikelytosurviveandcontributetheirgenestothenextgeneration.Inmanyspecies,suchcharacteristicsincludeaggressiveness.Becauseaggressiveindividualsaremorelikelytosurviveandreproduce,whatevergenesarelinkedtoaggressivebehavioraremorelikelytobetransmittedtosubsequentgenerations.：Thesociobiologyviewhasbeenattackedonnumerousgrounds.Oneisthatpeople'scapacitytooutwitotherspecies,nottheiraggressiveness,appearstobethedominantfactorinhumansurvival.Anotheristhatthereistoomuchvariationamongpeopletobelievethattheyaredominatedby,oratthemercyof,aggressiveimpulses.

2.單選題

Knowingthathewaspromoted,Jasoncouldhardlybe（）onthephone.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.adherent

B.adhesive

C.coherent

D.inherent

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)adherent“附著的；黏著的”；B選項(xiàng)adhesive“黏著的；帶黏性的”；C選項(xiàng)coherent“連貫的；清晰的；條理清楚的”；D選項(xiàng)inherent“固有的；內(nèi)在的；與生俱來的，遺傳的”。句意：在得知自己升職后，杰森在電話里幾乎不能條理清楚地講話。根據(jù)句意，C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Thecaptainperformshisdutieswithgreat_______andallthecrewbelievedthattheycangetoverthestorm.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.affection

B.suspicion

C.assurance

D.definition

【答案】C

【解析】affection喜愛,影響;suspicion懷疑;assurance確信,斷言,withassurance指有把握地,自信地;definition定義。句意：船長信心十足地履行著他的職責(zé)，所有的船員都相信他們能夠戰(zhàn)勝暴風(fēng)雨。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

4.寫作題

Inthecurrentjobmarket,universitygraduatesarehavingahardtimefindingjobswhilemanyemployersarecomplainingabouttheshortageofworkhands.Writeanessayofnolessthan200wordsanalyzingthephenomenon.YouressayshouldbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.

【答案】WhyAreUniversityGraduatesHavingaHardTimeFindingJobs?5.單選題

Thestoryistoldthatinthe,medievalUniversityofParistheprofessorsweredisputingaboutthenumberofteethinahorse’smouth.Theyagreedthatthenumbercouldnotbeamultipleofthree,forthatwouldbeanoffensetotheTrinity;norcoulditbeamultipleaseven.NeithertherecordsofAristotlenortheargumentsofStThomasenabledthemtosolvetheproblem.Thenashockingthinghappened.Astudentwhohadbeenlisteningthediscussionwentout,openedahorsedmouthandcountedtheteeth.

Iwanttodrawtwoconclusionsfromthisparable.Thefirstisthatourpresentperplexitiesaboutuniversitiesderivefromtheactofthismedievalstudent.Hesymbolizesthebeginningofobjectiveinquiry,therevoltagainstauthority,theempiricalattitude,thelinkingofacademicstudywiththefactsoflife.Hisactintroducedresearchintotheuniversity.Afterthehorse'smouthwasopenedknowledgebecameanopensystem.Thesecond-conclusionisthatwemustthinktwicebeforewebecomenostalgicaboutthetraditionaluniversityideal.Noteverythingaboutthetraditionaluniversityisworthpreserving.Themedievaluniversitywashostiletowhatwenowcallacademicfreedom.Tostayoutsidethecorpusacademicismsetbookseventointerprettheminnovelwayswastocourtheresy.Thetraditionaluniversitywasnotmuchinterestedindiscovery:itwaspreoccupiedwithtransmissionofacrystallizedculture.Itwasatcertainperiodsnoteveninterestedinknowledgeforitsownsake.Manyscholarspursuedknowledge.Ifnorforprefermentthenasameansofspiritualandintellectualhealth,justasamanplays,golfnotforthesakeofgolfbuttokeepdownweight.

Iwanttofollowthesetwolinesofthoughtbyraisingthreequestion.Thefirstiswhatdowewanttoperpetuatefromtheuniversity'slongtradition?What,inotherwords,isthecontentofourloyaltytotheuniversityideal?Secondlywhatobligationsdoestheuniversityhave—_whatloyaltiesoughtittofoster—towardscontemporarysociety?Andthirdly,whataretheprospectsthatthesetwoloyalties—onetoatraditionaluniversityidealtheothertothesocietyinwhichwelivecanbereconciled?

1.Thepassagemainlydiscusses（

）.

2.Theauthorusestheparabletoshowthat（

）.

3.Thepassagestatesthat（

）.

4.Theauthorwouldprobablyagreewith（

）.

5.Theword“novel”inparagraph2isasynonymto（

）.

6.Itcouldbeinferredthattheauthormentionsallthefollowingexcept（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.themostimportantfunctionofauniversity

B.thedifferencesbetweenmodernandmedievaluniversities

C.thecontentoftheuniversityideal

D.theauthor'sopiniononeducation

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.scientificresearchshouldbebasedonfact

B.thetraditionaluniversityidealisacceptable

C.oneshouldalwaysobserveanimalscarefully

D.onemustlistencarefullytowhatotherssay

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Therelationshipbetweenteacherandstudentisverysimple

B.Manyscholarspursueknowledgeforspiritualandintellectualhealth

C.Therealizationoftheuniversityidealdependsonseveralimportantfactors

D.Theuniversity'slongtraditionalispreferredbymanyscholars

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theoriesmustbecombinedwithpractice.

B.Scienceisnotrelatedtoimaginations

C.Theteachingenvironmentisthemostimportantinachievingtheuniversityideal

D.Themedievaluniversityhadlittlemerits.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.clever

B.brave

C.new

D.interesting

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.thetraditionalteachingmethods

B.objectiveinquiry

C.thelinkingofacademicstudywiththefactsoflife

D.revoltagainstauthority

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:C

第6題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。作者通過寓言引出傳統(tǒng)教育理念，并對此做出兩個結(jié)論：第一，我們目前對大學(xué)的困惑源于這位中世紀(jì)學(xué)生的行為，即客觀探究、反抗權(quán)威等；第二，對傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)理念要三思后再考慮踐行。最后，作者提出三個疑問，一是我們應(yīng)該延續(xù)傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)的什么內(nèi)容？大學(xué)有什么義務(wù)？這兩種忠誠（一種是對傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)理想的忠誠，另一種是對社會的忠誠）的前景是什么？這些內(nèi)容都是和教育有關(guān)，因此答案為D選項(xiàng)“作者對教育的看法”。

2.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段中“Iwanttodrawtwoconclusionsfromthisparable.”，中文翻譯為我想從這個寓言中得出兩個結(jié)論。以及后文“Thefirstisthatourpresentperplexitiesaboutuniversitiesderivefromtheactofthismedievalstudent.Hesymbolizesthebeginningofobjectiveinquiry,therevoltagainstauthority,theempiricalattitude,thelinkingofacademicstudywiththefactsoflife.Hisactintroducedresearchintotheuniversity.”，中文翻譯為：第一，我們現(xiàn)在對大學(xué)的困惑源于這個中世紀(jì)學(xué)生的行為。他象征著客觀探究的開始、對權(quán)威的反抗、經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的態(tài)度、學(xué)術(shù)研究與生活事實(shí)的聯(lián)系。他的行為把研究引入了大學(xué)。和“Thesecond-conclusionisthatwemustthinktwicebeforewebecomenostalgicaboutthetraditionaluniversityideal…”，中文翻譯為：第二個結(jié)論是，在我們對傳統(tǒng)的大學(xué)理想產(chǎn)生懷舊情緒之前，我們必須三思而后行。可以得知B選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)教育理想是可以接受的”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段中“Thesecond-conclusionisthatwemustthinktwicebeforewebecomenostalgicaboutthetraditionaluniversityideal.”，中文翻譯為：第二個結(jié)論是，在我們對傳統(tǒng)的大學(xué)理想產(chǎn)生懷舊情緒之前，我們必須三思而后行。因此，C選項(xiàng)“大學(xué)理想的實(shí)現(xiàn)取決于很多重要因素”最符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由A項(xiàng)可以定位到文章第二段，第二段談及“寓言中學(xué)生的行為象征著客觀探究的開始，對權(quán)威的反抗，經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的態(tài)度，學(xué)術(shù)研究與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的聯(lián)系?！眲t排除A選項(xiàng)；B選項(xiàng)在文章內(nèi)沒有提及；由C選項(xiàng)“教學(xué)環(huán)境是實(shí)現(xiàn)大學(xué)理想的重中之重”可以定位到文章第二段中“Themedievaluniversitywashostiletowhatwenowcallacademicfreedom…Thetraditionaluniversitywasnotmuchinterestedindiscovery:itwaspreoccupiedwithtransmissionofacrystallizedculture.Itwasatcertainperiodsnoteveninterestedinknowledgeforitsownsake.Manyscholarspursuedknowledge.”，中文翻譯為：中世紀(jì)的大學(xué)敵視我們現(xiàn)在所說的學(xué)術(shù)自由……傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)對發(fā)現(xiàn)不太感興趣：它專注于固定文化的傳播。在某些時期，它甚至對知識本身不感興趣。許多學(xué)者追求知識。判斷C選項(xiàng)正確；由D項(xiàng)可以定位到文章中“Noteverythingaboutthetraditionaluniversityisworthpreserving.”，中文翻譯為：傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)中不是所有東西都值得保留。以及文章提及在對傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)理想產(chǎn)生懷舊情緒之前需要三思，判斷出D項(xiàng)錯誤。故C為正確答案。

5.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“novel”可以定位到第二段中“Noteverythingaboutthetraditionaluniversityisworthpreserving.Themedievaluniversitywashostiletowhatwenowcallacademicfreedom.Tostayoutsidethecorpusacademicismsetbookseventointerprettheminnovelwayswastocourtheresy.Thetraditionaluniversitywasnotmuchinterestedindiscovery:itwaspreoccupiedwithtransmissionofacrystallizedculture.”，中文翻譯為：并不是所有的傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)都值得保留。中世紀(jì)的大學(xué)敵視我們現(xiàn)在所說的學(xué)術(shù)自由。置身于學(xué)術(shù)文集之外，甚至以新穎的方式解讀書籍，都是在招惹異端。傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)對發(fā)現(xiàn)不太感興趣：它專注于固定文化的傳播?？梢缘弥狢項(xiàng)“新的”最為符合。

6.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段中“Hesymbolizesthebeginningofobjectiveinquiry,therevoltagainstauthority,theempiricalattitude,thelinkingofacademicstudywiththefactsoflife.”，中文翻譯為：他象征著客觀探究的開始，對權(quán)威的反抗，經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的態(tài)度，學(xué)術(shù)研究與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的聯(lián)系。因此只有A選項(xiàng)沒有提及，符合題意。

6.單選題

Itwasacold,rainyandwhollymiserableafternooninWashington,andahotmuggynightinMiami.ItwasSunday,andthreegameswereplayedinthetwocities.Thepeopleplayingthemandthepeoplewatchingthemtellusmuchabouttheever-changingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates.

ProfessionalfootballintheUnitedStatesisalmostwhollyplayedbynative-bornAmericancitizens,mostlyverylargeandverystrong,manyofthemblack,itisagameofphysicalstrength.Linemenroutinelyweighmorethan300pounds.Playersarevaluedfortheirweighandmuscles,forhowfasttheycanrun,andhowhardtheycanhiteachother.Footballdrawsthebiggestcrowds,buttheteamsplayonlyonceaweek,becausetheygetsobattered.

The67.204fanswereinMiamiforthefinalgameofthebaseballWorldSeries.BaseballwasonceAmerica'sfavoritegame,buthaslostthatclaimtobasketball.

Baseballisagamethatrequiresstrength,butnothugeness.Agility,quickness,perfectvisionandquickreactionaremoreimportantthanpurestrength.BaseballwasonceapurelyAmericangame,buthasspreadaroundmuchoftheNewWorld.InthatSunday'sfinal,thefinalhitoftheextrainninggamewasdeliveredbyanativeofColumbia.TheMostValuablePlayerinthegamewasanativeofColumbia.Therostersofbothteamswereawashwith

Hispanicnames,asisMiami,whichnowclaimstheWorldChampionshipisagamethatmaybelosingpopularityinAmerica,buthasgaineditinmuchoftherestoftheworld.BaseballinAmericahastakenonastrongHispanicflavor,withadashofJapaneseaddedforseasoning.

Soccer,whichmanycountriesjustcallfootball,isthemostwidelyenjoyedsportintheworld.Insoccer,whichmanycountriesjustcallfootball,theethnictidehasbeenthereverseofbaseball.Untilrecently,professionalsoccerintheUnitedStateshaslargelybeenanimport,playedbysouthAmericansandEuropeans.Now,Americancitizensinlargenumbersarefinallytakingupthemostpopulargameintheworld.

Basketball,anAmericaninventionincreasinglyplayedaroundtheworld,thesedaysdrawslargecrowdsbackhome.Likewise,hockey,agamelargelyimportedtotheUnitedStatesfromneighboringCanada.Lacrosse,aversionofwhichwasplayedbyNativeAmericansbeforetheEuropeansarrived,isalsogainingakeennationalfollowing.

SportsofallkindsarewinningsupportfromAmericanarmchairenthusiastsfromavarietyofethnicbackgrounds.

1.Whichofthefollowingcatreflecttheever-changingethnicstructureofAmerica?

2.WhoplayprofessionalfootballintheUnitedStates?

3.WhatisAmerica’sfavoritegame?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsocceristrue?

5.Theauthorofthepassagewantstotellusthat（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Sportsman.

B.Audience.

C.Bothofthem.

D.Noneofthem.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Native-bornAmericancitizens.

B.Europeans.

C.SouthAmericans.

D.BothBandC.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Baseball.

B.Basketball.

C.Professionalfootball.

D.Soccer.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Insoccerandbasketball,theethnictideisdifferent.

B.Untilrecently,soccerbecomesanimportantgame,somanynativeAmericansplayit.

C.Itisthemostpopulargameintheworld,somanyAmericancitizenstakeupit.

D.Althoughsocceristhemostpopulargameintheworld,Americancitizensinlargenumbersdonotlikefirst.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.AmericanslikesportsandsportsrevealmuchaboutthechangingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates

B.InWashington,severalgamesareplayedinoneday

C.Americanslikeallkindsofgames

D.TheAmericangamesarewatchedbynative-Americansandplayedbypeoplefromdifferentcountries

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.文章第一段第二句話thepeopleplayingthemandthepeoplewatchingthemtellusmuchabouttheever-changingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates提到通過參加比賽的運(yùn)動員還有觀看比賽的觀反映出美國種族結(jié)構(gòu)的變化，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.文章第二段第一句ProfessionalfootballintheUnitedStatesisalmostwhollyplayedbynative-bornAmericancitizens,提到職業(yè)的足球運(yùn)動員都是土生土長的美國人，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.文章第五段講述了職業(yè)足球運(yùn)動員主要是南美人和歐洲人，而最近美國本地人也終于喜歡踢足球了（Now,Americancitizensinlargenumbersarefinallytakingupthemostpopulargameintheworld），選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.文章第五段最后兩句Untilrecently,professionalsoccerintheUnitedStateshaslargelybeenanimport,playedbysouthAmericansandEuropeans.Now,Americancitizensinlargenumbersarefinallytakingupthemostpopulargameintheworld提到美國的職業(yè)足球一般都是南美人和歐洲人，而現(xiàn)在大部分美國人終于開始喜歡足球。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

5.文章第一段就指出了全文的主旨，那就是體育運(yùn)動反映出了美國不斷變化的種族結(jié)構(gòu)（Thepeopleplayingthemandthepeoplewatchingthemtellusmuchabouttheever-changingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates），其他段落的內(nèi)容通過選擇不同種類的運(yùn)動來說明這個觀點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

7.單選題

Intheprocessofdevelopmentweshould（）heartthatsociallifeisbasedonexchange.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.takefrom

B.taketo

C.takefor

D.takein

【答案】D

【解析】動詞詞組辨析。takefrom“降低；減少”；taketo“喜歡；走向；開始從事”；takefor“認(rèn)為；

以為”；takein“吸收；領(lǐng)會；理解”。句意：在發(fā)展過程中，我們應(yīng)該領(lǐng)會到社會生活是以交流為基礎(chǔ)的。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

8.單選題

Theadvertisingindustryhasresortedtoself-regulationinaseriousefforttocurtailnotonlybadtastebutalsomisrepresentationanddeceptionincopyandillustrations.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.avert

B.deny

C.exclude

D.reduce

【答案】D

【解析】動詞辨析。句意:廣告業(yè)通過加強(qiáng)自律努力清除印刷制品與各類插圖中的低俗內(nèi)容、失實(shí)報道與欺騙信息。

avert:避免，防止。deny:否認(rèn)，拒絕。reduce:減少，降低，縮小。curtail:縮減，縮短。故D項(xiàng)與題意一致。

9.單選題

Ingeneral,theamountthatastudentspendsforhousingshouldbeuptoone-fifththetotal（）forlivingexpenses.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.acceptable

B.available

C.advisable

D.applicable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。acceptable“可接受的”；available“可獲得的，可得到的”；advisable“明智的，可取的”；applicable“可適用的，可應(yīng)用的”。句意：大體上，學(xué)生的房租支出最多只能占可多得的生活總費(fèi)用的五分之一。B項(xiàng)符合題意。

10.單選題

Itisanoffencetoshow（）againstpeopleofdifferentraces.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.distinction

B.difference

C.separation

D.discrimination

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)distinction“區(qū)別，差別”；B選項(xiàng)difference“差異，不同”；C選項(xiàng)separation“分離，分開”；D選項(xiàng)discrimination“歧視，區(qū)別”句意：歧視其他種族的人是一種冒犯行為。由選項(xiàng)意思和句意可知，D選項(xiàng)符合句意。

11.翻譯題

Itisacommonprobleminthenon-familyownedprivatelimitedcompany:shareholder/directorwantstoretireorleavethebusiness,butoneormoreofhisfellowshareholders/directorswanttocontinue.1.Itiseasyenoughforadirectortoretire,butthelikelihoodisthathewillwanttocashinonhisshareswhichhaveaccumulatedsomevalueovertheperiodofhisparticipationinthebusiness.Frequently,though,hisfellowshareholder/director(s)donothavethefinancialresourcestoacquirethesharesattheirmarketvalue.Awidevarietyofoptionsexist,butpurchaseofownsharesbythecompanyisoneofthemostuseful.

Purchaseofownsharesisexactlywhatsaysitis:thecompanyacquiresthesharesfromtheshareholders.Inprinciple,itisasimpleconceptbutonewhichiscoveredbyanumberofveryimportantlegislativeprovisions,bothincompanyandtaxlaw.2.Althoughatfirstsightthelegislationappearstoobstructwhatmightotherwisebeasimpleprocess,itactuallyexisttofacilitatethepurchase,whileprotectingthecreditors(sofarascompanylawisconcerned).Infact,theprovisionaretoonumeroustocoverindetailinafewwordsandthisarticleisdesignedtooutlinetherules,regulationsandoptions.

3.Itwasalwaysthecasethatacompanycouldnotacquireitsownshares,becauseindoingsoitwasobtainingownershipofitself,whichiscontrarytothemostfundamentallegalprinciplessurroundingthenatureandexistenceofcompanies.TheCompanyAct1981changedallthatandtheprovisionsitintroducedarenowincorporatedintotheCompanyAct1985.

4.Inessence,providedacompanyispermittedtodosobyitsMemorandumandArticlesofAssociation,anycompanycannowacquireitsownshares(subjecttotherebeingatleastoneleft).Becausepurchaseofownsharesisarelativelyrecentinnovation,manycompanies’MemorandumandArticlesofAssociationdonotcontainthisprovisionbutappropriateprovisionscanbeincludedbySpecialResolution,requiringa75%majority.

5.Althoughthepurchasemustnormallybemadeoutoftheproceedsofafreshissueofsharesandorofdistributableprofits,importantprovisionexistforprivatecompaniestomakethepurchaseoutofcapital.Ifdistributableprofitsareinsufficientthen,providedthecompanyissolventaftertheredemptionandisbelievedbydirectorstobegoingconcernforafurtheryear,thenthepurchasecangoahead.

【答案】1.對一個董事來說，只是想退休很容易，但他可能想要將他在參與公司經(jīng)營期間積累了一定價值的股份變現(xiàn)。

2.雖然乍一看，這項(xiàng)立法似乎阻礙了原本可能簡單的程序，但它實(shí)際上是為了在促進(jìn)購買的同時保護(hù)債權(quán)人（就公司法而言）的權(quán)利。

3.通常情況下，一個公司不能購買自己的股份，因?yàn)檫@樣做是獲得自己的所有權(quán)，這違反了關(guān)于公司的性質(zhì)和存在的最基本的法律原則。

4.從本質(zhì)上來說，只要一家公司的組織大綱和章程允許它這樣做，任何公司現(xiàn)在都可以收購自己的股份（前提是至少還有一股剩下）。

5.盡管這種購買通常必須用新發(fā)行的股票和（或）可分配利潤的收益進(jìn)行，但對私營公司來說，也存在可以用資本購買的重要規(guī)定。

12.單選題

Inthenextfewyears,theterm"bigdata"willcometoseemnaive,likewhen"informationsuperhighway"gavewayto"theinternet"in1995.

We'reenteringanageofpersonalbigdataanditsimpactonourliveswillsurpassthatoftheinternet.Datawillanswerquestionswecouldneverbeforeanswerwithcertaintyeverydayquestionslikewhetherthatdressactuallymakesyoulookfat,orprofoundquestionsaboutpreciselyhowlongyouwilllive.

Every20yearsorso,apowerfultechnologymovesfromtherealmofbackroomexpertiseandintothehandsofthemasses.Inthelate1970s,computingmadethattransitionfrommainframesinglass-enclosedroomstopersonalcomputerondesks.Inthelate1990s,thefirstwebbrowsersmadenetworks,whichhadbeenforsciencelabsandthemilitary,accessibletoanyofus,givingbirthtothemoderninternet.

Eachtransitiontouchedoffanexplosionofinnovationandreshapedworkandleisure.In1975,50,000PCswereinuseworldwide.Twentyyearslater,225million.Thenumberofinternetusersin1995hit16million.Todayit'smorethan3billion.Inmuchoftheworld,it'shardtoimaginelifewithoutconstantaccesstobothcomputingandnetworks.

The2010swillbethecoming-outpartyfordata.Gathering,accessingandgleaninginsightsfromvastanddeepdatahasbeenacapabilitylockedinsideenterpriseslongenough.Cloudcomputingandmobiledevicesnowmakeitpossibletostandinabathroomlineatabaseballgamewhiletappingintomassivecomputingpoweranddatabases.Ontheotherhand,connecteddevicessuchastheNestthermostatorFitbithealthmonitorandappsonsmartphonesincreasinglycollectnewkindsofinformationabouteverydaypersonalactionsandhabits,turningitintodataaboutourselves.

ThattheworldisawashindatamaybeasobviousassayingLadyGagadressesfunny.Butthegamechangerusheringintheneweraistheabilitytomakesenseofdatainwaysthatletnon-techhumansinteractwithit,learnfromitanduseit.

Morethan80percentofdatatodayisunstructured:tanglesofYouTubevideos,newsstories,academicpapers,socialnetworkcomments.Unstructureddatahasbeenalmostimpossibletosearchfor,analyzeandmixwithotherdata.Anewgenerationofcomputers-cognitivecomputingsystemsthatlearnfromdata-willreadtweetsore-booksorwatchvideoandcomprehenditscontent.Somewhatlikebrains,thesesystemscanlinkdiversebitsofdatatocomeupwithrealanswers,notjustsearchresults.

1.Whatcausedtheappearanceofmoderninternet?

2.Whatdoesthephrase"tappinginto"(paragraph5)probablymeaninthetext?

3.Inwhichwaycanwegetdataaboutourselves?

4.Whatistheessentialdifferencebetweentraditionalcomputersandcognitivecomputersystems?

5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Bigdata

B.Informationsuperhighway

C.Cloudcomputing

D.Browsers

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Stickinginto.

B.Beatingsoftly

C.Makinguseof

D.Investing

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Fromeverydaypersonalactions.

B.Fromconnecteddevices.

C.Fromeverydaypersonalhabits.

D.Fromdatabase.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Cognitivecomputersystemsworkfasterthantraditionalcomputers

B.Cognitivecomputersystemsworkmoreaccurately.

C.Cognitivecomputersystemcanworklikehumanbrains.

D.Cognitivecomputersystemscansearchresults.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Computingwasintherealmofbackroomexpertisebefore1970s.

B.Theworldisfloodedintoomuchconfuseddata.

C.In1975,50,000PCswereinuseworldwide.

D.Datawillanswerquestionswecouldneverbeforeanswerwithcertainty.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第三段中的Inthelate1990s,thefirstwebbrowsersmadenetworks,whichhadbeenforsciencelabsandthemilitary,accessibletoanyofus,givingbirthtothemoderninternet.（在20世紀(jì)90年代后期，第一批網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器使網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以為我們所用，從而出現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)曾是專為科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室和軍隊(duì)所用）可知選D。

2.詞義題。stickinginto意為“堅(jiān)持，粘入”；beatingsoftly意為“輕拍”；makinguseof意為“利用”；investing意為“投資，花費(fèi)”。根據(jù)“tappinginto”在Cloudcomputingandmobiledevicesnowmakeitpossibletostandinabathroomlineatabaseballgamewhiletappingintomassivecomputingpoweranddatabases.（現(xiàn)在云計(jì)算和移動設(shè)備可以……巨大的計(jì)算能力和數(shù)據(jù)庫使站在浴室里籃球賽成為可能）中前后的句意，可知C選項(xiàng)最符合語境。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章倒數(shù)第三段中的Ontheotherhand,connecteddevices...increasinglycollectnewkindsofinformationabouteverydaypersonalactionsandhabits,turningitintodataaboutourselves.（另一方面，連接的設(shè)備……越來越多地收集有關(guān)日常個人行為和習(xí)慣的新信息，將其轉(zhuǎn)化為有關(guān)自己的數(shù)據(jù)）可知選B。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章最后一段中的Anewgenerationofcomputers—cognitivecomputingsystemsthatlearnfromdata—willreadtweetsore-booksorwatchvideoandcomprehenditscontent.（新一代計(jì)算機(jī)——從數(shù)據(jù)中學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知計(jì)算系統(tǒng)——能閱讀推特或電子書或觀看視頻，能并理解其內(nèi)容）可知選C。

5.推理判斷題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段中ThattheworldisawashindatamaybeasobviousassayingLadyGagadressesfunny.（世界上充斥著大量的數(shù)據(jù)，這可能和說LadyGaga的服裝很有趣一樣顯而易見）和最后一段中的Morethan80percentofdatatodayisunstructured:tanglesofYouTubevideos,newsstories,academicpapers,socialnetworkcomments.Unstructureddatahasbeenalmostimpossibletosearchfor,analyzeandmixwithotherdata.（今天超過80%的數(shù)據(jù)是非結(jié)構(gòu)化的：視頻、新聞報道、學(xué)術(shù)論文、社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)評論。非結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù)幾乎不可能搜索、分析和與其他數(shù)據(jù)混合）可知B選項(xiàng)“世界上充斥著太多令人困惑的數(shù)據(jù)”符合題意。

13.單選題

Itisnotuncommonforthere______problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.being

B.wouldbe

C.be

D.tobe

【答案】A

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：年輕一代與老一代之間的交流存在問題，這種情況非常罕見。此處是therebe句型，根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知此處并不缺少謂語動詞，因而只能使用非謂語動詞，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

14.單選題

Amanufacturerofsportsshoesstartssellingconsumerelectronics.Asoftdrinklendsitsnametoarangeofurbanclothing.What’sgoingon?Insimplertimes,youknewwhereyouwerewithbrands.Onebrandnamemeantgood-qualitysportsshoes,anotherasoftdrink.Noconfusion.Today,however,bigcompaniestrytoredefinebrandsasnotsomuchaproduct,moreawayoflife,andstretchthemintonewareas.Intheearlyyearsoftheconsumersociety,abrandnameonaboxsimplyidentifiedwhatwasinside.Peoplewerelookingforproductsthatwouldimprovetheirqualityoflife,andchoosebrandsmostlikelytoachievethatpurpose.Butaspeopleinindustrializednationsbecamemoreaffluentandfulfilledtheirbasicneeds,brandsacquiredotherattributes.Thefunctionalityoftheproductwasstillimportant,butpeoplealsostartedusingbrandstosaysomethingaboutthemselves,forexample,choosingabrandofcosmeticswhichwouldsuggestthattheyweresophisticatedjet-setters.

Now,wehaveenteredathirdageofbranding,inwhichsomanycompaniesaremakingroughlythesameproductatroughlythesamepricethatfunctionalityrarelysucceedsasapointofdifferentiation.Instead,companiesaretryingtomaketheirbrandsstandoutbyemphasizingtheiremotionalaspects,hopingconsumerswillidentifywiththesetofvaluesthebrandrepresents.

Onedisadvantageofaproduct-basedbrandisthatiftheproductgoesoutoffashion,thebrandgoeswithit.Thisisaseriousconcernformanufacturesofbreakfastcereals,whoarestrugglingtocounterweakdemandfortheproductsthatbeartheirnames.Sofar,theirmarketingeffortsseemtobehavinglittleeffect.Theadvantageforemotionalbrandsisthatcompaniescantransfertheirbrandstrengthintootherareas,increasingrevenuesandreducingtheirexposuretothelifespanofasingleproduct.

Theelasticityofbrandsseemstoberelatedtotheirpositiononaspectrumrangingfromthoserootedinsolid,tangibleassetstothosewithhighlyintangibleemotionalqualities.Attheoneend,youhavetraincompaniesthattendtoassociatethemselveswithinfrastructureandtheirabilitytogetyoufromAtoB,andattheotherendwouldbealeisurebrandthatpositionsitselfondreamsandmakingpeoplehavefun.Itisthelatterwhichhasthemaximumpotentialforstretch.

Butevenemotionalbrandshavealimittotheirelasticity.Themerchandisehastobeconsistentwiththebrandpromise.Justtosellmerchandisewithyourlogoonitisashort-term,mistakenidea.Fromthisviewpoint,thedecisiontomovefromsportsshoesintoconsumerelectronicsmakessense.Mostitemsintherange,suchasthetwo-wayradioforhikers,aresports-focused,eventhoughtheproductsmaybeadoptedasfashionaccessories,andthesportsshoecustomerswillprobablysnapthemup.

Whenthemovewasmadefromsoftdrinksintoclothing,however,itleftthebrandingconsultantscold.Itwasadifficultmentalleapintoclothingfromthedrinksocloselyassociatedwiththatparticularbrandname.Ontheotherhand,theemotionalattributesthatyoungstersseemtofindappealinginthedrink,likeitsheritageandglobalappeal,arefashionableatthemoment,andinfactresponsetotheclotheswiththesamenameh