形容詞和副詞的用法

形容詞和副詞一、形容詞定義：形容詞是用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞，表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)，和特征的程度好壞，與否的詞。（一）、形容詞可分為兩大類：描繪形容詞和限定形容詞。描繪形容詞是描寫人或物的顏色、尺寸、形狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等的形容詞。限定形容詞用于限定被修飾詞的數(shù)量、距離、所有關(guān)系等。除了these和those外，形容詞的單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。描繪形容詞限定形容詞Beautiful,large,red,基數(shù)詞(one,two)序數(shù)詞(first,second)interesting,colourful物主代詞(my,your)指示代詞(this,that,these)important數(shù)量詞(few,many)冠詞(a,an,the)（二）、形容詞的位置1）形容詞一般作定語(yǔ)，置于被修飾語(yǔ)之前，但當(dāng)幾個(gè)形容詞修飾同一名詞時(shí)，其排列順序一般如下：形容詞型代/冠詞T數(shù)量詞―描繪形容詞allboththe,a(n)this,thatfirstone性質(zhì)尺寸形狀新舊溫度顏色國(guó)籍材料、用途goodlargecoldredChineseironsuchYour,some,manysecondtwoFinesmallhotblueEnglishstoneExample:thatstrongyoungChineseswimmer2）形容詞前有as,so,no,too,how等詞時(shí)，不定冠詞應(yīng)置于形容詞之后。Sheistookindagirltorefuse.在下列情況下，修飾語(yǔ)應(yīng)置于被修飾的名詞后：名詞之后的數(shù)量詞+名詞+old,long,wide等。aboysixyearsold,astreettwokilometerslongsomething,anything,everyone,anybody…+形容詞。There’snothingwrongwiththeelectriccooker.作定語(yǔ)用的分詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)Thejudgehastalkedtoallthepeopleinvolved.兩個(gè)形容詞由and或or并列時(shí)Allpeople,richorpoor,areequal.“數(shù)詞+名詞”構(gòu)成的形容詞中名詞用單數(shù),放于被修飾詞之前:(1)數(shù)詞+名詞，如atwo-weektour,atenreport等。（2）數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞，如aseven-year-oldboy等。注：名詞（無(wú)冠詞）+基數(shù)^=the+序數(shù)詞+名詞，如Unite6=theSixthUnite（4）“數(shù)量詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)，雖然是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但仍然用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，作為一個(gè)單位來(lái)表示。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別數(shù)，則須用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。Tenyearsisquitealongtimetohim.TwomonthshavepassedsinceIlastheardfrommyparents.5） 形容詞也可作表語(yǔ)，放于系動(dòng)詞之后。6） 形容詞可以放于復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中賓語(yǔ)之后，作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。7） the+形容詞，可以表示一類人或一類物。二、副詞定義:副詞是一種用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,全句的詞，說(shuō)明時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),程度,方式等概念。（一） 分類：1） 時(shí)間和頻度副詞：now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently,seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,immediately,hardly,finally,shortly,before,ago,sometimes,yesterday.2） 地點(diǎn)副詞:here,there,everywhere,anywhere,in,out,inside,outside,above,below,down,back,forward,home,upstairs,downstairs,across,along,round,around,near,off,past,up,away,on.3） 方式副詞：carefully,properly,anxiously,suddenly,normally,fast,well,calmly,politely,proudly,softly,warmly4） 程度副詞：much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite,perfectly,enough,extremely,entirely,almost,slightly.5） 疑問(wèn)副詞：how,when,where,why.6） 關(guān)系副詞：when,where,why.7） 連接副詞：how,when,where,why,whether（二） 、副詞的構(gòu)成如下：1） 本身就是副詞，如very,now,there,quite等.2） 有形容詞后綴如-ly,如happily,carefully等。3） 有些副詞與形容詞同行，如early,high,long,fast,hard等。注意：有些-ly結(jié)尾的詞不是副詞而是形容詞，如manly,friendly,queenly等。（三） 、副詞的位置1） 修飾形容詞和副詞時(shí)，須放在被修飾詞之前，如Thesceneryaroundhereisverybeautiful.2） always,never,often,sometimes,ususlly等表示頻率的副詞在一般動(dòng)詞前，be動(dòng)詞后，有助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在助動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞之間。Heusuallygetsupearly,buthegotuplatetoday.IhavenevermethimandIhopeIwillnevermeethim.3） 有兩個(gè)以上不同種類的副詞作修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，其順序?yàn)榈攸c(diǎn)（小地點(diǎn)+大地點(diǎn)）T狀態(tài)T次數(shù)―時(shí)間（單位小的時(shí)間+單位大的時(shí)間）。TheyarrivedinParissafelytheotherday.4） seldom,rarely,never等具有否定意義的頻率副詞置于句首時(shí)，助動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞須放在主語(yǔ)的前面（也叫倒裝句），如NeverdidIhearsuchafunnystory=Ineverheardsuchafunnystory.（四） 、幾個(gè)特殊副詞的用法1） enough須置于所修飾的形容詞和副詞之后；too須置于所修飾的形容詞和副詞之前.ShespeaksEnglishwellenoughtobeaninterpreter.It,stoohotadaytowork.但enough修飾名詞時(shí)須置于名詞之前.Haveyougotenoughmoneyforthismicrowaveoven?2） too…（for…）+不定式（to）,作“太…而不能"解；enough+不定式，意思是“足夠可以”，這一結(jié)構(gòu)可轉(zhuǎn)換成so…that結(jié)構(gòu)。Theboywasstilltooyoungtogotoschool.THewassoyoungthathecouldnotgotoschool.ThemanisrichenoughtobuyaRoll-Royce.THeissorichthathecanbuyaRoll-Royce.3） already用于肯定句，作“已經(jīng)”解;yet用于否定句，作“還”解，用于疑問(wèn)句作“已經(jīng)”解，still作“仍然”解。Ihavealreadyseenfilm.Haveyouseenthefilmyet?Istillpreferteatocoffee.4） 隨著only和als。在句中位置的改變，句意和語(yǔ)氣也會(huì)改變。OnlyMr.Licametoseemetoday.Mr.Licametoseeonlymetoday.Mr.Licametoseemeonlytoday.

三、形容詞的比較等級(jí)形容詞比較等級(jí)的規(guī)則變化如下表:構(gòu)成法原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)1、單音節(jié)詞末尾加-er和-est偉大的greatgreatergreatest2、單音節(jié)詞如以-e結(jié)尾，只加-r和-stbrave勇敢的fine好的braverfinerbravestfinest3、閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞如末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，須先雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母，再加-er和-estbig大的hot熟的biggerhotterbiggesthottest4、少數(shù)以-y,-er,-ow,-ble結(jié)構(gòu)的雙音節(jié)詞，末尾加-er，和-est（以-y結(jié)尾的詞，如-y前是輔音字母，則y變?yōu)閕，再加-er和％$七。以％結(jié)尾的詞仍只加-r和-st）happy快樂(lè)的clever聰明的narrow狹窄的able 能happiercleverernarroweralberhappiestcleverestnarrowestablest5、其它雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞皆在前面加單詞more和most.difficult困難的moredifficultmostdifficult四、形容詞比較等級(jí)部分不規(guī)則變化表原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)goodwellbetterbestbadillworseworstmanymuchmoremostlittlefewlessleastfarfartherfurtherfarthestfurthestoldolderelderoldesteldestlatelatterlaterlastlatest五、形容詞、副詞比較等級(jí)的基本用法形容詞與副詞都有三個(gè)比較等級(jí)。原級(jí)常用于“as+原級(jí)+as”結(jié)構(gòu)Helikesherasmuchashelikeshissister.否定的原級(jí)用notas…as或notso…as,二者一般無(wú)甚區(qū)別。Hedoesnotsmokesoheavilyashisbrother.比較級(jí)常用于“比較級(jí)+than”結(jié)構(gòu).Heistallerthanme.否定比較與否定原級(jí)一樣，也用notas(so)…as…結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用less…than結(jié)構(gòu).ThiswordislessfrequentinBritishEnglishthaninAmericanEnglish.兩個(gè)人或物比較時(shí)，定冠詞the+比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí)。Heisthetallerofthetwo.最高級(jí)常用于“the+最高級(jí)+比較范圍”結(jié)構(gòu)，比較范圍為短語(yǔ)或從句。Heisthebestpictureinthehall.含有否定詞的比較級(jí)，如nolessthan=asmuch(ormany)as “不亞于”notlessthan=atleast "至少”TOC\o"1-5"\h\znoless…than=as…as "和 樣”notless+原級(jí)+than "至少不亞于”nomore…than=not…anymorethan“和 樣不 ”notmore…than=notso…as "不像 那樣 ”nomorethan=only "只不過(guò)"，言其少notmorethan=atmost “不多于”，“至少”表示“幾倍于"用twice(兩倍)，threetimes(三倍)+as…as,Thisbookcoststwiceasmuchastheotherone.the+比較級(jí) ,the+比較級(jí)，意思是“越 就越”，如：Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwilllearn.比較結(jié)構(gòu)之前可用程度狀語(yǔ)加以修飾，如as…as前可用almost,nearly,just(about),quite等詞語(yǔ)修飾，如，Johnisalmostastallashisfather.在morethan結(jié)構(gòu)之前可用far,(so)verymuch,(quite)alot,agreatdeal,(just)abit,still,far等詞語(yǔ)修飾，如：HespeaksEnglishalotmorerapidlythanhedoesFrench.比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)，作“越來(lái)……越”解，如：Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger一、基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)IfIhad,IwouldvisitEurope,stoppingatallthesmallinterestingplaces.A.alongenoughholidayB.anenoughlongholidayC.aholidayenoughlongD.alongholidayenoughTheseorangestaste.A.goodB.wellC.tobegoodD.tobewellHowbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheard.A.thebettervoiceB.agoodvoiceC.thebestvoiceD.abettervoiceIwouldbe,ifyoucouldgivemeanearlyreply.A.pleasantB.gratefulC.satisfiedD.helpfulThoseT-shirtsareusually$35each,buttodaytheyhavea(apriceof$19intheshoppingcenter.A.regularB.specialC.cheapD.ordinaryMrSmithboughtapurseforhiswife.A.smallblackleatherB.blackleathersmallC.smallleatherblackD.blacksmallleather Howwasyourjobinterview? Oh,Icouldn’tfeel.Ihardlyfoundproperanswerstomostofthequestionstheyasked.A.betterB.easierC.worseD.happierLongjingtea,JasmineteaandWuyiteaareallfamous,butwhichdoyouthink ?A.tastesbestB.smellsmostC.soundsbestD.drinksmostly CanLiHuahelpmewithmyEnglish? IregrettotellyouherEnglishisyours.A.asgoodasB.nomorethanC.nobetterthanD.asmuchasAlthoughhesometimesloseshistemper,hisstudentslikehim forit.A.notsomuchB.notsolittleC.nomoreD.nolessWhentheycamein,MrHarrislikeababy.Nobodywouldliketowakehimfromagooddream,becauseheneededrest.A.fellasleepB.wassoundasleepC.gotasleepD.wenttosleepThisyeartheyhaveproducedgraintheydidlastyear.A.asless；asB.asfew；asC.less；thanD.fewer；than CanIhelpyou? Well,I’mafraidtheboxisheavyforyou,butthankyouallthesame.A.soB.muchC.veryD.too Howdidyoufindyourvisittothemuseum? Ithoroughlyenjoyit.ItwasthanIexpected.A.farmoreinterestingB.evenmuchinterestingC.sofarinterestingD.alotmuchinteresting Wouldyoulikesomewine? Yes,just.A.littleB.verylittleC.alittleD.littlebitIt takes alongtimetogotherebytrain；it’sby road.A. quick B.thequickestC.muchquickD.quickerIf there werenoexaminations,weshouldhaveat school.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiest timeD. a muchhappiertimeI’msurprisedthatyoushouldhavebeenfooledbysucha(atrick.A.ordinaryB.easyC.smartD.simpleThesalesmanshowedherseveralbagsandshechoseoneasshedidn’twanttospendtoomuchmoneyonit.A.thelessexpensiveB.lessexpensiveC.theleastexpensiveD.leastexpensiveboxcannotbeliftedbyaboyoffive.A.SoaheavyB.SoheavyaC.AsuchheavyD.Suchheavya二、提高練習(xí)Toplantthetree,wemustdig.A.athreefeetdeepholeB.three-foot-deepaholeC.aholethreefeetdeepD.athree-feet-deepholeIthinkheisoneofthebestmenyou'vefound.A,neverB.alreadyC.everD.once theboy’sgrown!Heisalmosthisfather.A.What,astallasB.What,tallerthanC.How,astallasD.How,tallerthanIhaven’tgotnailstomendthecupboard.Ineedanotherthreeofthem.A.enoughbigB.bigenoughC.muchbiggerD.manyenoughHenryknowslittleofphysicsofchemistry.A.aswellasB.nolessthanC.andstillmoreD.andstillless—Thedishisdelicious!Well,atleastit'stheoneIcookedyesterday.A.asbadasB.noworsethanC.aswellasD.nobetterthan—Doyouthinktheweatherisgoodenoughforapicnic?Yes.Youcouldn'thopeforatthistimeoftheyear.A.anicedayB.thenicedayC.anicerdayD.thenicestdayItmakesThomasnobetter,anditmakesyouA.bestB.goodC.wellD.worseWiththehelpofthenewequipment,ourfactoriesproducedVCDplayersin2000astheyearbefore.A.asmanyastwiceB.twicemorethanC.astwicemanyD.twiceasmanyIhadinvited50gueststotheparty,butactuallytwicecame.A.morethanB.asmanyC.asmuchD.lessthan—Whydidn'tyougotothecinemalastnight?Itwassomethinginteresting.A.farlessB.moreorlessC.muchmoreD.anyfurtherThepopulationofmanyAlaskancitieshasdoubledinthepastfiveyears.A.largerthanB.morethanC.asgreatlyasD.asmuchas—Thisisagoodplaceforapicnic.——Yes,itcouldn'tbe.A.betterB.bestC.worstD.worse——HowdoyoulikeyourteacherofEnglish?—Well,nooneteacheshe